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{{Short description|Byzantine Greek noble family}}
{{About|the noble lineage with the name Angelos||Angelos (disambiguation)}}
{{Royal house
| surname = Angelos
| native_name = Ἄγγελος
| other_names = Angelid dynasty
| coat of arms = 
| type = [[Imperial dynasty]]
| country = [[Byzantine Empire]]<br/>[[Despotate of Epirus]]<br/>[[Empire of Thessalonica]]
| titles = *[[Byzantine Emperor]]<br/>
*[[Despot of Epirus]]
*Ruler of [[History of Thessaly#Latin and Epirote rule|Thessaly]]
| deposition = 1204 <small>(Byzantine Empire)</small><br/>
1318 <small>(Despotate of Epirus)</small>
| founder = [[Constantine Angelos]]<br/>
[[Isaac Angelos]]<br/><small>(first emperor)</small>
| final ruler = [[Alexios IV Angelos]]<br/><small>(Byzantine Empire)</small>
<br/>[[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]]<br/><small>(Despotate of Epirus)</small><br/>[[John II Doukas|John II Angelos Doukas]]<br/><small>(Thessaly)</small>
| current head = 
| founding year = 11th century<br/>1185 <small>(as imperial dynasty)</small>
}}
The '''House of Angelos'''{{efn|Female version '''Angelina''', {{lang|grc|Ἀγγελίνα}}; [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] as '''Angelus'''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|oʊ|s|,_|ˈ|æ|ŋ|g|əl|oʊ|s}}; <small>[[Plural|pl.]]</small> '''Angeloi'''; {{langx|el|Ἄγγελος}}, <small>pl.</small> {{lang|grc|Ἄγγελοι}}) was a [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine Greek]] [[Nobility|noble]] family that produced several [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperors]] and other prominent [[Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy|nobles]] during the middle and late [[Byzantine Empire]]. The family rose to prominence through the marriage of its founder, [[Constantine Angelos]], with [[Theodora Komnene (daughter of Alexios I)|Theodora Komnene]], the youngest daughter of Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]]. As imperial relatives, the Angeloi held various high titles and military commands under Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]]. In 1185, following a revolt against [[Andronikos I Komnenos]], [[Isaac II Angelos]] rose to the throne establishing the Angeloi as the new imperial family that ruled until 1204. The [[Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty|period]] was marked by the decline and fragmentation of the Byzantine Empire, culminating in its dissolution by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204 under [[Alexios IV Angelos]].

After the Fourth Crusade, another branch of the family managed to establish an [[Despotate of Epirus|independent state]] in [[Epirus]], which quickly expanded to rule [[Thessaly]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. The members of this branch largely eschewed the use of the 'Angelos' surname in favour of the more prestigious '[[Doukas]]' and '[[Komnenos]]', and are collectively known as the '''Komnenodoukas''' ({{lang|el|Κομνηνοδούκας}}) dynasty.{{efn|Also '''Komnenos Doukas''', <small>pl.</small> '''Komnenodoukai''' ({{lang|el|Κομνηνοδούκαι}})}} In {{circa|1224}}, [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]] conquered [[Thessalonica]], and founded the [[Empire of Thessalonica]], claiming the Byzantine imperial title in rivalry to the [[Empire of Nicaea]]. His empire quickly collapsed after the [[Battle of Klokotnitsa]] in 1230. Thessalonica was lost to Nicaea in 1246, and the prospects of recovering Constantinople were dashed at the [[Battle of Pelagonia]] in 1259, followed by the re-establishment of the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty]] in 1261. Often in rivalry to the new Byzantine regime, the Komnenodoukai nevertheless secured recognition and titles from Constantinople, and retained their control over Thessaly (ruled by a cadet line) and Epirus until 1318.

