View source for Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

{{Short description|King of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Baldwin IV|Counts [[Baldwin IV of Flanders]] and [[Baldwin IV of Hainaut]] or [[Wade Baldwin IV]]}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Baldwin IV 
| succession   = [[King of Jerusalem]]
| image        = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png
| alt          = 
| caption      = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation
| reign        = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 
| coronation   = 15 July 1174
| predecessor  = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]]
| successor    = [[Baldwin V]] (as sole king)
| regent       = Baldwin V (1183–1185)
| reg-type     = Co-king
| house        = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]]
| father       = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]]
| mother       = [[Agnes of Courtenay]]
| birth_date   = Mid-1161
| birth_place  = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| death_date   = Between March and May 1185
| place of burial = [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
| religion     = [[Western Christianity|Latin Christianity]]
}}

'''Baldwin IV''' (1161–1185), known as the '''Leper King''', was the [[king of Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was admired by his contemporaries and later historians for his willpower and dedication to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] in the face of his debilitating [[leprosy]]. Choosing competent advisers, Baldwin ruled a thriving [[crusader state]] and succeeded in protecting it from the Muslim ruler [[Saladin]].

Baldwin developed the first symptoms of leprosy as a child but was only diagnosed after he succeeded his father, [[King Amalric]] ({{Reign|1163|1174}}). Thereafter his hands and face became increasingly disfigured. Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]] ruled the kingdom in Baldwin's name until the king reached the [[age of majority]] in 1176. As soon as he assumed government, Baldwin planned an invasion of Egypt, which fell through because of his vassals' uncooperativeness. Saladin in turn attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177, but the king and the nobleman [[Raynald of Châtillon]] repelled him [[Battle of Montgisard|at Montgisard]], earning Baldwin fame. The young king mastered horse riding despite gradually losing sensation in his extremities and was able to fight in battles until his last years.

[[Leprosy stigma|Leprosy prevented]] Baldwin from marrying. He hoped to [[abdicate]] when his sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married [[William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]] in 1176, but William died the next year. In 1180, in order to forestall a coup by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince [[Bohemond III of Antioch]], Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was opposed by a large fraction of the nobility, and soon permanently impaired his relationship with Baldwin. The internal discord that followed forced Baldwin to remain king, as only he was capable of uniting the quarreling nobility. Baldwin again repelled Saladin in 1182 but leprosy rendered him blind and unable to walk or use his hands in 1183. He disinherited Guy and had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king before having himself taken in a litter to lift Saladin's [[Siege of Kerak]]. Baldwin failed to have Sibylla's marriage to Guy annulled and Guy's fief of [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon|Ascalon]] confiscated. In early 1185, he arranged for Raymond to rule as regent for Sibylla's son and died before 16 May.

==Childhood==
Baldwin was born in mid-1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]], then the [[count of Jaffa and Ascalon]], and [[Agnes of Courtenay]]. Baldwin's godfather was his paternal uncle, [[King Baldwin III]], who joked that his christening present was the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} The kingdom and other [[crusader principalities]], though surrounded by [[Arab]] [[Muslim]] states, were ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who had arrived in the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]] and remained [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} The king was young and recently married, making a nephew's accession seem unlikely; yet Baldwin III died childless in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was his heir, but the nobles of the kingdom were strongly opposed to Amalric's wife, Agnes; historian Bernard Hamilton suggests that they were likely threatened by the prospect of her increased influence.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The [[High Court of Jerusalem|High Court]] forced Amalric to agree to an [[annulment]] of his marriage on the grounds of [[consanguinity]] in order to be accepted as king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric succeeded in having his and Agnes's children, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]] and Baldwin, declared [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimate]] despite the annulment.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}}

Baldwin grew up without a mother, as Agnes remarried soon after the annulment (firstly to [[Hugh of Ibelin]]{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} and then to [[Reynald of Sidon]]{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}}). Hamilton surmises that she only saw Baldwin on public occasions.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} He also seldom saw his sister, Sibylla, who was raised in the [[Convent of Saint Lazarus]] by their grandaunt [[Ioveta]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} At the age of six Baldwin gained a stepmother, [[Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Maria Komnene]], with whom he was not close. Queen Maria was an ambitious woman who, in Hamilton's opinion, likely saw Baldwin as an obstacle to her own progeny.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}}

