View source for Charles I of Austria

{{Short description|Last Habsburg monarch from 1916 to 1918}}
{{redirect|Karl I|other uses|Charles I (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Charles I & IV
| image        = Karl I., Kaiser von Österreich (1887-1922).jpg
| caption      = Formal portrait, 1917
| succession   = [[Emperor of Austria]] <br /> [[King of Hungary]]
| moretext     = ([[Grand title of the emperor of Austria|more...]])
| cor-type     = Hungary
| coronation   = 30 December 1916
| reign        = 21 November 1916 – {{nowrap|12 November 1918}}
| predecessor  = [[Franz Joseph I]]
| successor    = ''[[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary|Monarchy abolished]]''
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1887|8|17|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Persenbeug-Gottsdorf]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1922|4|1|1887|8|17|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Funchal, Madeira]], Portugal
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]]|21 October 1911}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Otto, Crown Prince of Austria]]
*[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Archduchess Adelheid]]
*[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]]
*[[Archduke Felix of Austria|Archduke Felix]]
*[[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)|Archduke Carl Ludwig]]
*[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)|Archduke Rudolf]]
*[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Archduchess Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
*[[Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)|Archduchess Elisabeth]]
}}
| full name    = Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria
| house        = [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg-Lorraine]]
| father       = [[Archduke Otto Franz Joseph of Austria]]
| mother       = [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Austria|Catholic Church]]
| signature    = Podpis Karla I.png
| module       = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=The Voice of Kaiser Karl I of Austria - Recording in 1915.ogg|title=Charles I's voice|type=speech|description=Charles I on the Austrian Army in World War I<br/>Recorded 5 February 1915}}
}}
'''Charles I''' ({{langx|de|Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria}}, {{langx|hu|Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária}}; 17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922) was [[Emperor of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] (as '''Charles IV'''), and the ruler of the [[Grand title of the emperor of Austria|other states]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] from November 1916 until the monarchy was abolished in November 1918. He was the last of the monarchs belonging to the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] to rule over [[Austria-Hungary]]. The son of [[Archduke Otto of Austria (1865–1906)|Archduke Otto of Austria]] and [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]], Charles became [[heir presumptive]] of [[Emperor Franz Joseph]] when his uncle [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] was [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassinated in 1914]]. In 1911, he married Princess [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]].

Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916 following the death of his great-uncle, Franz Joseph. He began secret negotiations with the Allies, hoping to peacefully end the [[First World War]], but was unsuccessful. Despite Charles's efforts to preserve the empire by returning it to [[federalism]] and by championing [[Austro-Slavism]], Austria-Hungary hurtled into disintegration: [[Czechoslovakia]] and the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] were proclaimed, and [[First Hungarian Republic|Hungary]] broke monarchic ties to Austria by the end of October 1918. Following the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], Charles "renounced any participation" in government affairs, but did not abdicate. However, the [[Republic of German-Austria]] was proclaimed the following day, and in April 1919 the [[Constituent National Assembly (Austria)|National Assembly]] formally dethroned the Habsburgs and banished Charles from German-Austria for life.

Charles spent the early part of his exile in [[Switzerland]]. He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy. He made [[Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne|two attempts to reclaim the Hungarian throne]] in 1921, but failed due to the opposition of Hungary's [[Calvinist]] [[Regent of Hungary|regent]], Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]]. Charles was exiled for a second time to the Portuguese island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]], where he soon fell ill and died of [[respiratory failure]] in 1922.

A deeply religious man, Charles was [[Beatification|beatified]] by the [[Catholic Church]] in 2004, with October 21 as his feast day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emperorcharles.org |title=Blessed Karl of Austria |publisher=Emperorcharles.org |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Kaiser Karl I as a child.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Boy wearing a sailor suit|Charles as a child, {{circa|1889}}]]

Charles was born on 17 August 1887, in the Castle of [[Persenbeug-Gottsdorf|Persenbeug]], in [[Lower Austria]]. His parents were [[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria]] and [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]].<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_charles-austria_en.html "Charles of Austria (1887{{spaced ndash}}1922)", Vatican News Service]</ref> At the time, his grand-uncle [[Franz Joseph]] reigned as [[Emperor of Austria]] and [[King of Hungary]]. Upon the death of [[Crown Prince Rudolph]] in 1889, the Emperor's brother, [[Archduke Karl Ludwig]], Charles' grandfather, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne. However, his death in 1896 from typhoid made his eldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new [[heir presumptive]].

Archduke Charles was raised a devout [[Catholic]]. He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on, he lived in [[Vienna]] and [[Reichenau an der Rax]]. He was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (the [[Schottengymnasium]]) for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. On the conclusion of his studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years from 1906 to 1908 as an officer chiefly in [[Prague]], where he studied [[Law]] and [[Political Science]] concurrently with his military duties.<ref name=eb>{{Cite EB1922 |last=Pribram |first=Alfred Francis | wstitle=Charles}}</ref>

In 1907, he was declared of age, and [[Zdenko Lobkowitz|Prince Zdenko von Lobkowitz]] was appointed as his [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]. During the next few years, he carried out his military duties in various [[Bohemia]]n garrison towns. Charles's relations with his great-uncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position.<ref name=eb/>

== Marriage ==
[[File:Hochzeit Erzh Karl und Zita Schwarzau 1911c.jpg|thumb|Charles and Zita's wedding, {{nowrap|21 October 1911}}.]]
On 21 October 1911, Charles married Princess [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]]. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his [[dragoon]] regiment was stationed at [[Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav|Brandýs nad Labem]] in Bohemia, from where he visited his aunt at [[Františkovy Lázně|Franzensbad]].<ref name = "Beeche">Beeche.</ref>{{rp|5}}

It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{rp|5}} Due to Franz Ferdinand's [[morganatic marriage]] in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession. As a result, the Emperor pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles's devout Catholicism, but also an impeccable royal lineage.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd">{{cite book|last=Brook-Shepherd|first=G.|date=1991|title=The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780002158619}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Zita later recalled:

{{blockquote|We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid]].

