View source for Accademia di San Luca

{{Short description|Italian association of artists in Rome}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Accademia di San Luca
| native_name         =
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| named_after         = St. Luke
| image               = Luke evangelist Guercino.JPG
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| caption             = ''St. Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin'' by [[Guercino]]
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| formation           = 1577
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| founding_location   = Rome
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| type                = Association of artists
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| leader_name         = Federico Zuccari
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| secessions          = Accademia Nazionale di San Luca
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| website             = {{URL|accademiasanluca.eu}}
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| formerly            = Compagnia di San Luca
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}}

The '''Accademia di San Luca''' ({{langx|en|Academy of Saint Luke}}) is an Italian [[academy]] of artists in Rome. The establishment of the '''Accademia de i Pittori e Scultori di Roma''' was approved by [[papal brief]] in 1577, and in 1593 [[Federico Zuccari]] became its first ''principe'' or director; the [[statutes]] were ratified in 1607.{{r|carl|p=30|ansl}} Other founders included [[Girolamo Muziano]] and Pietro Olivieri. The Academy was named for [[Luke the Evangelist]], the [[List of patron saints by occupation and activity|patron saint]] of painters.

From the late sixteenth century until it moved to its present location at the Palazzo Carpegna, it was based in an urban block by the Roman Forum and although these buildings no longer survive, the Academy church of [[Santi Luca e Martina]], does. Designed by the Baroque architect, [[Pietro da Cortona]], its main façade overlooks the Forum.

== History ==
The Academy's predecessor was the ''Compagnia di San Luca'', a guild of painters and [[illuminated manuscript|miniaturists]], which met in the demolished church of S.Luca all'Esquilino, near the Basilica of  S. Mary Major,<ref name=segreta>[https://www.romasegreta.it/trevi/accademia-di-s-luca.html "Accademia di S.Luca", Roma Segreta]</ref> and whose statutes and privileges were renewed 17 December 1478 by [[Pope Sixtus IV]]. Among the founding members was the famous painter [[Melozzo da Forlì]], as he was the ''pictor papalis''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Facade - Santi Luca e Martina - Rome 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|Santi Luca e Martina]]
Through the initiative of [[Girolamo Muziano]], who was both one of the leading artists in Rome and superintendent of works for [[Pope Gregory XIII]], the Pope granted the Academy official recognition in 1577. In 1588 [[Pope Sixtus V]] gave the institution the ancient church of [[Santi Luca e Martina|S. Martina]], which was rededicated as Santi Luca e Martina.<ref>Jorg Martin Merz, ''Pietro da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture'', 2008, Yale University Press, p. 53</ref>

In 1605, Pope [[Paul V]] granted the Academy the right to pardon a condemned man on the feast of St. Luke.<ref name=segreta/> As early as 1607, members were encouraged to increase their donations to the library.<ref name=turismo>[https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/national-academy-san-luca-library "National Academy of San Luca Library", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department]</ref> In the 1620s, [[Urban VIII]] extended its rights to decide who was considered an artist in Rome, and in 1627 it came under the patronage of his nephew, Cardinal [[Francesco Barberini (seniore)|Francesco Barberini]].{{r|haskell|p=17|nga}} Like many academies it was traditional to submit a self-portrait – the collection serving as a record of the institution's illustrious membership.<ref>[https://www.rct.uk/accademia-di-san-luca " Accademia di San Luca", The Royal Collection Trust]</ref> In 1633, Urban VIII gave it the right to tax all artists as well as art-dealers, and monopolize all public commissions. These latter measures raised strong opposition and apparently were poorly enforced.{{r|haskell|p=17}}

At some after 1634, during the time when [[Pietro da Cortona]] was ''principe'', the accademia began to admit architects, who enjoyed the same status as painters and sculptors.{{r|ansl}} The Academy offered courses in painting, sculpture and architecture. Competitions open to artists and architects of all nationalities under 25 years old, the ''Concorsi Clementini'', were held annually until 1721, when they became triennial. In 1763 these were supplemented by the ''Concorsi Balestra'', and thereafter the two competitions alternated biennially.<ref>[[Basil Skinner|Skinner, Basil]] (1966), ''Scots in Italy in the 18th Century'', [[National Galleries of Scotland]], Edinburgh, p. 28</ref>

In 1845, the Academy expanded to the [[Palazzo camerale (Rome)|Palazzo Camerale]] on the [[Via di Ripetta]] in order to have the art students in one location. This later became the [[Liceo Artistico Ripetta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.liceoripetta.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=61 | title = Liceo artistico statale "Via di Ripetta": la storia}}</ref>

=== The Cortona-Sacchi Debate and other artistic issues ===
Artistic issues debated within the Academy included the Cortona-Sacchi controversy (see [[Andrea Sacchi]] for further details of this debate) about the number of figures in a painting. Disdain was expressed by many academicians for the [[Bamboccianti]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3050166|title=A Date for Salvator Rosa's Satire on Painting and the Bamboccianti in Rome|first=Wendy Wassyng|last=Roworth|date=1 January 1981|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=63|issue=4|pages=611–617|doi=10.2307/3050166}}</ref>