[[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre discovers first symptoms of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''[[Estoire d'Eracles]]'', painted in France in the 1250s]]

King Amalric ensured that Baldwin, as the [[heir apparent]] to the kingdom, received a good education. The nine-year-old prince was sent to live with [[William of Tyre]], a sophisticated and well-traveled [[cleric]] who was famed for his learning. William noticed that, unlike other children in the playground, Baldwin did not cry when pinched by his peers. After a while it became apparent to the tutor that Baldwin could not feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} The king hired the Arab physician [[Abu Sulayman Dawud]] to treat Baldwin and another Arab, Abul'Khair, to teach Baldwin [[horse riding]], an essential skill for a Frankish nobleman. Having sensation in only one hand, Baldwin needed to learn to control the horse in battle using solely his knees, and mastered riding despite the handicap. [[Leprosy]] was suspected, but there were no visible symptoms yet and physicians hesitated to diagnose because of [[leprosy stigma|the stigma]] the boy would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} Had such a diagnosis been made when he was a child, Baldwin might have been required by law to enter the [[Order of St Lazarus]], a [[military order (religious society)|military order]] composed of affected knights and [[serjeanty|serjeants]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}}

As an adolescent, Baldwin was precocious, determined, and optimistic in the face of his illness. He took after his father in good looks, body shape, and manner of walking and expressing himself. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he stuttered. He enjoyed listening to stories and history lessons. His tutor, William, remarked on Baldwin's excellent memory, stating that he forgot neither kindness nor slights done to him by others.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}}

Amalric attempted to have Sibylla marry the French Count [[Stephen I of Sancerre]], who would rule the kingdom as [[regent]] on Baldwin's behalf if Amalric died early. When physicians informed him that Baldwin could develop leprosy, Amalric may have begun viewing Sibylla and Stephen as eventual monarchs instead of Baldwin, but the match fell through.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=31}} In June 1174, the king came down with [[dysentery]]. He died on 11 July leaving an underage heir, as he had feared might happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}}

==Accession==
[[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''[[Histoire d'Outre Mer]]'']]

Upon Amalric's death, the High Court convened to discuss the succession.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Though Baldwin had not yet been diagnosed, Hamilton believes that the High Court must have been aware of the royal physicians' suspicions that Baldwin had contracted leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} Yet there was no viable alternative. Baldwin was the king's only son; Amalric's second marriage had produced two daughters, of which only [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella]] survived infancy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=31}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=404}} Female succession was expressly allowed, but Sibylla was an unmarried adolescent and Isabella only two years old.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=40}} The male candidates, Amalric's cousins Prince [[Bohemond III of Antioch]], [[Baldwin of Antioch]], and Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]], were politically unsuitable: Bohemond was bound to distant [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]], Baldwin in the service of [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Manuel I Komnenos]], and Raymond virtually a stranger to the barons after nine years spent in Muslim captivity.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}}

After three days of deliberation{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin IV was chosen, with the expectation that a husband would be found for Sibylla to succeed him if he proved to be affected.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} The young king's [[coronation]] by the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], [[Amalric of Nesle]], took place immediately in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Medieval rulers were typically crowned on Sundays, but in Baldwin's case 15 July 1174 was chosen instead as it was the 75th anniversary of the [[First Crusade]]'s [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|seizure of Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}

==Regency==
[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]]

Until he reached the [[age of majority]], which was 15 in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Baldwin needed a regent to rule in his name.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The government was initially assumed by the [[Seneschal of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|seneschal]], [[Miles of Plancy]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=404}} Shortly thereafter Count Raymond III of Tripoli arrived in Jerusalem and succeeded in claiming regency as the king's closest kinsman.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}} Miles was murdered while trying to extend his hold on the government.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=405}} No new seneschal was appointed for two years, and so the young and sickly king presided over burdensome High Court meetings when the regent was away on military duties or in [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}}

