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{{About|the sword of French legend|the British ceremonial sword|Curtana}}{{Short description|Legendary short sword}}
'''Cortain''' (also spelled '''Courtain''', '''Cortana''', '''Curtana''', '''Cortaine''' or '''Corte''') is a legendary [[short sword]] in the legend of [[Ogier the Dane]]. This name is the [[accusative case]] declension of [[Old French]] ''corte'', meaning "short".{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=17}}

== Attestations ==
The tradition that Ogier had a short sword is quite old. There is an entry for "Oggero ''spata curta''" ("Ogier of the short sword") in the {{illm|Nota Emilianense{{!}}''Nota Emilianense''|es|Nota Emilianense}} (c. 1065–1075),<ref>{{cite book|last=Sholod |first=Barton |title=Charlemagne in Spain: The Cultural Legacy of Roncesvalles |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RF5RMtPJBiMC&pg=PA189 |page=189|isbn=9782600034784 }}</ref> and this is taken as a nickname derived from his sword-name Cortain.{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=112}} The sword name does not appear in the oldest extant copy of ''[[The Song of Roland]]'' (Oxford manuscript), only in versions postdating the ''Nota''.<ref>{{harvp|Togeby|1969|p=112}} and {{harvp|Togeby|1969|p=17}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|'''Cortein''' (Roland, Chateauroux ms., laisses CCCCXXI, CCCCXXXV),{{sfnp|Foerster ed.|1883|pp=383, 393}} '''Corten''' (Roland, Venice ms. VII, laisses CCCCXVIII, CCCCXXXII).{{sfnp|Foerster ed.|1883|pp=383, 393}}}}

The sword and its early provenance is described in the ''[[chanson de geste]]'' ''Le Chevalerie Ogier''.<ref name="barrois-v1647">{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} vv. 1647–1664. '''1''': 69. </ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=256}} The sword has appeared in  other ''[[chansons de geste]]'' somewhat predating ''Chevalerie Ogier'', or composed around the same time as it, such as ''[[Aspremont (chanson de geste)|Aspremont]]'' (before 1190) and ''[[Renaut de Montauban]]''<!--this links to Renaud the character, not the poem--> (aka ''[[Quatre Fils Aymon|Quatre fils Aymon]]'', c. 1200).{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=52}}

=== Provenance ===
Generally according to traditional French sources, Cortain was previously owned by the courteous Saracen knight Karaheut,<!--Lost track of location where it says "courteus" in poem, but cf. Togeby, p. 51: "païen courtois Karaheu "--> and given to Ogier.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} ''Chevalerie Ogier'', vv. 2700ff. Cf. {{lang|fr|Analyze}}, p. lxxij "{{lang|fr|Caraheu donne son épée a Ogier}}".</ref>{{Refn|Cf. also the printed French prose romance of 1579.<ref>{{harvp|Benoist Rigaud ed.|1579|p=94}}: "{{lang|fr|Le Roy Caraheu parla à Ogier le Dannois &.. kuy donna courtain sa bon espee}}".</ref>}} 

According to the first branch (''enfances'') of ''Le Chevalerie Ogier'', Ogier was still unknighted and sent as hostage to King Charlemagne. Thus when the French began to fight Saracens invading Rome, the unarmed Ogier only spectated. Eventually however he entered the fray, wresting the arms of the [[standard-bearer]] Alori who fled in retreat.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842|pp=lxxi, 1–23}}, vv. 1ff; vv. 500–590ff</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|pp=249–251}} His deeds were rewarded by knighthood, and Charlemagne girt him with his own sword.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842|pp=lxxij, 29–31}}, vv. 690ff, 747ff</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=252}}