On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandeis and sought out his [step]grandmother, [[Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal|Archduchess Maria Theresa]], who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."<ref name="Beeche"/>{{rp|8}}}}

Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore, the Italian winter residence of Zita's parents, and asked for her hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.<ref name="Beeche"/>{{Rp|8}} Charles and Zita were married at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. Charles's granduncle, the 81-year-old Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]], attended the wedding. He was relieved to see the second-in-line to the throne in a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{Rp|19}} Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]] was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.

==Heir presumptive==
[[File:Bosniaks in Italy 1915.jpg|thumb|Charles with [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry]] on the [[Battles of the Isonzo|Isonzo front]] in Italy in 1915]]
Charles, whose father had died in 1906, became heir presumptive after the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], his uncle, in [[Sarajevo]] in 1914, the event which precipitated [[World War I]]. The old Emperor took steps to initiate Charles in affairs of state, but the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education. Charles spent the first phase of the war at headquarters at [[Cieszyn|Teschen]], but exercised no military influence.<ref name=eb/>

Charles then became a ''[[List of Austrian field marshals|Feldmarschall]]'' ([[Field Marshal]]) in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]. In the spring of 1916, in connection with the [[Battle of Asiago|offensive against Italy]], he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections he won by his affability and friendliness. The offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|eastern front]] as commander of [[Army Group Archduke Karl]] operating against the [[Russian Empire|Russia]]ns and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]ns.<ref name=eb/>

==Reign==

[[File:Karloath.jpg|thumb|King Charles IV taking his [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|coronation oath]] at Holy Trinity Column outside [[Matthias Church]], [[Budapest]], 30 December 1916]]
[[File:Karlfamily.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the recently crowned King Charles IV of Hungary and [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma|Queen Zita]] with their son [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]]]
[[File:Sultan-Reşat-Enver-Paşa.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Mehmed V]] hosting King Charles IV (left) in Constantinople, 1917]]

Charles succeeded to the thrones on 21 November 1916 upon the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], succeeding [[Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Friedrich]]. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with [[Third French Republic|France]]. He employed his brother-in-law, [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]], an officer in the [[Belgian Army]], as intermediary. However, the Allies insisted on Austrian recognition of Italian claims to territory and Charles refused, so no progress was made.<ref>David Stevenson, "The failure of peace by negotiation in 1917." ''Historical Journal'' 34#1 (1991): 65–86.</ref> Foreign minister [[Ottokar Czernin|Graf Czernin]] was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany; Charles himself went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of what became known as the [[Sixtus Affair]] leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary to give Berlin full control of its armed forces, factories, and railways.<ref>Edward P. Keleher, "Emperor Karl and the Sixtus Affair: Politico-Nationalist Repercussions in the Reich German and Austro-German Camps, and the Disintegration of Habsburg Austria, 1916–1918." ''East European Quarterly'' 26.2 (1992): 163+.</ref><ref>Geoffrey Wawro, ''A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire'' (2015) p. 371.</ref>