Baldwin's mother, Agnes, returned to court when Raymond became regent. She is frequently accused by historians of exploiting her son's condition for self-gain, but Hamilton notes that the contemporary sources, including Baldwin's tutor, William of Tyre, are biased against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} Hamilton believes that Baldwin had no memories of his mother because he grew up without her since the age of two, but that she became devotedly kind to him and he developed a strong attachment to her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=96}}

During the regency it became clear that the king was indeed affected by leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It is not clear from whom he caught it; medical historian Piers Mitchell concludes that it must have been someone with whom Baldwin had spent a lot of time at a young age, such as a family member, a [[wet nurse]], or another servant, and who did not exhibit easily visible symptoms.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Puberty may have accelerated the development of the [[Lepromatous leprosy|lepromatous form]] of the illness. His condition worsened rapidly. Most severely affected were his limbs and face, which made his subjects uneasy when they approached him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Yet, contrary to the common practice,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} and to the surprise of Muslim observers, Baldwin was never segregated.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or expect to have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It thus became a priority to [[arranged marriages|arrange a marriage]] for Baldwin's sister and heir presumptive, Sibylla. Raymond's choice was [[William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]], son of Margrave [[William V of Montferrat]] in [[Piedmont]], Italy, and cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}}

==Personal rule==
===Planned offensive===
On the second anniversary of his coronation, 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority and Raymond's regency lapsed. At the suggestion of his mother, the king appointed his loyal and capable maternal uncle, [[Joscelin III of Courtenay|Joscelin of Courtenay]], to the office of seneschal and arranged for him to marry a rich heiress, Agnes of Milly.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} The change in government signaled a new Frankish approach to the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]], who had encircled the crusader states during Raymond's regency by conquering Muslim principalities in Syria.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} Baldwin did not ratify Raymond's peace treaty with Saladin,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} firmly agreeing with Joscelin that the sultan's power needed to be curbed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}}

[[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]]

As soon as he took over the government, Baldwin began planning a full-scale attack on Egypt with his advisers.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} The king took advantage of Saladin's campaign in [[Aleppo]] to lead a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} This was his first experience of warfare. Despite having use of only one hand, he refused to delegate his military duties and took part in fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=108}} He and his advisers then decided to intervene in Saladin's war against the [[Order of Assassins]]. On 1 August, Baldwin and Raymond led the armies of Jerusalem and Tripoli, respectively, in a raid of the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day Lebanon), where they defeated the garrison of Damascus, forcing Saladin to abandon his campaign.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}}

William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176 and was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. The nobles had misgivings because they no longer trusted his cousin Emperor Frederick's ability to aid the kingdom. According to [[Sicard of Cremona]], Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|resign the throne]] to William; if he did, William declined because he knew he lacked the support of the nobility.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}}

In order to carry out his attack on Egypt, Baldwin needed naval support. He thus sent [[Raynald of Châtillon]] to lead an embassy to Emperor Manuel, Raynald's stepson-in-law, in [[Constantinople]] in the winter of 1176–77.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to take part in the invasion in return for the establishment of Byzantine protectorate over the kingdom and restoration of the [[Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Orthodox patriarch]], [[Leontius II of Jerusalem|Leontius II]], in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} As Raynald's mission was successful, Baldwin consented to his marriage with the [[lady of Transjordan]], [[Stephanie of Milly]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}}

In April 1177, William of Monferrat fell sick with [[malaria]] in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=411}} Baldwin visited him and became gravely ill too. William died in June, leaving Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin incapacitated without a deputy ahead of a major war offensive. The king entrusted the government and military command to Raynald, snubbing the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's first cousin Count [[Philip I of Flanders]] arrived in the East in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=414}} He brought to Baldwin financial aid from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}} Henry was invested because he and Baldwin both belonged to the [[Angevin kings of England|Angevin family]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Still in sickbed in Ascalon, the king had himself taken back to Jerusalem in a litter and convened a general council, on the advice of which he offered regency to Philip.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} Philip declined, and Raynald retained his post.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}}

The Byzantines sent a war fleet in preparation of the invasion of Egypt{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} but to Baldwin's regret{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} they withdrew because of the uncooperativeness of Philip of Flanders, Bohemond of Antioch, Raymond of Tripoli, and the grand master of the [[Knights Hospitaller]], [[Roger de Moulins]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} Saladin's power remained unchecked, and the Byzantine alliance collapsed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Despite the hostility of the Latin patriarch, Amalric of Nesle, Baldwin continued to court the Greek patriarch, Leontius, in hopes that the Byzantines would remain committed to his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}}