==Early history==
The Angeloi, unlike some other Byzantine families, were not established among the Byzantine nobility and their lineage was not thought of particularly highly until the first half of the 12th century.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 1}} Despite the odds, the family's rise occurred rather quickly during the period of the Byzantine aristocratization.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 1}} The lineage, of [[Greeks|Greek]] origin,{{Sfn|Vasiliev|1964|p=440}} was founded by [[Constantine Angelos]], a minor noble from [[Alaşehir|Philadelphia]] ([[Asia Minor]]).{{sfn|ODB|loc="Angelos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 97–98}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=260}} According to the 12th-century historian [[John Zonaras]], Constantine was brave, skilled and very handsome, but of lowly origin.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Angelos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 97–98}} The family's surname is commonly held to have derived from the Greek word for 'angel' or 'messenger',{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 1}} although such an origin is rarely attested in Byzantine times. Another theory suggests that their name instead derives from A[n]gel, a district near [[Amida (Mesopotamia)|Amida]] in [[Upper Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|ODB|loc="Angelos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 97–98}} The historian Suzanne Wittek-de Jongh suggested that Constantine was the son of a certain ''[[patrikios]]'' Manuel Angelos, whose possessions near [[Serres]] were confirmed by a [[chrysobull]] of Emperor [[Nikephoros III]] ({{reign|1078|1081}}), but this is considered unlikely by other scholars.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=260–261 (note 6)}}

Despite his lowly origin, Constantine managed to win the favors of [[Theodora Komnene (daughter of Alexios I)|Theodora Komnene]] (born 1097), the widow of John Kourtikes and fourth daughter of Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] ({{reign|1081|1118}}) and [[Irene Doukaina]]. Their marriage took place in {{Circa|1122}}, after the death of Alexios I. As an Imperial in-law, Constantine received the title of ''[[sebastohypertatos]]'', even though he was not considered equal to Alexios' other sons-in-law who were of nobler origin and held more titles.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 2}} Theodora's mother, Empress-dowager Irene, also appears to have disapproved of the match.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=260–261, esp. note 9}} Constantine and Theodora had seven children, three sons and four daughters.{{sfn|Stiernon|1961|p=274}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=264}} Through his sons, Constantine was the progenitor of the Angelos dynasty, which produced three Byzantine emperors in 1185–1204, as well as the Komnenos Doukas dynasty that ruled over [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] and [[Empire of Thessalonica|Thessalonica]] in the 13th–14th centuries.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Angelos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 97–98}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=260–261 (note 6)}}

== Imperial Angelos dynasty ==

=== Byzantine Empire ===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty}}
[[File:Aspron Trachy of Isaac II Angelos.jpg|thumb|266x266px|[[Aspron|''Aspron trachy'']] depicting the Virgin Mary (left) and [[Isaac II Angelos]] (right), first ruler of the imperial Angelid dynasty, crowned by saint Michael the Archangel.]]
Constantine's third son [[Andronikos Doukas Angelos]], was the progenitor of the imperial Angelos dynasty.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=656–662}} The Angeloi came into conflict with Emperor [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] who had initiated a series of anti-aristocratic policies. In a 1185 coup d'état, Andronikos' son [[Isaac II Angelos]] gained popular support and deposed Andronikos I Komnenos proclaiming himself Byzantine Emperor. The new emperor did not manage to regulate the weaknesses that he inherited, including the abuses in central and provincial administration.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 3}} Isaac II failed to crush the revolt of the Bulgarians and Walachians and in 1187 he was forced to recognize the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian empire]]. Despite those military defeats, Isaac succeeded in retrieving imperial fortunes in the Balkans, after [[Alexios Branas|Branas]]' victory against the [[Normans]] at the [[Battle of Demetritzes]] in 1185 and the victory against [[Stefan Nemanja|Stephan Nemanja]] of [[Grand Principality of Serbia|Serbia]] in 1190.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Isaac II Angelus {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-II-Angelus |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> During Isaac's reign, attempts to usurp imperial power by Byzantine nobles, previously uncommon in the Byzantine history of the 12th century, became a common occurrence preventing the empire's complete recovery.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 3.1}}