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with escalating tension between ethnic groups. As part of his [[Fourteen Points]], U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and [[self-determination]] of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Imperial Parliament]] and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the ethnic groups fought for full autonomy as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent from Vienna at the earliest possible moment.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The new foreign minister Baron [[Stephan Burián von Rajecz|Istvan Burián]] asked for an armistice on 14 October based on the Fourteen Points, and two days later Charles issued a proclamation that radically changed the nature of the Austrian state. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in what was to become the [[Second Polish Republic]]. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, [[South Slavs|South Slav]], and Ukrainian. Each of the four parts was to be governed by a federal council, and [[Trieste]] was to have a special status. However, U.S. Secretary of State [[Robert Lansing]] replied four days later that the Allies were committed to the political independence of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs, and that autonomy inside the Empire was no longer enough. In fact, a [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak provisional government]] had joined the Allies on 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|independent South Slav state]] on 29 October 1918.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===Trialism and Croatia===
From the beginning of his reign, Charles I favored the creation of a third, Croatian, political entity in the Empire, in addition to Austria and Hungary. In his Croatian coronation oath in 1916, he recognized the union of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia]] with [[Corpus separatum (Fiume)|Rijeka]]<ref name="Karlova zavjernica">(Hrvatska) Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. hrvatskom Saboru 28. prosinca 1916. (sa grbom Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slavonije i Rijeke iznad teksta), str. 1.-4. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv./ENG. (Croatian) Coronation oath of Karl IV to Croatian Sabor (parliament), 28 December 1916. (with coat of arms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka above the text), pp. 1–4 Croatian State Archives</ref> and during his short reign supported [[Trialism in Austria-Hungary|trialist]] suggestions from the [[Croatian Parliament|Croatian Sabor]] and [[Ban of Croatia|Ban]]; however, the suggestions were always vetoed by the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Parliament]], which did not want to share power with other nations. After Emperor Charles's manifesto of 14 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration of the [[National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|National Council]] in Zagreb,<ref name="F. Šišić">F. Šišić ''Dokumenti'', p. 180.</ref> President of the Croatian pro-monarchy political party [[Pure Party of Rights]] Dr. {{ill|Aleksandar Horvat|hr}} with [[Ivo Frank]] and other parliament members and generals went to visit the emperor on 21 October 1918 in [[Bad Ischl]],<ref name="Kazimirović">Vasa Kazimirović ''NDH u svetlu nemačkih dokumenata i dnevnika Gleza fon Horstenau 1941–1944'', Beograd 198., pp. 56–57.</ref><ref name="Jedna infamija">Jedna Hrvatska "H. Rieči", 1918., no. 2167</ref> where the emperor agreed and signed the trialist manifesto under the proposed terms set by the delegation, on the condition that the Hungarian part does the same since he swore an oath on the integrity of the Hungarian crown.<ref name="A. PAVELIĆ">A. Pavelić (lawyer) ''Doživljaji'', p. 432.</ref><ref name="Dr. Aleksandar Horvat">Dr. Aleksandar Horvat ''Povodom njegove pedesetgodišnjice rodjenja'', Hrvatsko pravo, Zagreb, 17/1925., no. 5031</ref><ref name="Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau">Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau, Die Katastrophe. Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Zürich – Leipzig – Wien 1929, pp. 302–303.</ref> The delegation went the next day to Budapest where it presented the manifesto to Hungarian officials and Council of Ministers who signed the manifesto and released the king from his oath, creating a third Croatian political entity ([[Crown of Zvonimir|Zvonimir's kingdom]]).<ref name="Dr. Aleksandar Horvat"/><ref name="Budisavljević"/><ref name="F. Milobar">F. Milobar ''Slava dr. Aleksandru Horvatu!'', Hrvatsko pravo, 20/1928., no. 5160</ref><ref name="S. MATKOVIĆ">S. Matković, "Tko je bio Ivo Frank?", Politički zatvorenik, Zagreb, 17/2007., no. 187, 23.</ref> After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the [[K.u.K.]] monarchy, which was held in front of the [[Croatian National Theatre, Zagreb|Croatian National Theater]], and another one for saving the trialist monarchy.<ref name="Budisavljević">[[Srđan Budisavljević|Budisavljević Srđan]], ''Stvaranje Države SHS, (Creation of the state of SHS)'', Zagreb, 1958, pp. 132–133.</ref> The last vote for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, however, too late. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union and all ties with Hungary and Austria, proclaimed the unification of all Croatian lands and entered the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]].<ref name="Hrvatska Država">Hrvatska Država, newspaper ''Public proclamation of the Sabor.'' Issued 29.10.1918. no. 299. p. 1.</ref>

The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles's political future became uncertain.  On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the [[personal union]] between Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained of Charles's realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the [[German Austria]]n State Council. His last Austrian prime minister, [[Heinrich Lammasch]], advised him that he was in an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== <span id="Proclamations"></span>Proclamations of November 1918 ==
[[File:Verzichtserklärung Karl I. 11.11.1918.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of 11 November 1918]]
On the day of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish[ed] every participation in the administration of the State."<ref name="Duffy">{{cite book|editor-last=Horne|editor-first=C. F.|date=1923|title=Source Records of the Great War: 1918, the Year of Victory|volume=VI|location=New York|publisher=National Alumni|page=385|oclc=793458451}}</ref> He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day, the Imperial Family left [[Schönbrunn Palace]] and moved to {{ill|Schloss Eckartsau|de|vertical-align=sup}}, east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Hungary.

Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", the word itself was never used in either proclamation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gombás|first=I.|date=2002|title=Kings and Queens of Hungary, Princes of Transylvania|location=Budapest|publisher=Corvina|isbn=9789631347593}}</ref> Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word ''abdication'' in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. Privately, Charles left no doubt that he believed himself to be the rightful emperor. He wrote to [[Friedrich Gustav Cardinal Piffl]], the [[Archbishop of Vienna]]:

{{blockquote|I did not abdicate, and never will&nbsp;[...] I see my manifesto of 11 November as the equivalent to a cheque which a street thug has forced me to issue at gunpoint&nbsp;[...] I do not feel bound by it in any way whatsoever."<ref name="Scheidl">{{cite news|last=Werner|first=H. W.|date=2008|title=Abdanken? Nie – nie – nie!|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/zeitgeschichte/428688/index.do?from=suche.intern.portal|newspaper=[[Die Presse]]|language=de|location=Vienna|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>}}

[[File:Eckartsaui nyilatkozat.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of 13 November 1918]]

Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent [[Republic of German-Austria]] was proclaimed, followed by the proclamation of the [[First Hungarian Republic]] on 16 November. An uneasy truce-like situation ensued and persisted until 23 to 24 March 1919, when Charles left for Switzerland, escorted by the commander of the small British guard detachment at Eckartsau, Lieutenant Colonel [[Edward Lisle Strutt]].