In the continued conflict, the [[Saracen]] Karaheut of India{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="karaheut"|"Karaheut" in {{harvp|Ludlow|1865}} and {{harvp|Voretzsch|1931|p=209}}. Langlois, lists "Caraheu, Craheut, Karaheu, Karaheut, Karaheult, Kareeu".<ref name="langlois-caraheu"/> "Karahues" and "Karahuel" are also used.}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Karaheut of India was son of King Gloriant (var. Quinquenant), brother of [[King Marsile|Marsile]] and cousin(relative) of [[Baligant]] and ([lacuna] fiancée of) Gloriande, daughter of the amiral.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} vv. 787–792 "C'est Kareeus fix le roi Gloriant (Quinquenant),/Frère Marsille et cosin Baligant, Drus Gloriande, la fille l'amirant.. gent/D'Ynde la fière dessi en Orient"</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=252}}{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=51}} Karaheut is described as "lover of Glorianda",{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=252}} but she is more appropriately characterized as the fiancée.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842|p=lxxij}}: "Gloriande 1021; promise à Caraheu 1063"</ref><ref>Cf.{{harvp|Farrier|2019|p=64}}, Adenet le Roi, ''Enfances Ogier'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=R-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT224 summary]</ref> }} who owned Cortain challenged Ogier to duel. Karaheut's weapon, "the sword Brumadant the Savage"{{Refn|{{langx|fro|l'espée Brumadant le sauvage}}, v. 1647. Langlois describes Brumandant as the name of the sword forged by Escurable.<ref name="langlois-brumadant"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Alternately it may have been "the sword [of] Brumadant the Savage". This Brumadant the sword-owner supposedly differs from the "maker of which" sword, according to one view,<ref name="dickens"/> but others thought this Brumadant was in fact the giant-smith who forged it.<ref name="cosson"/><ref name="baldwin"/> The latter case conflicts with Langlois's reading which names Escurable as the sword-maker.<ref name="langlois-brumadant"/>}} was remade more than twenty times by the swordsmith Escurable; when it was tested on a block of marble it broke about a palm's length, and had to be reforged shorter-bladed; hence it was [re]named Corte or Cortain,{{Refn|This sword name first occurs as Corte at v. 1663,{{sfnp|Barrois ed.|1842|p=lxxiij, 69}}<ref name="langlois-corte"/> but is spelt Courtain at v.1860{{sfnp|Barrois ed.|1842|p=lxxiij, 77}} and most other occurrences in the poem.}} meaning "'''Short'''".<ref name="barrois-v1647"/>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=256}} This became the weapon of a [[chivalry|chivalric]]-minded Karaheut,<ref>The ''courtois'' "Karaheu" in {{harvp|Togeby|1969|p=51}}</ref> who gave his destrier and arms (including Cortain) to Ogier so he could now fight the new opponent, Brunamont, in single combat.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Brunamont de Maiolgre. Brunamont's homeland Maiolgre is not specified by Langlois,<ref name=langlois-maiogre/> and thogh Ludlow guesses it to be [[Mallorca|Majorca]] {{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=259}} in Spain, the variant reading "Calabre" ([[Calabria]], Italy)<ref name=langlois-maiogre/> may suggest somewhere in Italy.}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The circumstances were that Karaheu persuaded Ogier to fight in single combat, but his comrades in large numbers interrupted and took Ogier hostage. Karaheu, failing to secure Ogier's release, surrendered himself to the French. Meanwhile the Amiral broke the engagement of his daughter Gloriande to Karaheu, awarding her to Brunamont. Gloriande then named Ogier her champion to fight Brunamont.{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|pp=257–260}}<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842|p=99}} and n4, vv. 2395–2397</ref>}}<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} vv. 2633–2644. '''1''': 109. </ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=260}}<ref name="vandijk-dict-mediev-heroes" />

==== Renaud de Montauban ====
Ogier tested the sword on a ''perron'' (stone block{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Cf. next note for commentary on possible meaning of ''perron'' besides "boulder block". Hieatt calls it "testing mound",<ref>{{harvp|Hieatt tr.|1975a}}, note to Ch. 44, citing ''Renaud de Montauban'', {{harvp|Michelant ed.|1862}}, p. 210.</ref> similar to "steel mound" used for sword-testing in the saga version.}}) and the sword got chipped (a "half a foot"; {{langx|fro|demi pié}}"{{Refn|""<ref name="gehrt1899"/>}}{{Refn|{{harvp|Gautier|1872|p=169}}: "Courtain, l'épée d'Ogier.. fut écourtée d'un demi-pied, (V. ''Renaus de Montauban'', éd. Michelant, p. 210, et la ''Karlamagnus Saga'', i, 20, cité par G. Paris [''Hist. Poet. Ch.''], 370<ref name="paris_gaston1865"/>)}}), giving rise to the name "Cortain (Short)", or so it has been told in the poem ''Renaud de Montauban'' (aka ''[[Quatre Fils Aymon]]'').{{sfnp|Michelant ed.|1862|p=210}}<ref name="gautier1884-p522n">{{harvp|Gautier|1884|p=522}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0PoLrHxlnV8C&pg=PA522 note]</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Leon Gautier concedes that in the context of the ''Chanson de Roland'' and ''Renaud'' here, the ''perron'' ought taken to mean a "massive rock construction" (as per Paul Meyer), though probably earlier the word referred to a natural rock formation. He claims moreover that ''perron'' was also interchangeably called ''plancher'' at an earlier time and was "nothing more than a wooden staircase", though he will refrain from discussing the lore of the steel staircase at the Aix Palace, where the knights tried out their swords (Cf. "steel staircase" used by Ogier to test his sword, mentioned in L. Gautier's reconstructed life of a French noble,{{harvp|Gautier|1884|p=271}}, cited below).}}