===Initial conflicts with Saladin===
[[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the [[Battle of Montgisard]]]]

Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with his troops in late October 1177 to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of [[Hama]].{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=415}} With the Frankish army in northern Syria, Saladin seized the opportunity to invade Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=416}} Though still recovering from malaria, Baldwin rode to meet the sultan,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} while the [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=416}} The king took his humble host to Ascalon, where in desperation he issued an ''[[arrière-ban]]'', summoning all able-bodied men. Saladin reached Ascalon on 22 November and Baldwin led the troops out to meet him. Seeing how drastically outnumbered he was, the king retreated into the city. Saladin too saw the strength in his numbers and confidently proceeded towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin managed to contact the Templars, however, and ordered them to abandon Gaza and join him.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=417}} Contrary to the sultan's expectation, Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon, joined up with the Templars, and attacked his dispersed army at [[Battle of Montgisard|Montgisard]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} The young king was in the forefront.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=417}} Saladin, who barely survived, suffered a crushing defeat.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}}

[[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]]

Not having enough men to launch an offensive on the retreating Muslims, Baldwin decided to fortify the Damascene frontier. The Templars convinced him to build a castle, [[Chastellet]], on the upper [[Jordan River]]; he was reluctant because the Franks had promised not to mark that part of the border. After protests of local Muslims, Saladin offered money to Baldwin in exchange for aborting the construction, but the king refused.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=418}} In 1178, Baldwin hosted the patriarch of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Michael the Syrian]], in Jerusalem and won his lasting loyalty to the Frankish cause.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=238–239}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=422}}

In April 1179, Baldwin intended to round up the sheep passing from Damascus to [[Banias]]. Saladin's nephew [[Farrukh Shah]] was sent to investigate the king's movement but suddenly ran into him, and a skirmish followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=419}} The elderly but exceptionally able constable, [[Humphrey II of Toron]], sustained fatal wounds while protecting the king. Weeks later Baldwin rode out to intercept [[Bedouin]] raids of [[Lordship of Beirut|Beirut]] and [[Lordship of Sidon|Sidon]], and in June Saladin's raiding party [[rout]]ed Baldwin's. The king was unhorsed and carried to safety on a knight's back because he could not remount on his own.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} In late August, Baldwin summoned a host to [[Tiberias]] to respond to Saladin's [[siege of Le Chastellet]], but the castle fell before the relic of the [[True Cross]] could be fetched from Jerusalem to accompany the Christian troops.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}}

===Rise of factions===
In the winter of 1177–78 the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son, [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin]], named after the king. A year of [[official mourning]] for the child's father, William, concluded in June 1178 and it became appropriate to seek another husband for her. [[Baldwin of Ibelin]]'s suit was well known, but not entertained. [[Balian of Ibelin]] married the king's stepmother, Queen Maria, in late 1177; Hamilton believes that the king allowed the match in order to avoid antagonizing the [[House of Ibelin|Ibelins]]. In July 1178 Baldwin IV began associating Sibylla with him in some public acts, thereby acknowledging her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He contemplated her marriage to Duke [[Hugh III of Burgundy]], and wrote to the king of France: "To be deprived of the use of one's limbs is of little help to one in carrying out the work of government ... It is not fitting that a hand so weak as mine should hold power when fear of Arab aggression daily presses upon the Holy City and when my sickness increases the enemy's daring."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}}

[[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|[[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli|Raymond]] and [[Bohemond III of Antioch|Bohemond]] arriving in Jerusalem to find [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]] married to [[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]]]]

During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, the prince of Antioch and the count of Tripoli marched with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton considers it most likely that their intention was to force the king to have Sibylla marry Baldwin of Ibelin and to then abdicate.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king had never approved of Baldwin's ambition to marry his sister, and though he did wish to abdicate, he was not keen on having terms forced on him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} Baldwin acted decisively before his kinsmen's armies reached Jerusalem: he arranged for Sibylla to marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Raymond and Bohemond had no option but to accept the ''[[fait accompli]]'', and the coup was foiled.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}}