In 1195 Isaac II was deposed by his brother [[Alexios III Angelos]], whose coup and misuse of power accelarated the decline of the empire's strength. His reign was marked by abuses in provincial administration and an increasing autonomy of regional magnates who would even defy the emperor's authority.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 3.1}} In 1201 Isaac's son, [[Alexios IV Angelos|Alexius Iv Angelos]], made his way to the west, where he succeeded in bringing about the diversion of the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople in order to restore his father, Isaac II, to power.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Vasiliev|1964|p=440}} On 1 August 1203, the blinded Isaac II was crowned co-emperor, after eight years of imprisonment, along with his son Alexios IV, who held the true power during their reign. After his deposition by the Fourth Crusade, Alexios III fled Constantinople with the goal of collecting support and restoring his reign, but was eventually captured in [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] where he died in a monastery in 1211.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexius III Angelus {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexius-III-Angelus |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Despite their initial synergy, the inability of the Angeloi to deal with the Crusaders' demands caused friction between the Crusaders and the co-emperors, who in January 1204 were deposed by [[Alexios V Doukas]] and killed shortly after.{{Sfn|Stathakopoulos|2023|p=120}} With their former supporters now dead, the Crusaders had no support in Constantinople, while the anti-Latin sentiment of the citizens was reinforced.{{Sfn|Vasiliev|1964|p=440}} Following the brief reign and failed negotiations by Alexios V, the Crusaders [[Sack of Constantinople|sacked Constantinople]] and established the [[Latin Empire]] officially terminating the Byzantine rule for nearly half a century.

{{anchor|Komnenodoukai}}

=== Komnenodoukas dynasty ===
{{Main|Despotate of Epirus|Empire of Thessalonica}}
[[File:Epirus 1205-1230-en.svg|thumb|275x275px|Map of the [[Despotate of Epirus]], one the three Byzantine ramp states that emerged in 1205 and laid claim to the Byzantine throne, ruled by the ''Komnenodoukas'' branch of the Angelos dynasty.]]
The Angelos line was continued by the descendants of Constantine's eldest son, the ''sebastokrator'' [[John Doukas (sebastokrator)|John Doukas]].{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=641–649}} Like John, most of his descendants eschewed the surname "Angelos" and used either "Doukas" or "Komnenos Doukas", after which they are known in modern scholarship as the "Komnenodoukai" ({{lang|grc|Κομνηνοδούκαι}}).

After the fall of Constantinople and the establishment of the [[Latin Empire]] in 1204, John Doukas' illegitimate son, [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], founded the [[Despotate of Epirus]] in 1205 choosing the city of [[Arta, Greece|Arta]] as its capital.{{Sfn|Stathakopoulos|2023|p=132}} Initially a vassal and an ally of the Latins, Michael I went on to expand his territories in north-eastern Greece until his death in 1215, when he was succeeded by his half-brother [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]].{{Sfn|Stathakopoulos|2023|p=132}} In 1224, Theodore captured the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]] from the crusaders and proclaimed himself as the legitimate Byzantine emperor (''[[basileus]]'') in [[Empire of Thessalonica|his holdings]]. Epirus appeared as a serious contender for the Byzantine throne, but Theodore was defeated and captured by [[John II Asen]] at the [[Battle of Klokotnitsa]] in 1230 and his empire quickly declined following the loses in Macedonia and Thrace.{{Sfn|Stathakopoulos|2023|p=132}} During Theodore's captivity, his brother [[Manuel Komnenos Doukas|Manuel]] ruled over Thessalonica, succeeded by Theodore's sons [[John Komnenos Doukas|John]] and [[Demetrios Angelos Doukas|Demetrios]]. In 1242 the [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaean emperor]] [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]] compelled John to abandon the imperial title (keeping only the title of ''[[Despot (court title)|despotes]]''),{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 4}} and by 1246 Thessalonica was captured by Nicaea, marking the end of the Angelid rule in much of northern Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Despotate of Epirus {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Despotate-of-Epirus |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1230, Theodore's nephew [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas|Michael II]], son of Michael I, established himself as ruler of Epirus and [[Thessaly]] and was partially successful in recapturing holdings lost to Nicaea.{{Sfn|Stathakopoulos|2023|p=132}} After the death of Michael II in 1268, Epirus was ruled by his legitimate son [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas|Nikephoros I]], while Thessaly{{snd}}now separated from Epirus{{snd}}was given to his illegitimate son [[John I Doukas]].{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 4}} The Komnenodoukas family lost both Epirus and Thessaly in 1318; [[Nicholas Orsini]], [[County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos|Count of Cephalonia]], murdered Nikephoros' son [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas|Thomas I]], ending the rule of the family in Epirus, while in Thessaly John I Doukas was succeeded by his son [[Constantine Doukas of Thessaly|Constantine]], followed by [[John II Doukas|John II]], who ruled from 1302/03 until his death in 1318.{{Sfn|Radivoj|2008|loc=Chapter 4}} In the same year, the south of Thessaly was seized by the [[Catalan Grand Company]] and annexed to the [[Duchy of Athens]], while the north passed to a series of autonomous magnates.