==== Saga I version ====
According to the Old Norse version ''Karlamagnús saga'' Part I (c. 1240{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=82}}), Karlamagnús (Charlemagne) tested three swords at Aix-la-Chapelle, and the first that only made a notch in the steel mound or block{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The original Old Norse phrase is {{lang|non|{{linktext|stál|haugr}}}}, which Fritzner's dictionary merely defines verbatim as "steel mound" in Norwegian.<ref>Fritzner (1867) ''Ordbog'' s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=i95mRBUI3aIC&pg=PA617 stálhaugr]"</ref> Hieatt's English translation thus give "steel mound", but the French side-by-side translation gives "mass of steel ({{lang|fr|masse d'acier}})",{{sfnp|Togeby|Halleux|Loth|Patron-Godefroit tr.|1980}} while Aebisher gave "steel block ({{lang|fr|bloc d'acier}})"{{sfnp|Aebischer|1972|p=25}} In the French source Ogier's sword was tested on a ''perron'' (usually considered a stone block)<ref>{{harvp|Gautier|1872|p=169}} and {{harvp|Gautier|1884|p=522}}, note</ref><ref name="paris_gaston1865"/> But in Leon Gautier's narrative, Ogier's sword was tested on the "steel staircase" at Aix.{{sfnp|Gautier|1891|p=271}}}} received the name "'''Kurt'''" (Cortain), the second that cut a hand-width "{{illm|Almace|fr|Almace|lt=Almacia|preserve=1}}", and the third chopped off a chunk more than a half a foot" (possibly 1/2 [[Foot (unit)|foot]] measure ({{convert|6|in|abbr=on}}), or "half leng-lenth"), earning the name [[Durendal|Dyrumdali]]".{{Refn|As for 1/2 foot unit measurement, Gehrt (1899) says Durendal "hewed off 1/2 ft." in the saga, and it can be corroborated he meant 1/2 ft., since he uses the same expression for Courtain "striking off 1/2 ft." in the chanson of Renaud, where the original reads "demi pié(pied)" ("{{lang|de|drei von Galant.. den dritten, besten, der einen halben Fuss Stahl herunterhaut" (Karlamagnussaga) vs. "drei Helden, zuerst Roland, dann Olivier, dann Ogier. Der letztere.. einen halben Fuss herunterschlug}}").<ref name="gehrt1899"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Or "half a leg-length", since ON {{lang|non|{{linktext|fótr}}}}} could mean "foot" or "leg".<ref name="lindow-fotr"/> Note that although Hieatt's English tr. gives "rent more than half the length of a man's foot" the French side-by-side tr. gives "{{lang|fr|moitié de la jambe d'un homme}} (half of human leg)" and {{harvp|Aebischer|1972|p=131}}: "{{lang|fr|la troisième , et il tomba [de la masse] plus de la moitié d'une jambe d'homme}}" similarly states that a chunk that size "fell". }}<ref name="karlamagnus1-kap44">Karlamagnús saga I. Kap. 44, {{Harvp|Unger|1860}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2A7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA40 p. 40]; {{harvp|Hieatt tr.|1975a|loc=Part I, Ch. 44, p. 133}}; {{harvp|Togeby|Halleux|Loth|Patron-Godefroit tr.|1980}} (ON and Fr. side-by-side) Chapitre 41, p. 89</ref> Thus this Scandinavian account fails to explain how the sword got its name, unlike the French text which reveals that the sword was curtailed when tested.{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=91}} The meaning of "Kurt" in Old Norse would be "courtesy" or "chivalry".<ref>{{harvp|Hieatt tr.|1975a}}, Ch. 44 note 1</ref>