Baldwin had hoped to abdicate, but was prevented by a deep rift within his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} The historian [[Steven Runciman]] speaks of a division already at the beginning of Baldwin's reign between the cautious, diplomatic native barons and the Hospitallers on one side and the "aggressive, militantly Christian" newcomers from Western Europe and Templars on the other.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=405}} This view, though common in older historiography, is rejected by modern authors such as Bernard Hamilton and Peter Edbury. Hamilton posits that the factions arose only after Sibylla's marriage to Guy and centered on the king's paternal relatives (cousins Raymond of Tripoli and Bohemond of Antioch; stepmother, Maria; and her new family, the Ibelins) and maternal relatives (mother, Agnes; stepfather, Reynald of Sidon; sister, Sibylla; brother-in-law, Guy; uncle, Joscelin; and Raynald of Châtillon), of whom the king supported the latter.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} In light of these problems, Baldwin proposed a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept in order to campaign freely in northern Syria.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=159}} Baldwin sent his uncle and chief minister, Joscelin, to assure the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. During Joscelin's absence, from mid-1180 to mid-1181, the full burden of government fell on the shoulders of the king, whose health was deteriorating. He relied chiefly on his mother in this period.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}}

To secure Guy's position and prevent the emergence of an alternative claimant, Baldwin had his eight-year-old half-sister, Isabella, solemnly betrothed to the teenage [[lord of Toron]], [[Humphrey IV]], in October 1180. Isabella was then sent to live at [[Kerak Castle]] with the lady of Transjordan, Humphrey's mother, as far as possible from her maternal kin and potential conspirators.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} By the terms of the marriage contract, Humphrey ceded [[Toron]] to Baldwin, who thus prevented the union of two great fiefs under one vassal and strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}}
{{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}}
{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=[[Morphia of Melitene]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=[[Joscelin II of Edessa]]|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=[[Beatrice of Saone]]|Alice=[[Alice of Antioch|Alice of Jerusalem]]|Hodierna=[[Hodierna of Jerusalem]]|Eremburga=[[Eremburga of Maine]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=[[William V of Montferrat]]|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=[[Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Maria Komnene]]|Balian=[[Balian of Ibelin]]|Agnes=[[Agnes of Courtenay]]|Joscelin=[[Joscelin III of Courtenay|Joscelin of Courtenay]]|Constance=[[Constance of Antioch]]|Raymond=[[Raymond III of Tripoli]]|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=[[Sibylla of Anjou]]|Raynald=[[Raynald of Châtillon]]|Stephanie=[[Stephanie of Milly]]
|boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;
|boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;
|boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;
|boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}}
{{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=[[William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]]|Sibylla=[[Sibylla of Jerusalem]]|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=[[Isabella I of Jerusalem]]|Humphrey=[[Humphrey IV of Toron]]|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=[[Bohemond III of Antioch]]|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=[[Philip I of Flanders]]|Maria=[[Maria of Antioch]]|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=[[Baldwin of Antioch]]
|boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue;
|boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} 
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Truce and resumed hostilities===
[[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]]

Baldwin made use of the truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his maternal kin, granting Maron and [[Chastel Neuf]] to Joscelin and [[usufruct]] of Toron to Agnes, while associating Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He remained unreconciled with Raymond, however, and forbade the count to enter the kingdom in early 1182 owing to suspicions of another conspiracy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167}} Baldwin likely intended to charge Raymond with treason and deprive him of the [[Principality of Galilee]], a [[vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|fief of Jerusalem]] held by Raymond through marriage to [[Eschiva of Bures]]. The law prevented the king from seizing the fief without the assent of the High Court, and the High Court urged the king to reconcile with Raymond; Baldwin reluctantly heeded his vassals' advice.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}