[[Giovanni Bellori]] gave famous lectures on painting in the Academy. In the early 18th century, the painter [[Marco Benefial]] was inducted, and then expelled for criticizing the academy as an insider.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Recent times ===
[[File:Acc.San Luca Rop.jpg|thumb|left|Acc.San Luca]]
Due to the construction of [[Via dell'Impero]], the academy's historic headquarters on Via Bonella was demolished and in 1934 the institution moved to [[Palazzo Carpegna]].<ref name=ansl/>

The Academy is still active; the '''Accademia Nazionale di San Luca''' is its modern descendant. From the very beginning, the statutes of the Academy directed that each candidate-academician was to donate a work of his art in perpetual memory and, later, a portrait. Thus the Academy, in its current premises in the 16th-century '''Palazzo Carpegna''', located in the Piazza dell'Accademia di San Luca, has accumulated a unique collection of paintings and sculptures, including about 500 portraits, as well as an outstanding collection of drawings.<ref name=ansl/> The Academy also hosts exhibitions of the works of various artists.<ref>[https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/exhibitions/rome-accademia-di-san-luca-celebrates-guido-strazza-an-exhibition-for-the-artist-s-100th-birthday "Rome, Accademia di San Luca celebrates Guido Strazza: an exhibition for the artist's 100th birthday", ''Finestre sull'Arte'', June 21, 2023]</ref>

The Library of the National Academy of San Luca houses the Academic Library and the Sarti Roman Municipal Library, which together hold over 50,000 volumes regarding ipainting, sculpture and architecture.<ref name=turismo/> Scholarships are periodically announced for research activities in academic archives or abroad.<ref name=ansl/>

== Notable people ==

=== Faculty ===

* [[Pietro Angeletti]], painter in a [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style

=== Principi ===
Prominent artists to become ''Principe'' of the academy over the first 200 years include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Federico Zuccari]], 1593
* [[Tommaso Laureti]], 1595
* [[Giovanni De Vecchi]], 1596
* [[Cesare Nebbia]], 1597
* [[Durante Alberti]], 1598
* [[Flaminio Vacca]], 1599
* [[Cavalier d'Arpino]], 1600, 1616, 1629
* [[Girolamo Massei]], 1603
* [[Pietro Bernini]], 1605, 1606
* [[Paolo Guidotti]], 1607, 1620
* [[Gaspare Celio]], 1609
* [[Cherubino Alberti]], 1611–1613
* [[Ottavio Leoni]], 1614–1615, 1627
* [[Giovanni Baglione]], 1617–1619
* [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], 1621, 1630
* [[Agostino Ciampelli]], 1623
* [[Antiveduto Gramatica]], 1624
* [[Virginia Vezzi]], 1624
* [[Simon Vouet]], 1624–1627
* [[Baldassare Croce]], 1628
* [[Domenichino]], 1629
* [[Giovanni Lanfranco]], 1631, 1632
* [[Francesco Mochi]], 1633
* [[Pietro da Cortona]], 1634–1636
* [[Alessandro Turchi]], 1637, 1638
* [[Giovanni Francesco Romanelli]], 1639
* [[Alessandro Algardi]], 1640
* [[Girolamo Rainaldi]], 1641–1643
*  Niccolò Menghini, 1645–1647
* [[Giovanni Battista Soria]], 1648–1650
* [[Luigi Primo|Luigi Gentile da Bruxelles]], 1651–1653
* [[Pietro Martire Neri]], 1654
* [[Bernardino Gagliardi]], 1655–1658
* [[Nicolas Poussin]],  1657 (resigned)
* [[Raffaello Vanni]], 1658–1660
* [[Gaspare Morone]], 1661
* [[Pier Francesco Mola]], 1662, 1663
* [[Carlo Maratta]], 1664–1665, 1699, 1706–1713
* [[Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi]] 1666
* [[Melchiorre Cafà]], 1667 (declined)
* [[Orfeo Boselli]], 1667
* [[Pietro del Pò]]
* [[Giacinto Brandi]] 1669, 1684
* [[Domenico Guidi]], 1670, 1675
* [[Giovanni Maria Morandi]], 1671, 1680, 1685
* [[Charles Errard]], 1672, 1678
* [[Carlo Rainaldi]], 1673
* [[Giovan Battista Gaulli]], 1674
* [[Carlo Cesi]], 1675
* [[Charles Le Brun]], 1676–1677
* [[Lazzaro Baldi]], 1679
* [[Mattia de Rossi]], 1681, 1693
* [[Luigi Garzi]], 1682
* [[Giovanni Battista Contini]], 1683, 1719
* [[Filippo Lauri]], 1686 (resigned)
* [[Carlo Fontana]], 1686, 1694
* [[Ludovico Gimignani]] 1688
* [[Giovan Battista Boncori]], 1698
* [[Charles-François Poerson]], 1714, 1718
* [[Benedetto Luti]], 1720
* [[Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari]], 1723–1725
* [[Antonio Valeri]], 1726
* [[Camillo Rusconi]], 1727, 1728
* [[Sebastiano Conca]], 1729, 1739
* [[Girolamo Teodoldi]], 1734, 1742
* [[Agostino Masucci]], 1736–1738
* [[Gaetano Lapis]], 1741
* [[Jean-François de Troy]], 1744
* [[Giovanni Battista Maini]], 1746, 1747
* [[Tommaso de Marchis]], 1748
* [[Francesco Mancini (1679–1758)|Francesco Mancini]], 1750–1751
* [[Filippo della Valle]], 1752, 1760–1761
* [[Ferdinando Fuga]], 1753–1754
* [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]], 1755
* [[Pietro Bracci]], 1756
* [[Clemente Orlandi]], 1757
* [[Placido Costanzi]], 1758
* [[Mauro Fontana]], 1762
* [[Francisco Preciado|Francisco Preciado de la Vega]], 1764–1766, 1777–1778
* [[Andrea Bergondi]], 1767, 1779–1780
* [[Anton Raphael Mengs]], 1771–1772
* [[Carlo Marchionni]], 1773
* [[Ferdinando Raggi]], 1781
* [[Anton von Maron]], 1784
* [[Agostino Penna]], 1787–1789
* [[Antonio Asprucci]], 1790
* [[Tommaso Conca]], 1793
* [[Vincenzo Pacetti]], 1796, 1800, 1801
* [[Andrea Vici]], 1802
* [[Vincenzo Camuccini]], 1806–1810
* [[Antonio Canova]], 1811 (permanent principe 1814 to 1822)
* [[Gaspare Landi]], 1817–1820
* [[Alessandro Massimiliano Laboureur]], 1820–1822
* [[Girolamo Scaccia]], 1823
* [[Vincenzo Camuccini]], 1826
* [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]], 1827–1828
* [[Giulio Camporese]],  1829
* [[Andrea Pozzi]], 1830–1831
* [[Antonio D'Este]], 1832
* [[Tommaso Minardi]], 1837
*{{ill|Clemente Folchi|it}}, 1841–1843
* [[Luigi Poletti (architect)|Luigi Poletti]], 1849–1853
* [[Filippo Agricola]], 1854–1855
* [[Virginio Vespignani]], 1870, 1876–1877
* [[Nicola Consoni]], 1878, 1883
* [[Stefano Galletti]], 1899, 1900
}}