All three swords were received as ransom from a Jew{{Refn|Not explicit in original text. Hieatt glosses Malakin as "usurer" in index; but the character is assumed to be a Jew (''juif'') by French scholars.<ref name="paris_gaston1865"/>{{sfnp|Gautier|1872|p=169}}<ref>{{harvp|Aebischer|1972|p= 48}}: "Si Abraham est un inconnu , sans doute un Juif , Malakin , nom porté presque uniquement par des Sarrasins.."</ref>}} named "Malakin of Ivin", and all made by Galant of England,<ref name="karlamagnus1-kap43">Karlamagnús saga I. Kap. 43, {{Harvp|Unger|1860}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2A7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA40 p. 40]; {{harvp|Hieatt tr.|1975a|loc= Part I, Ch. 43, p. 132}}; {{harvp|Togeby|Halleux|Loth|Patron-Godefroit tr.|1980}} (ON and Fr. side-by-side) Chapitre 40, pp. 88–89</ref> namely [[Wayland the Smith]],<ref>{{harvp|Hieatt tr.|1975a}}, Ch. 43 note 2: "Weland, ..smith of Germanic legend"</ref> not the sword-maker named in ''Chevalerie''.<ref name="gehrt1899"/>

=== Blocked by angel ===
[[File:Chivalry-Gautier-tr-eng1891-p429.jpg|thumb|Ogier the Dane's sword aimed at Charlot stopped by angel.{{right|{{small|—From [[Léon Gautier (historian)|Léon Gautier]] ed. ''Chevalerie'' (1884), design by [[Luc-Olivier Merson]]}}<ref name="gautier1884"/><ref name="gautier-eng-1891"/>}}]]
Ogier turned rebel (after Prince Charlot murders his son Bauduin/Baldwinet over chess<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} Branch II.</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=262}}), and eventually was made prisoner in later branches of ''Le Chevalerie Ogier''. In the ninth branch, he was offered reprieve in exchange for cooperating with fighting a new wave of Saracens, but refused unless he could exact vengeance against Charlot.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} vv.10010ff. '''2''': 409.</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|pp=292–296}} Ogier was about to strike Courtain upon Charlot, when the archangel Michael interceded, holding the sword by its blade or edge,<ref name="godefroy-dict-ameure"/> and staying the execution.<ref>{{harvp|Barrois ed.|1842}} vv.10979–11009. '''2''': 457–458. "{{lang|fr|Ch'iert sains Mikex, ce trovons-nos lisant: L'ameure tint del espée trenchant}}". "</ref>{{sfnp|Ludlow|1865|p=296}}
 
=== Post-13th century ===
The sword recurs in the later poems in the [[Decasyllable|decasyllabic]] (c. 1310{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=134}}) and [[Alexandrine]] (c. 1335{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|pp=148}}) versions, and the 15th century<ref>{{harvp|Togeby|1969|p=221}}: "XVIII. Le Roman d'Ogier en Prose (1496)"</ref> prose romance of Ogier, e.g., the scenes of Karaheu (Caraheu) using it in single combat with Ogier.{{sfnp|Poulain-Gautret|2005|pp=91–92}} The prose redactor retained the episode of an angel (though he was an anonymous "{{lang|fr|ung ange de paradis}}", not specifically St. Michael) who "holds back the stroke of Ogier's sword and took the sword by the point ({{lang|fr|retint le coup de l'espee d'Ogier et print l'espee par la pointe }})" to stop Ogier from killing Charlot with the sword Courtain.{{sfnp|Poulain-Gautret|2005|p=228}} Later printed editions have further altered this to stating (in chapter summary) that the angel held back Ogier's arm.<ref>{{harvp|Benoist Rigaud ed.|1579}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0_E7bj4m5bsC&pg=PA233 p. 233] "Comment Charlemagne partit de Laon, etc., .. & comment l'Ange ainsi qu'il vouloit coupper lateste de Charlot luy retint le bras & des parolles qu'il luy dist". p. 245: "Dieu.. envoya un Ange de Paradis, qui retint le coup del'espee d'Ogier & luy dist.."</ref>