== Later family ==
Having re-established Byzantine control over Epirus and Thessaly in 1340, emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] appointed the ''[[pinkernes]]'' (cup-bearer) [[John Angelos (pinkernes)|John Angelos]], a nephew of ''[[megas domestikos]]'' [[John VI Kantakouzenos|John Kantakouzenos]], to the governorship of Epirus. John extended his rule to Thessaly in 1342, but died from the plague in 1348. Epirus and Thessaly were conquered by the Serbian ruler [[Stefan Dušan]] soon afterwards.

Descendants of John Angelos continued to govern Thessaly under [[Simeon Uroš]] and [[John Uroš]]. John Uroš, the last [[Nemanjić]], abdicated in favour of [[Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos]], the ''[[Caesar (title)#Byzantine Empire|kaisar]]'' of Thessaly. Alexios' brother [[Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos]] was the last Byzantine Greek ruler of Thessaly.

After the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of Thessaly in 1394, the Angeloi Philanthropenoi took refuge in [[Serbia]]. A grandson of either Alexios or Manuel, [[Mihailo Anđelović]], served as an official at the court of [[Đurađ Branković|Đurađ]] and [[Lazar Branković]]. Mihailo's brother [[Veli Mahmud Pasha|Mahmud]], captured in his infancy by Ottoman soldiers, was brought to [[Adrianople]], where he converted to Islam. He later rose to the highest ranks of the Ottoman Empire, becoming [[beylerbey]] of [[Rumelia]] in 1451 and [[Grand Vizier]] in 1455. Thus, in the negotiations between Serb despot Lazar Branković and [[Mehmed II]] in 1457, the two sides were represented by the brothers Mihailo and Mahmud Anđelović.