As the imperial train left Austria on 24 March, Charles issued another proclamation in which he confirmed his claim of sovereignty, declaring that:

{{blockquote|[W]hatever the national assembly of German Austria has resolved with respect to these matters since 11 November is null and void for me and my House.<ref>{{cite book|last=Portisch|first=H.|date=1989|title=Österreich I: die unterschätzte Republik|language=de|location=Vienna|publisher=Kremayr & Scheriau|isbn=9783218004855|page=117}}</ref>}}

The newly established republican government of Austria was not aware of this "Manifesto of [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]]" at this time—it had been dispatched only to King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] and to [[Pope Benedict XV]] through diplomatic channels—and politicians in power were irritated by the Emperor's departure without explicit abdication.

The [[Austrian Parliament]] responded on 3 April with the [[Habsburg Law]], which dethroned and banished the Habsburgs. Charles was barred from ever returning to Austria. Other male Habsburgs could only return if they renounced all intentions of reclaiming the defunct throne and accepted the status of ordinary citizens. Another law passed on the same day abolished all nobility in Austria. In Switzerland, Charles and his family briefly took residence at Castle Wartegg near [[Rorschach, Switzerland|Rorschach]] at [[Lake Constance]], and later moved to Château de [[Prangins]] at [[Lake Geneva]] on 20 May.

==Attempts to reclaim throne of Hungary==
{{main|Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne}}
Following the restoration of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]], encouraged by Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary's [[regent]], [[Admiral]] [[Miklós Horthy]] (the last commander of the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Imperial and Royal Navy]]), refused to support Charles's restoration. Horthy's action was declared "treasonous" by royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. Indeed, [[Little Entente|neighbouring countries]] had threatened to invade Hungary if Charles tried to regain the throne. Princess Zita however, claimed that Charles had come to a verbal agreement with the French prime minister and foreign minister [[Aristide Briand]] (who had supported Charles' peace efforts in 1917) regarding a Habsburg restoration in Hungary, which meant it would receive French recognition and military backing if successful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brook-Shepherd |first=Gordon |title=The Last Habsburg |page=257}}</ref> In the event of the attempt failing, Briand would deny all involvement, which he indeed did during both attempts. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]], an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs in Hungary.

==Exile in Madeira, Portugal, and death==
[[File:Karl Grabmal Monte.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Charles I in Madeira]]
After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were arrested by the Hungarian authorities and imprisoned in [[Tihany Abbey]]. On 1 November 1921 they were transported down the Danube aboard the [[gunboat]] [[Insect-class gunboat|HMS ''Glowworm'']] and across the [[Black Sea]] on the cruiser {{HMS|Cardiff|D58|6}}.<ref name="Brook">{{cite book| first=Gordon| last=Brook-Shepherd|title=Uncrowned Emperor – The Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg|  publisher=Hambledon & London| location=London| date= 2004|isbn=978-1852854393}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Charles Carried into Exile on a British Ship As Napoleon Was; Zita to Bear Another Heir| date=5 November 1921| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/05/98766363.pdf |work=[[The New York Times]]|  access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> 

Charles received a military escort into exile by order of [[George V|King George V]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. They were provided escorts into exile because socialist regimes were taking over Vienna, Austria after WWI and there was fear of a potential assassination. The first military escort  was [[Sir Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame, 10th Baronet]]. He was followed by [[John Orlando Summerhayes]] in Ekartsau.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Werkmann von Hohensalzburg |first1=Karl Martin |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001599904 |title=The tragedy of Charles of Habsburg |last2=Lockhart |first2=I. E. |date=1924 |publisher=P. Allan & co. |location=London}}</ref> Summerhayes was assigned to his role  after leading prisoners-of-war out of Germany and Austria. Emperor Charles I wrote a letter to King George thanking him for sending Colonel Summerhayes for his protection. He wrote that Summerhayes was charming and fulfills his duty as a virtuous and clever man. Furthermore, Summerhayes' cheerful character was able to brighten the mood of the royal family during their stay in [[Eckartsau]], providing emotional and medical support. Summerhayes was replaced by [[Edward Lisle Strutt]], another British Army Colonel, as protector to emperor. It has been said that the emperor developed a particularly close relationship with Strutt and looked upon him with favor.<ref name="Last">{{Cite book |last=Brook-Shepherd |first=Gordon |title=The Last Habsburg |publisher=Weybright and Talley, Inc. |year=1968 |location=New York, New York |pages=224–228}}</ref> 

Summerhayes was later sent to accompany [[Archduke Felix of Austria|Archduke Felix]], the fourth child of Charles I, to [[Switzerland]] to monitor his health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-24 |title=Archduke Felix of Austria |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0504279420/GDCS?u=upenn_main&sid=bookmark-GDCS&xid=559bae38 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Gale Primary Sources}}</ref>

On 19 November 1921 Charles and his wife arrived at their final exile, the isolated, heavily guarded Portuguese island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/06/107032370.pdf|title=Charles St. Helena Likely to be Funchal|work=The New York Times|date=6 November 1921|access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref>

The couple and their children, who joined them on 2 February 1922, lived first at [[Funchal]] at the Villa Vittoria, next to [[Belmond Reid's Palace|Reid's Hotel]], and later moved to a modest residence in Quinta do [[Monte (Funchal)|Monte]].<ref name=pamphlet>{{cite book|title=Blessed Emperor Charles, Prince of Peace for a United Europe|publisher=Archdiocese of Vienna K1238/05|date=2005}}</ref>

Charles never left Madeira. On 9 March 1922 he caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and progressed to severe [[pneumonia]]. Having suffered two heart attacks, he died of [[respiratory failure]] on 1 April, in the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old former [[Otto von Habsburg|Crown Prince Otto]], remaining conscious almost until his last moments. His last words to his wife were "I love you so much."<ref name=dies>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/04/02/102992792.pdf|title=Charles of Austria Dies of Pneumonia in exile on Madera|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 1922|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> He was 34 years old. His remains except for his heart are still on the island, resting in state in a chapel devoted to the Emperor in the Portuguese [[Church of Our Lady of the Mount]], in spite of several attempts to move them to the [[Imperial Crypt|Habsburg Crypt]] in Vienna. His heart and the heart of his wife are entombed in [[Muri Abbey]], Switzerland.