[[File:Olger Danskes Kronike1842-p138-Olger&Kortone&Engel.png|thumb|Olger Danske's sword Kortone prevented from harming Karlot.{{right|{{small|—Hanssen ed. (1842) ''Olger Danskes Krønike''}}}}]]
Various accounts of the sword, '''{{lang|da|Kortone}}''', are also given in the Danish ''Olger Danskes krønike'' (1534), adapted from the French prose. The work notes that the sword could still be viewed at the "cloister of St. Bent ({{=}}Benedict{{sfnp|Togeby|1969|p=233}})'s order" at [[Meaux]] (near Paris) in France.{{sfnp|Hanssen|1842|p=51}}{{Refn|This is probably the reference to the effigies on the sarcophagi of "Ogier" and "St. Benedict" at Meaux.}} It also records the episode of Olger's sword Kortone being stopped by the angel (see fig. right).<ref>{{harvp|Hanssen|1842|pp=138–139}}: "{{lang|da|Men som han nu havd Svaerdet oppe i Veiret, da kom en Guds Engel af Himmelen ganske skinnende og hodt om Odden af Sværet, at Alle saae det stinbarlingen. Engelen sagte til Olger}}.</ref>

=== Arthurian cycle ===
The [[Prose Tristan|Prose ''Tristan'']] (1230–1235, expanded in 1240<ref name=curtis-dates />) also names Ogier as eventual owner of the sword, though claiming it to have been a relic of the Arthurian knight [[Tristan]] (''Tristram''). Since the sword was originally too long and too heavy, Ogier shortened it and named it ''Cortaine''.{{Efn|This passage is not included in {{harvp|Curtis tr.|1994}}'s English translation.<!--or her edition up to volume 3 [?]-->}}<ref name="loeseth">{{citation|last=Löseth |first=Eilert |author-link=:no:Eilert Løseth |title=Analyse critique du Roman de Tristan en prose française |place=Paris |publisher=Bouillon |year=1890 |page=302 |url=https://archive.org/stream/analysecritiqued00lsuoft#page/302/mode/2up/}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="bruce-arth_name_dict-cortaine"/><ref name=loomis1922a/> According to this French narrative, Charlemagne brought discovered the swords of Tristan and [[Palamedes (Arthurian legend)|Palamedes]] in an abbey in England, giving the Tristan sword to Ogier, and girt Palamedes' sword on himself, which was judged to be a superior sword.<ref name="loeseth"/>

In the ''[[La Tavola Ritonda]]'' (mid-14th to 15th century) based largely on the Italian translation of the Prose ''Tristan'', Tristan's sword is named '''''Vistamara''''', considered the best and sharpest in the world.<ref name="polidori-ed-1864"/><ref name="shafer-tr-1983"/> In this version Charlemagne (Carlo Magno) comes to Verzeppe Castle (presumably Leverzep/Louvezerp) in Logres{{Refn|Bruce<ref name="bruce-arth_name_dict-cortaine"/><ref>{{harvp|Bruce|1999}} ''Arthurian name Dictionary'', s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA315 Leverzep (Leverzerp, Lonazep, Lonezep, Louvezeph, Lovezerp, Verzeppe)]"</ref> Cf. {{harvp|Curtis tr.|1994|p=313}}: "Castle Louvezerp" where a tournament takes place.}} and finds the statues of five eminent Arthurian knights, each wearing their original sword.<ref>{{harvp|Bruce|1999}} ''Arthurian name Dictionary'', s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA115 Charlemagne]"</ref> Tristan's sword was given to Ogier (''Ugieri'') who was the only one capable of wielding the heavy sword, but the sword was clipped short upon its first use, and so was named '''''Cortana'''''.<ref>{{harvp|Polidori ed.|1864}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4oTg623CbHkC&pg=PA392 pp. 391–392]</ref><ref name="bruce-arth_name_dict-cortaine"/>