==Family tree==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Angelos}}
{{Tree chart/start |summary=Άγγελοι}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ire |~| Ale |Ire=[[Irene Doukaina]]|Ale=[[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]]<br>Byzantine emperor (1081–1118)<br>[[Komnenos|HOUSE OF KOMNENOS]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The |~| Con |Con=[[Constantine Angelos|Constantine]]<br>'''HOUSE OF ANGELOS'''|The=[[Theodora Komnene (daughter of Alexios I)|Theodora Komnene]]}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Joh |~| Zoe | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Anr | | | | | | Isa |Joh=[[John Doukas (sebastokrator)|John]]<br>''[[sebastokrator]]''<br>BRANCH OF [[Despotate of Epirus|EPIRUS]]<br>('''KOMNENOS DOUKAS''')|Zoe=Zoe Doukaina|Anr=[[Andronikos Doukas Angelos|Andronikos]]<br>general|Isa=Isaacios<br>Angelos Doukas}}
{{Tree chart | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{Tree chart | Mi1 | | Con | | Tho | | Man | | Cos | | Al3 | | Is2 | | Cot |Mi1=(illeg.) [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas|Michael I]]<br>ruler of Epirus|Con= (2)[[Constantine Komnenos Doukas|Constantine]]<br>[[Despot (title)|Despot]] of Acarnania & Aetolia|Tho=(2) [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore]]<br>ruler of Epirus<br>ruler of Thessalonica<br>BRANCH OF [[Empire of Thessalonica|THESSALONICA]]|Man=(2) [[Manuel Doukas]]<br>ruler of Thessaly|Al3=[[Alexios III Angelos|Alexios III]]<br>Byzantine emperor (1195–1203)|Is2=[[Isaakios II Angelos|Isaakios II]]<br>Byzantine emperor (1185–1195, 1203–1204)|Cos=[[Constantine Komnenos Angelos|Constantine]]<br>''sebastokrator''|Cot=[[Constantine Angelos Doukas|Constantine]]<br>usurper}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Mi2 | | | | | | Jon | | Dem | | Ana | | Eud | | Al4 | | JAS |Jon=[[John Komnenos Doukas|John]]<br>ruler of Thessalonica|Dem=[[Demetrios Angelos Doukas|Demetrios]]<br>ruler of Thessalonica|Mi2=(illeg.) [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas|Michael II]]<br>despot of Epirus|Al4=[[Alexios IV Angelos|Alexios IV]]<br>Byzantine emperor (1203–1204)|JAS=[[John Angelos of Syrmia|John]]<br>duke of Syrmia|Ana=[[Anna Komnene Angelina|Anna]]<br>∞ [[Theodore I Laskaris]]<br>[[Emperor of Nicaea]] (1205–1222)<br>[[Laskarids|HOUSE OF LASKARIS]]|Eud=[[Eudokia Angelina|Eudokia]]<br>∞ [[Alexios V Doukas]]<br>Byzantine emperor (1204)}}
{{Tree chart | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Nik | | Joh | | DDK | | Jo1 |Nik=[[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas|Nikephoros I]]<br>despot of Epirus|DDK=[[Demetrios Doukas Komnenos Koutroules|Demetrios (Michael) "Koutroules"]]<br>general|Jo1=(illeg.) [[John I Doukas of Thessaly|John I]]<br>''sebastokrator'',<br>ruler of Thessaly (1268–1289)<br>BRANCH OF THESSALY|Joh=[[John Doukas (son of Michael II)|John]]<br>general}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Tho | | | | | | And | | Con | | Thd |Tho=[[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas|Thomas I]]<br>despot of Epirus|And=[[Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos|Andronikos]]<br>''[[protosebastos]]''|Con=[[Constantine Doukas of Thessaly|Constantine]]<br>ruler of Thessaly (1289–1303)|Thd=[[Theodore Angelos|Theodore]]<br>co-ruler of Thessaly (1289-1299)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | Ann | | Jo2 |Ann=[[Anna Palaiologina (daughter of Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos)|Anna]]<br>∞ [[John II Orsini]]<br>count palatine of Cephalonia & Zakynthos<br>despot of Epirus (1323–1335)|Jo2=[[John II Doukas of Thessaly|John II]]<br>ruler of Thessaly (1303-1318)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
*[[History of the Byzantine Empire]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|ref={{harvid|ODB}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=Gordon L. |title=On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena |series=Ungarn-Jahrbuch. 12 (1982–1983) |place=München |year=1984 |pages=43–50 |url=http://epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00012/pdf/UJ_1982_1983_043-050.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moravcsik |first=Gyula |author-link=Gyula Moravcsik |title=Byzantium and the Magyars |year=1970 |location=Budapest |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ostrogorsky |first=George |author-link=George Ostrogorsky |year=1956 |title=History of the Byzantine State |location=Oxford |publisher=Basil Blackwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Polemis-The Doukai}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Stanković |editor-first=Vlada |title=The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453 |year=2016 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781498513265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Stiernon |first=Lucien |title=Notes de prosopographie et de titulature byzantines: Constantin Ange (pan)sébastohypertate |journal=[[Revue des études byzantines]] |volume=19 |year=1961 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1961.1262 |language=fr |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1961_num_19_1_1262}}
* {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών | volume = A1 | ref={{harvid|Varzos|1984a}} }}
* {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών | volume = B | ref={{harvid|Varzos|1984b}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Vasiliev |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6PnAwAAQBAJ |title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453, Volume II |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1964 |isbn=0299809269}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Angelid dynasty (1185-1204) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople |publisher=Foundation of the Hellenic World |url=http://constantinople.ehw.gr/forms/fLemma.aspx?lemmaId=11798 |last=Radivoj |first=Radic}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stathakopoulos |first=Dionysios |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dli8EAAAQBAJ |title=A Short History of the Byzantine Empire |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1350233423 |edition=Revised}}
{{refend}}

{{Byzantine Empire topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Royal houses of Greece}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Angelid dynasty]]