==Legacy==
[[File:Charles I of Austria.jpg|thumb|Charles as Archduke]]
Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. In the [[interwar period]], he was celebrated in Austria as a military hero. When [[Nazi Germany]] took over it made his memory into that of a traitor. For decades after 1945, both popular and academic interest practically disappeared, but attention has slowly returned.<ref>Hannes Leidinger, " Historiography 1918–Today (Austria-Hungary)" ''International encyclopedia of the First World War'' (Freie Universität Berlin, 2017) {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10326}}</ref>

Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Habsburg commission of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]], described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician."<ref>see [https://www.dw.com/en/historians-question-the-beatification-of-blessed-charles/a-1092974 online]</ref> Others have seen Charles as a brave and honourable figure who tried to stop the war in which his Empire was drowning.
[[Anatole France]], the French novelist, stated: 
<blockquote>This war without end is criminal. What is abominable is that they do not want to end it. No, they do not want. Do not try to tell me that there was no way to end it. Emperor Charles offered peace; he is the only decent man to have appeared in this war, and he was not listened to. There was, through him, a chance that could have been seized... Clemenceau called the emperor a "rotten conscience", it's ignoble. Emperor Charles sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. [...] A king of France, yes a king, would have had pity on our poor, exhausted, bloodlet nation. However democracy is without a heart and without entrails. When serving the powers of money, it is pitiless and inhuman.<ref>Original text [[:commons:File:Anatole_France_au_sujet_de_Charles_d%27Autriche.jpg|here]]. Marcel Le Goff, ''Anatole France à La Béchellerie –Propos et souvenirs 1914–1924'' (Léo Delteil, Paris, 1924), p. 166.</ref></blockquote>

[[Paul von Hindenburg]], the German commander in chief, commented in his memoirs 1920:<blockquote>He tried to compensate for the evaporation of the ethical power which emperor Franz Joseph had represented by offering [[Völkisch movement|völkisch]] reconciliation. Even as he dealt with elements who were sworn to the goal of destroying his empire he believed that his acts of political grace would affect their conscience. These attempts were totally futile; those people had long ago lined up with our common enemies, and were far from being deterred.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hindenburg|first=Paul von|title=Aus meinem Leben|trans-title=In My Life|publisher=S. Hirzel|location=Leipzig| year=1920|language=de|page=163 (pdf page 165)|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30695/30695-pdf.pdf }}</ref></blockquote>

==Beatification==
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= [[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name = Karl of Austria
|feast_day = [[21 October]]
|venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]]
|image = IV. Károly a Szent István-rend ornátusában.png
|imagesize = 200px
|titles=[[Emperor of Austria|Emperor]] and [[Confessor of the Faith|Confessor]]
|caption = Charles I of Austria with the habit of the [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
|beatified_date = 3 October 2004
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_date = 
|canonized_place = 
|canonized_by = 
|attributes = {{unbulleted list|Imperial attire|Medals}}
|patronage = [[World peace]]
|major_shrine = [[Church of Our Lady of Monte]], [[Funchal]], Portugal
|suppressed_date = 
|issues = 
}}

[[Catholic Church]] leaders have praised Charles for putting his Christian faith first in making political decisions, and for his role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917.

The ''cause'' or campaign for his canonization began in Vienna in 1949. On 25 April 1951, the cause was transferred to Rome, and Charles was declared "[[servant of God]]", the first step in the process.<ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=45 |language=Latin}}</ref> At the beginning of the cause for canonization in 1972 his tomb was opened and his body was discovered to be [[Incorruptibility|incorrupt]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zugger |first=Rev Christopher Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnUnJ7X10BMC&pg=PA208 |title=The Forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin through Stalin |date=2001 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-0679-6 |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 April 2003, the [[Roman Curia|Vatican's]] [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]], in the presence of [[Pope John Paul II]], promulgated Charles of Austria's "[[heroic virtue]]s". Charles thereby acquired the title "[[venerable]]". On 21 December 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the [[Intercession of saints|intercession]] of Charles. The miracle attributed to Charles was the scientifically inexplicable healing of the Polish-born Brazilian Sister Maria Zita Gradowska of the [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul]]. Sister Maria Zita had suffered from pains in her legs since her youth, and later on would suffer from problems with her venous circulation and swellings, for which she was repeatedly treated over the years, but her health issues would not go away for good. In 1957 she became the Mother Superior of Santa Cruz Hospital in [[Canoinhas]], but the pains in her right leg also gradually became worse. By the end of 1960 she was unable to leave her bed. Despite wanting to resign her position as Mother Superior because of this, she was unable to, as there was an insufficient number of sisters.<ref name=":0" />