The English monarchy also laid claim to owning "Tristram's sword",{{Efn|King Johan received "duos enses scilicet ensem Tristrami.. (two swords, namely Tristram's sword.. )", [[Patent Rolls]] for 1207.}} and this according to [[Roger Sherman Loomis]] was the "[[Curtana]]" ("short") used in the [[coronation of the British monarch]]. Loomis also argues that Curtana's origins as Tristram's sword was known to the author of this passage in Prose ''Tristan'', but the tradition was forgotten in England.<ref name="loomis1922a"/> The English royal Curtana had been once been jagged at its broken tip, and in the Tristan/Tristram romances, the hero's sword broke off, with its tip lodged in [[Morholt]]'s head.<ref name="loomis1922b"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="baldwin">{{cite book|last=Baldwin |first=James |author-link=James Baldwin (editor and author) |chapter=Adventure VIII. How Ogier won Sword and Horse |title=La chevalerie |location=Paris |publisher=V. Palmé |year=1884 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB-nWc62K9AC&pg=RA2-PA87 |pages=81–96}}</ref>

<ref name="bruce-arth_name_dict-cortaine">{{cite dictionary|last=Bruce |first=Christopher W. |author-link=<!--Christopher W. Bruce-->  |entry=Cortaine ("Shortened") |title=The Arthurian Name Dictionary |location= |publisher=Garland |year=1999 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA131 |page=131 |isbn=<!--815328656, -->9780815328650}}</ref>

<ref name="cosson">{{cite journal|ref={{SfnRef|Cosson|1994}}|author=Baron de Cosson |author-link=<!--Charles Alexander, Baron de Cosson--> |title=The Conyers Falchion |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle Upon Tyne |volume=5 |number=6 |date=1891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x1AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA43 |page=43<!--42–44-->}}</ref>

<ref name=curtis-dates>{{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Curtis tr.|1994}}|translator-last=Curtis |translator-first=Renée L. |translator-link=<!--Renée L. Curtis--> |title=The Romance of Tristan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |page=xvi}} {{ISBN|0-19-282792-8}}.</ref>

<ref name="dickens">{{cite journal|last=Dickens |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Dickens |title=Swords |journal=All the Year Round |volume=17 |number=429 |series=New Series |date=17 February 1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtMRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA535 |page=535}}</ref>

<ref name="gautier1884">{{cite book|last=Gautier |first=Léon |author-link=Léon Gautier (historian) |title=La chevalerie |location=Paris |publisher=Victor Palmé |year=1884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PoLrHxlnV8C&pg=PA608 |pages=608–609}}</ref>
<ref name="gautier-eng-1891">{{cite book|last=Gautier |first=Léon |author-link=Léon Gautier (historian) |translator= |translator-link=Henry Frith |title=Chivalry |publisher=G. Routledge and sons |year=1891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA429 |pages=429, 432, 21}}</ref>

<ref name="gehrt1899">{{cite journal|last=Gehrt |first=Paul |author-link=<!--Paul Gehrt --> |title=Zwei altfranzösische Bruchstücke des Floovant |journal=Romanische Forschungen |volume=10 |date=1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265 |page=265<!--248–271-->}}</ref>

<ref name="godefroy-dict-ameure">Godefroy, ''Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue''. Tome 1.  s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=n6wJYbZl7p4C&pg=PA276 Amore, -ure, -eure]". '{{lang|fr|. s.f., lame d'épée, fil de l'épée}}'. Barrois ed., v. 10966 is given as an example.</ref>

<ref name="langlois-brumadant">{{harvp|Langlois|1904}}, ''Table des noms'' s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1kTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA118 |2=Brumadant}}: "Épée de Caraheux, forgée par Escurable".</ref>

<ref name="langlois-caraheu">{{harvp|Langlois|1904}}, ''Table des noms'' s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1kTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA132 |2=Caraheu, etc., etc.}}.</ref>
<ref name="langlois-corte">{{harvp|Langlois|1904}} ''Table des noms'', s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1kTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA165 |2=Corte, Cortain, Cortein, Courte, Courtain }}"</ref>
<ref name=langlois-maiogre>{{harvp|Langlois|1904}} ''Table des noms'', s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1kTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA420 |2=Maiogre, Maiogres (1)}}"</ref>

<ref name="lindow-fotr">{{cite book|last=Lindow  |first=John |author-link=John Lindow |title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242|isbn=<!--0198034997, -->9780198034995}}</ref>