Baldwin's truce with Saladin was due to expire in May 1182{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} but was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who seized a merchant caravan on its way from Egypt to Damascus.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=171}} Raynald ignored the king's request to make restitution to Saladin, who was then preparing to annex the [[Zengid]]-ruled [[Aleppo]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=171}} The king, who consistently acted against Saladin's attempts to expand into northern Syria, decided to oppose him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=172–178}} The recent [[Massacre of the Latins|anti-Catholic coup in Constantinople]] gave Saladin confidence to attack the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In July, Baldwin marched with his host to relieve the Muslims' siege of [[Bethsan]], and his outnumbered army won the [[Battle of Le Forbelet]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} Historian Bernard Hamilton attributes the victory to the respect and loyalty commanded by Baldwin,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} who stayed on the battlefield despite his illness and intense heat.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}}

The defeated sultan took his host to besiege Beirut, while another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew that he was being provoked into dividing his forces. Deciding that Beirut was of a greater strategic importance, he ignored the southern attack and moved with his troops to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. From there he procured assistance from the Italian [[maritime republics]] in lifting Saladin's naval blockade of Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin abandoned the siege, but declined to make a truce, worrying Baldwin and his advisers.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} He proceeded north to fight the Zengids, thereby expanding his realm, while Baldwin led an attack on Saladin's Damascene territory, then on [[Bosra]], before finally laying siege and capturing [[Cave de Sueth]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, after agreeing on a strategy with his council, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in [[Darayya]], but local Christians convinced him not to for fear of losing their churches in retaliation.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}}

==Last years==

===Progressing disability===
[[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]]

Baldwin could not walk unsupported or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because of an inability to blink, his [[cornea]] dried and he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} He nevertheless had to summon his troops in response to Saladin's march south following the Egyptian conquest of Aleppo in June. The king then developed a life-threatening fever. He was attended by his mother and the new patriarch, [[Heraclius of Jerusalem|Heraclius]], at nearby [[Nazareth]]. Having summoned the High Court to his bedside, Baldwin entrusted the government to his brother-in-law, Guy, who was next in line to succeed him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Guy's appointment to regency was meant to be permanent. Baldwin retained only the royal title and authority over the city of Jerusalem, but he had Guy swear that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king or alienate parts of the [[royal demesne]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}

Fearing discontent among his barons, Baldwin had failed to give Guy any experience in military leadership prior to making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} Indeed, the great lords of the kingdom, the independent rulers of Antioch and Tripoli, and the grand masters of the military orders refused to cooperate with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered unexpectedly and returned to Jerusalem. Having found that coastal climate suited his health, Baldwin offered Jerusalem to Guy in exchange for Tyre. Guy brusquely refused, possibly because Tyre was more lucrative, leaving Baldwin gravely insulted.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}

The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was celebrated in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the festivities and [[Siege of Kerak|laid siege]] to the castle, hoping to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} The retired king had gathered a council in Jerusalem to inform him about the government of the kingdom when news about the siege reached him. The defense of such a vital fortress and the king's half-sister within it could not be entrusted to Guy, who had proven unable to command the troops. Baldwin immediately dismissed him from regency and resumed power. Guy's removal from regency was effectively disinheritance; at the council's insistence, deliberations about the succession followed. The proposal of the king's mother that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made [[co-king]] was accepted, and the boy was crowned on 20 November.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}

In late November Baldwin ordered the lighting of a [[beacon]] on the [[Tower of David]], which may have been the first in a chain of such beacons, in order to hearten the defenders of the intensely bombarded Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin accompanied his troops again, but having become blind and immobile, this time he went in a litter slung between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was essential to unite the discordant barons. Even his humiliated brother-in-law led his men. Warned by his scouts about the king's approach and concerned about having left Egypt unguarded, Saladin abandoned the siege on 4 December. Baldwin entered Kerak triumphantly.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=441}}

===Brother-in-law's insubordination===
The question of regency for his nephew troubled Baldwin. The only way to ensure that Guy could not claim it was to have his marriage to Sibylla annulled.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin discussed this with the patriarch, Heraclius.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} The king may have intended to claim that he had forced his sister to marry Guy and that the marriage was unlawful because of that. Sibylla's unwavering loyalty to Guy thwarted his plans, as the couple refused to appear at court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}}

Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to attend him as vassal in Jerusalem. Guy declined, citing poor health, and this was repeated several times. Baldwin then had himself carried to Ascalon in the company of the High Court. Guy refused to let him into the city. From the battlements and towers, the inhabitants witnessed the king ceremoniously raise his hand to knock on the gates and demand admission only for the gates to remain closed. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], however, where he installed a governor, thereby depriving Guy of half of his county. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council, probably to gain support to seize Guy's fief on the grounds of refusal of the royal summons. The patriarch and the grand masters begged Baldwin to forgive Guy in order to avoid a civil war. This was as unacceptable to Baldwin as it would have been to any contemporary king. The patriarch and the grand masters stormed out of the council, swaying the rest of the assembly to withhold support for the action.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}}

Baldwin was reconciled with the patriarch and the grand masters by June when he sent them to Europe on a diplomatic mission to seek aid for the kingdom. He informed them by letter that Saladin was once more besieging Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin abandoned the siege when the litter-bound king approached with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and financed the reparations of the damaged castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}}

===Last months, death, and aftermath===
[[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']]

In late 1184{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's massacre of the Bedouin of the royal fief of [[Darum]], who were under royal protection and who provided information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} He soon developed a fever. When he returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185, Baldwin bestowed regency on Raymond of Tripoli, the man whom he had never trusted, but to whom he could find no better alternative.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}} At the time, he expected to survive the illness, having done so twice before, but within weeks it became apparent that it would be his last. On his deathbed he summoned the High Court to appoint a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}} The dying king then ordered that [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] be rendered to his nephew as king and to Raymond as regent, to be followed by a solemn crown-wearing ceremony at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}}

Baldwin IV died, attended by his vassals,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} in March 1185{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest, when Baldwin V is recorded as the sole king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who succeeded her son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his decisive victory over Guy [[Battle of Hattin|at the Horns of Hattin]] in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190, leaving Isabella I as the heir to the defeated kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}}

==Assessment and legacy==
[[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by [[Charles-Philippe Larivière]]. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]]

Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death marred the king's legacy, with historians tracing fatal discord to Baldwin's reign.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} Yet, while Baldwin was on the throne, the kingdom lost no territory{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and flourished economically and spiritually.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of curbing Saladin's power, which was reflected in his choice of ministers. He did not devise strategy or diplomacy alone, and delegated Church patronage and finances to his mother, Agnes, and uncle, Joscelin, respectively.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} His chief contribution was his determination not to abdicate before finding a suitable successor, despite leprosy making government an unbearable burden.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} As was clear during his reign and especially in its disastrous aftermath, Baldwin alone preserved unity in the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}

Contemporary Christian theologians were divided on the issue of leprosy. [[Pope Alexander III]] showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin, declaring leprosy a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]", but another school of thought encouraged the faithful to see [[Christ]] in the affected.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser stigmatization of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His subjects' acceptance of his illness confounded some Muslims.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}} Muslim historian [[Imad al-Din al-Isfahani]] wrote:
{{blockquote|In spite of illness the Franks were loyal to him, they gave him every encouragement ... being satisfied to have him as their ruler; they exalted him ... they were anxious to keep him in office, but they paid no attention to his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}}

Baldwin's public image may have been aided by his chastity, seen as evidence of extraordinary sanctity,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} and his success against Saladin was interpreted as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the disastrous [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus:
{{blockquote|I have seen a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who was a leper, beat Saladin although he only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have come to such a pass that we round you up in the fields like cattle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}}

Despite perceived sanctity Baldwin was not particularly devout. He was primarily a knight, both in character and in upbringing, and to contemporaries his most distinctive traits were his courage and honourableness.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}

==See also==
* ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]''&nbsp;– film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV.}}
* {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IySQoHdviNkC&q=Joscelin+loyal+kinsman&pg=PA232}}
* {{cite book|contributor-last=Mitchell|contributor-first=Piers D.|contribution=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7seGnQEACAAJ|pages=245–258}}
* {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147–1277|publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|year=1952|title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002runc/@|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0241298768}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[King of Jerusalem]]
       | years  = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}}
{{s-aft| after  = [[Baldwin V]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Jerusalem Monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin 04 Of Jerusalem}}
[[Category:1161 births]]
[[Category:1185 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Christians of the Crusades]]
[[Category:Kings of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:Deaths from leprosy]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]