Around this time, another sister, who was an assistant of Sister Maria Zita, received printed leaflets about the life of Emperor Karl, which included prayers for his [[beatification]]. Naturally, Sister Maria Zita was also informed, however, as she did not care much for the Habsburg dynasty, she did not do anything with this information. She told the other sisters that her bedridden state and the coming absence of another sister worried her, and she was again advised to ask for the intercession of the Emperor, but she did not plan on doing so. That evening however, when lying in bed, she was unable to sleep because of the excruciating pain in her right leg. It is then that she decided to say a prayer of intercession and promised to start the next day with a novena to beg for the grace of beatification for the Servant of God. After praying, she did not feel the pain anymore and was able to easily fall asleep. From then on she was able to resume her duties as Mother Superior and would not suffer from any health problems with her legs for the rest of her life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Miracle |url=https://www.emperorcharles.org/beatification-miracle |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Blessed Karl of Austria |language=en-US}}</ref>

Pope John Paul II declared Charles "Blessed" in a beatification ceremony in [[St. Peter's Square]] on 3 October 2004. The Pope also declared 21 October, the date of Charles's marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, to be Charles's [[feast day]].<ref name=Sondhaus>{{cite book| first=Lawrence| last=Sondhaus| title=World War One: The Global Revolution|page=483|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2011|isbn=978-0521736268}}</ref> At the ceremony, the Pope stated:{{blockquote|The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Charles of Austria, confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, [[Benedict XV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20041003_beatifications_en.html |title=Beatification of Five Servants of God; Homily of John Paul II |date=3 October 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905061421/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20041003_beatifications_en.html |archive-date=5 September 2011}}</ref>}}

The main points of [[Pope Benedict XV]]'s peace plan were: (1) the moral force of right ... be substituted for the material force of arms, (2) there must be simultaneous and reciprocal diminution of armaments, (3) a mechanism for international arbitration must be established, (4) true liberty and common rights over the sea should exist, (5) there should be a renunciation of war indemnities, (6) occupied territories should be evacuated, and (7) there should be an examination of rival claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Pope_Benedict_XV's_Peace_Proposal |title=Pope Benedict XV's Peace Proposal – World War I Document Archive |publisher=Wwi.lib.byu.edu |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> The best outcome to the war, according to Pope Benedict XV, was an immediate restoration of the status quo without reparations or any form of forced demands.  Although the plan seemed unattainable due to the severity of the war thus far, it appealed to Charles, perhaps as a way to fulfill and preserve his role as Catholic Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} The beatification nevertheless raised controversy over the mistaken claim that Charles authorised the use of [[poison gas]] by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] during [[World War I]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Emperor and mystic nun beatified|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3710810.stm|date=3 October 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref><ref name="Standard">{{cite news|title=Historiker: Giftgas-Einsatzbefehl durch Karl I. war "Notwehr"|date=5 October 2004|work=[[Der Standard]]|url=http://derstandard.at/1808110?sap=2&_seite=3|access-date=2014-10-20|trans-title=Historian: poison gas use command by Charles I was "self-defense"}}</ref> The Emperor actually forbade its use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blessed Karl of Austria: A Short Biography |url=http://www.gebetsliga.com/english/emperor-karl/biography/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Kaiser Karl |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Did Bl. Karl of Austria Use Poison Gas? | date=10 March 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejyOmKPq9zg |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>

Pope John Paul II, who was born Karol Józef Wojtyła in [[Wadowice]] (then part of [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Austrian Poland]]), was named after Karl. During a private audience with [[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)|Archduke Rudolf]] (Karl's son), his sons and their families and Empress Zita (whom the Pope addressed as "his Empress" and bowed his head before) he told them the following:

{{Blockquote|Do you know why I was named Charles at baptism? Because my [[Karol Wojtyła (senior)|father]] had great admiration for Emperor Charles I, of whom he was a soldier.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francji |first=Polska Misja Katolicka we |title=Charles of Habsburg – In his Honor, Wojtyła was Karol |url=https://polskifr.fr/duchowa-strona/charles-of-habsburg-in-his-honor-wojtyla-was-karol/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=polskifr.fr |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}

From the beginning, Emperor Charles conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cause for Canonization |url=https://www.emperorcharles.org/cause-for-canonization |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Blessed Karl of Austria |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 31 January 2008, after a 16-month investigation, a Church tribunal recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I. A "devout [[Baptist]]" from [[Orlando, Florida]] was allegedly cured after several recent converts to Roman Catholicism in [[Louisiana]] prayed for Charles's intercession.<ref name=Goodman>{{cite news| last=Goodman| first=Tanya| title=Miracle in our midst: Central Florida woman's cure may lead to sainthood for Blessed Karl of Austria| url=http://www.thefloridacatholic.org/orl/2008_orl/2008_orlarticles/20080208_orl_miracle_midst.php| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402102607/http://www.thefloridacatholic.org/orl/2008_orl/2008_orlarticles/20080208_orl_miracle_midst.php| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 April 2010|work=[[Florida Catholic]]|date=8 February 2008}}</ref><ref name=Pinsky>{{cite news|title=Baptist woman from Kissimmee edges Austro-Hungarian emperor toward Roman Catholic sainthood| url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/orl-baptist-saint-miracle-020108-story.html|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|last=Pinsky|first=Mark I.| date=8 February 2008|access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Historians Question the Beatification of Blessed Charles|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url=http://www.dw.com/en/historians-question-the-beatification-of-blessed-charles/a-1092974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Austria's Holy Uproar: Vatican beatification of World War I emperor triggers spirited debate|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6126292}}</ref>