[[Claude Lorrain]] was a member but declined the offer of being ''Principe''. [[Sofonisba Anguissola]] and [[Geronima Parasole|Girolama Parasole]], although not ''Principi'', were both honored by the inclusion of their portraits in the Academy's portrait collection. The portraits are dated 1564 and 1612, respectively, though the accuracy and meaning of the dates is not fully clear, and they were the first two portraits of woman artists to be added to the Academy's collection. It is not known which portrait was added to the collection first: both were originally noted in an inventory that occurred in 1633.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NGA Girolama Parasole|url=https://www.nga.gov/accademia/en/essays/Nalezyty-GirolamaintheAccademia.html|access-date=2025-03-08|website=National Gallery of Art|language=en}}</ref> The Academy can also boast modern members, including sculptors [[Ernesto Biondi]], [[Piccirilli Brothers]], and architect [[Angelo Torricelli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angelo Torricelli |url=https://accademiasanluca.ittorricelli/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=accademiasanluca.ittorricelli |language=it}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=ansl>{{Cite web|url=https://accademiasanluca.it/accademia/storia-dell-accademia|title=Origini dell'Accademia |website=accademiasanluca.it|access-date=18 January 2023|language=IT}}</ref>

<ref name=carl>Carl Goldstein (1996). ''Teaching Art: Academies and Schools from Vasari to Albers''. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-55988-X}}.</ref>

<ref name=haskell>{{cite book | first= Francis | last= Haskell | year= 1993 | title= Patrons and Painters: Art and Society in Baroque Italy | chapter= Chapter 8 | orig-year= 1980 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/patronspainterss0000hask_a9o2/page/17 17–18] | publisher= Yale University Press | isbn= 978-0-300-02540-8 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/patronspainterss0000hask_a9o2/page/17 }}</ref>

<ref name=nga>{{cite web | website =The History of the Accademia di San Luca: Documents from the Archivio di Stato di Roma, c. 1590–1635 | publisher=The Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC | title=ASR, TNC, uff. 15, 1627, pt. 2, vol. 112, fols. 323r-v | url=https://www.nga.gov/accademia/en/documents/ASRTNCUff1516270513.html | access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://accademiasanluca.it/ Accademia Nazionale di San Luca]

{{Learned societies in Italy}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Art schools in Italy]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1570s]]
[[Category:Education in Rome]]
[[Category:Culture in Rome]]
[[Category:Renaissance Rome]]
[[Category:1577 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Painters from Rome| ]]
[[Category:Learned societies of Italy]]
[[Category:Rome R. II Trevi]]