In 2011, the League of Prayers for the promotion of Charles's cause set up a website,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emperor-charles.org|title=Kaiser Karl Gebetsliga für den Völkerfrieden|publisher=Emperor-charles.org|year=2011|access-date=2014-10-20|language=de|trans-title=Emperor Charles Prayer League for the Harmony of Peoples}}</ref> and Cardinal [[Christoph Schönborn]] of [[Vienna]] has sponsored the cause.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} One of Charles's granddaughters, [[Maria-Anna Galitzine|Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine]], has been a prominent figure in the campaign for sainthood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dclatinmass.com/tag/blessed-karl-of-austria/|title = Blessed Karl of Austria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/three-day-symposium-introduces-blessed-karl-of-austria?journal=26|title = The Order of Malta Federal Association, USA is a lay religious order of the Catholic Church}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{{infobox hrhstyles
| royal name= Charles I of Austria & IV of Hungary 
| dipstyle=[[Apostolic Majesty|His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty]]
| offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
| image=[[File:Personal Arms of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1916).svg|150px]]}}
 [[File:Imperial Monogram of Emperor Charles I of Austria.svg|thumb|Imperial monogram as Emperor of Austria|206x206px]]
[[File:Royal Monogram of King Charles IV of Hungary.svg|thumb|207x207px|Royal monogram as Apostolic King of Hungary]]

===Titles and styles===
{{Further information|Grand title of the emperor of Austria}}
* 17 August 1887 – 28 June 1914: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' Archduke Charles of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation">{{cite book|title=Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige}} Since 1780 official title used for princes ("''zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz''")</ref>
* 28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' The Archduke of Austria-Este<ref name="HofUndStaat">''[http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1915&page=20&size=45 Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie]'' (1915), Genealogy p. 2</ref>
* 21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: ''His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty'' The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia<ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath">{{cite book|title=Croatian Coronation Oath of 1916}} pp. 2–4, "Emperor of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Apostolic King"</ref>

===Honours===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}:<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
** [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''1905''<ref name="HofUndStaat02">''Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie'' (1915), "Ritter-orden" p. [http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1915&page=392&size=45 44]</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]], ''1917''<ref name="HofUndStaat03">''Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie'' (1918), "Ritter-orden" p. [http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=426&size=45 52]</ref>
** Knight Grand Officer of the  [[Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)|Order of the Cross of Military Merit]]
** [[Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Bronze Medal of Military Merit]], on red ribbon, ''pre-1915''; Gold ("Signum Laudis")
** Military Cross for the 60th year of the reign of Franz Joseph
* {{flagicon|Tuscany|habsburg}} [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscan Grand Ducal Family]]: [[Order of Saint Joseph|Grand Cross of St. Joseph]]<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
* {{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, with Distinction for Jerusalem<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
* {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
** Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]]
** Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of [[King George V]]
* {{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}:<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]]
** [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), ''20 May 1916''; with Oak Leaves, ''6 December 1916''<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Pour le Mérite Awards: Foreign Awards During World War I|url=https://pourlemerite.org/|website=pourlemerite.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031062935/https://pourlemerite.org/|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>
** [[Iron Cross]], 1st and 2nd Classes
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}:
** [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1908''<ref>''Hof- und - Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern'' (1909), "Königliche Orden". p. 9</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Max Joseph]]
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}:
** [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]]<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
** Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of St. Henry]]
* {{Flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore<ref name="HofUndStaat"/>
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}:
** [[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius|Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius]]<ref name="p6">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha 1923'' (1923) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_94/page/6 p. 6]</ref>
** [[Order of Bravery]], Grade I, 2nd Class<ref>{{cite web|title=Knights of the Order of Bravery| date=13 October 2024 |url=http://www.boiniznamena.com/?action=article&id=155|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721032601/http://www.boiniznamena.com/?action=article&id=155|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 July 2012|language=bg}}</ref>
}}

== Postage stamp ==
On 30 December 1916, Hungary issued a postage stamp featuring Charles as part of a series commemorating his coronation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/190079-King_Charles_IV_1887-1922-Coronation_of_Charles_IV_and_Queen_Zita-Hungary |title = Stamp: King Charles IV (1887–1922) (Hungary) (Coronation of Charles IV and Queen Zita) Mi:HU 189,Sn:HU 105,Yt:HU 163,Sg:HU 268,AFA:HU 163,PHu:HU 237}}</ref>

==Children==
Charles and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma had eight children together.

[[File:Die Kinder von Kaiser Karl und Kaiserin Zita, Quinta Vigia, Funchal.jpg|thumb|upright|The children in [[Funchal]], 1920s]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Name !! Birth !! Death !! Notes
|-
| Crown Prince '''[[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]''' || 20 November 1912|| {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|7|4|1912|11|20}} || married (1951) [[Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]] (1925–2010); seven children.
|-
| Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Adelheid]]''' || 3 January 1914 || {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|10|2|1914|1|3}} ||
|-
| Archduke '''[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Robert]]''' || 8 February 1915 || {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|2|7|1915|2|8}} || Archduke of [[Austria-Este]]; married (1953) [[Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta]] (7 April 1930{{spaced ndash}}10 January 2022); five children.
|-
| Archduke '''[[Archduke Felix of Austria|Felix]]''' || 31 May 1916 || {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|9|6|1916|5|31}} || married (1952) Princess Anna-Eugénie of [[Arenberg]] (5 July 1925{{spaced ndash}}9 June 1997); seven children.
|-
| Archduke '''[[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)|Karl Ludwig]]''' || 10 March 1918 || {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|12|11|1918|3|10}} || married (1950) [[Archduchess Yolande of Austria|Princess Yolanda of Ligne]] (6 May 1923{{spaced ndash}}13 September 2023); four children.
|- valign="top"
| Archduke '''[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)|Rudolf]]''' || 5 September 1919 ||{{death date and age|df=yes|2010|5|15|1919|9|5}} || married (1953) [[Countess Xenia Czernichev-Besobrasov]] (11 June 1929{{spaced ndash}}20 September 1968); four children.<br />Second marriage (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of [[Wrede]] (born 11 September 1940); one daughter.
|-
| Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Charlotte]]''' || {{birth date|1921|3|1|df=y}} || {{death date and age|df=yes|1989|7|23|1921|3|1}} || married (1956) [[George, Duke of Mecklenburg]] ({{OldStyleDate|5 October|1899|22 September}}{{spaced ndash}}6 July 1963).
|-
| Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)|Elisabeth]]''' || 31 May 1922 || {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|1|7|1922|5|31}} || married (1949) Prince Heinrich Karl Vincenz [[Princely Family of Liechtenstein|of Liechtenstein]] (5 August 1916{{spaced ndash}}17 April 1991), grandson of [[Prince Alfred of Liechtenstein (born 1842)|Prince Alfred]]; five children.
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1 = 1. '''Charles I of Austria'''
|2 = 2. [[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria]]
|3 = 3. [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]]
|4 = 4. [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]]
|5 = 5. [[Princess Maria Annunziata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]
|6 = 6. [[George, King of Saxony]]
|7 = 7. [[Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal (1843–1884)|Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal]]
|8 = 8. [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]]
|9 = 9. [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]]
|10 = 10. [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]]
|11 = 11. [[Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria]]
|12 = 12. [[John, King of Saxony]]
|13 = 13. [[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria]]
|14 = 14. [[Ferdinand II of Portugal]]
|15 = 15. [[Maria II of Portugal]]
}}

==See also==
* [[List of heirs to the Austrian throne]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bogle|first= James and Joanna |year=2005|title=A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary|publisher= Gracewing Publishing|isbn=978-0852441732}}
* [[Gordon Brook-Shepherd|Brook-Shepherd, Gordon]], ''The Last Empress: The Life & Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989'', HarperCollins, 1991. {{ISBN|0-00-215861-2}}.
* Brook-Shepherd, Gordon, ''The Last Habsburg'', (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).
* Coulombe, Charles, ''Blessed Charles of Austria: A Holy Emperor and His Legacy'', (TAN Books, 2020). 
* Hopwood, Robert F. "The Conflict between Count Czernin and Emperor Charles in 1918." ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 4 (1968): 28–43.
* Mason, John W. ''The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1918'' (Routledge, 2014).
* Valiani, Leo. ''The End of Austria-Hungary'' (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973).
* Wawro, Geoffrey. ''A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire'' (2015).
* {{in lang|de}} [[Bernhard A. Macek]], ''Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen'', Sutton Erfurt, 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-9540-0076-0}}.
* {{in lang|it}} Flavia Foradini, ''Otto d'Asburgo. L'ultimo atto di una dinastia'', mgs press, Trieste: 2004. {{ISBN|88-89219-04-1}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Karl I of Austria|Charles I of Austria}}
* [http://www.emperorcharles.org Blessed Emperor Charles League of Prayers]
* Robert Rill: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/charles_i_emperor_of_austria/ Charles I, Emperor of Austria], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* {{PM20|FID=pe/009187}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|17 August|1887|1 April|1922|[[House of Lorraine]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Franz Joseph I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Austria]]<br />[[King of Bohemia]]<br />[[Emperor of Austria|King of Galicia and Lodomeria]]<br />[[King of Hungary]]<br />[[King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]|years=1916–1918}}
{{S-non|reason=[[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-pre}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-non|reason=[[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Emperor of Austria]]<br />[[King of Bohemia]]<br />[[Emperor of Austria|King of Galicia and Lodomeria]]<br />[[King of Hungary]]<br />[[King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]| years=1918–1922}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Otto von Habsburg|Crown Prince Otto]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Austria-Este|Archduke of Austria-Este]]|reason=[[Italian unification|Title abolished in 1860]]|years=28 June 1914 – 16 April 1917}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduke Robert]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Rulers of Austria}}
{{Monarchs of Bohemia}}
{{Hungarian kings}}
{{Croatian kings}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Heads of State of Hungary}}
{{Military of Austria-Hungary}}
{{Austro-Hungarian claimants}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 01 Of Austria}}
[[Category:Charles I of Austria| ]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century emperors of Austria]]
[[Category:20th-century archdukes of Austria]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century monarchs of Bohemia]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian monarchs]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Critics of Freemasonry]]
[[Category:House of Austria-Este]]
[[Category:Austrian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Austrian beatified people]]
[[Category:Austrian exiles]]
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[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Burials in Madeira Island]]
[[Category:Charles University alumni]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph]]
[[Category:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Austria]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Germany]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:Hungarian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Hungarian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]
[[Category:People from Persenbeug-Gottsdorf]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic royal saints]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Austrian monarchists]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Portugal]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Kings of Hungary]]
[[Category:Kings of Croatia]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:Royalty of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the Hungarian throne]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the Bohemian throne]]