<ref name="loomis1922a">{{citation|last=Loomis |first=Roger Sherman |author-link=Roger Sherman Loomis |title=Tristram and the House of Anjou |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=17 |number=1 |date=January 1922a |page=29 <!--24–30--> |doi=10.2307/3714327 |jstor=3714327 |url=https://archive.org/stream/modernlanguager05assogoog#page/n40/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="loomis1922b">{{citation|last=Loomis |first=Roger Sherman |author-link=:en:Roger Sherman Loomis |title=Vestiges of Tristram in London |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=41 |date=July–September 1922b |pages=56–59 <!--54–64 --> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ufc4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA54-IA2}}</ref>

<ref name="paris_gaston1865">{{cite book|last=Paris |first=Gaston |author-link=Gaston Paris |title=La chevalerie |location=Paris |publisher=A. Franck |year= 1865 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il6pfSnfl40C&pg=PA370 |page=370}}</ref>

<ref name="polidori-ed-1864">{{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Polidori ed.|1864}}|editor-last=Polidori |editor-first=Filippo Luigi |editor-link=:it:Filippo Luigi Polidori |title=La Tavola ritonda o l'istoria di Tristano: testo di lingua |location=Bologna |publisher=presso Gaetano Romagnoli |year=1864 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oTg623CbHkC&pg=PA192 |page=192}}</ref>

<ref name="shafer-tr-1983">{{cite book|translator-last=Shaver |translator-first=Anne |translator-link=<!--Anne Shaver--> |title=Tristan and the Round Table: A Translation of La Tavola Ritonda |location=|publisher= State University of New York at Binghamton |year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbsfAAAAMAAJ&q=Vistamara |pages=125 |isbn=<!--0866980539, -->9780866980531}}</ref>

<ref name=vandijk-dict-mediev-heroes>{{cite dictionary|last=van Dijk |first=Hans |title=A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions and Their Afterlife in Literature, Theatre and the Visual Arts |entry=Ogier the Dane |editor-last1=Gerritsen|editor-first1=Willem Pieter |editor-last2=Van Melle |editor-first2=Anthony G. |dictionary=A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jacBvHiRUWwC&pg=PA188 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2000 |pages=186–188 |isbn=978-0-85115-780-1}}</ref>
}}

;Bibliograp
{{refbegin}}
;(primary sources)
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Barrois ed.|1842}}|author=<!--Raimbert de Paris--> |author-link=<!--Raimbert de Paris--> |editor-last=Barrois |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=<!--Joseph Barrois--> |title=La chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche |location=Paris |publisher=Techener |year=1842 |url=https://archive.org/details/lachevalerieogi00barrgoog }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewWAAAAYAAJ Tome '''1'''], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql5JAAAAMAAJ Tome '''2'''].

* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Benoist Rigaud ed.|1579}}|author= |author-link=<!---->  |editor-last=Rigaud |editor-first=Benoist |editor-link=:fr:Benoist Rigaud |title=L'Histoire d'Ogier le Dannoys Duc de Dannemarche, Qui fut l'un des douze Pers de France |location=Lyon |publisher=Benoist Rigaud |year=1579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_E7bj4m5bsC&pg=PA233}}

*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Foerster ed.|1883}}|author= |author-link= |editor-last=Foerster |editor-first=Wendelin |editor-link=Wendelin Förster |title=Das altfranzösische Rolandslied. Text von Châteauroux und Venedig VII |location=Helbronn  |publisher=Verlag von Gebr[üder] Henniger|year=1883 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdsIAAAAQAAJ |series=Altfranzösisehe Bibliothek, VI}}

*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Michelant ed.|1862}}|author= |author-link= |editor-last=Michelant |editor-first=Henri|editor-link=Henri-Victor Michelant |title=Renaus de Montauban oder die Haimonskinder, altfranzösisches Gedicht, nach den Handschriften zum Erstenmal herausgegeben |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Litterarischer Verein in Stuttgart |year=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dbTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA210 |series=Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, 67}}

;(primary sources—Scandinavian)
* {{cite book|last=Aebischer |first=Paul |author-link=:fr:Paul Aebischer  |title=Textes norrois et littérature française du Moyen Age: La première branche de la Karlamagnus saga. Traduction complète du texte en narrois, pécédée d'une intruduction et suivie d'un index des noms propres |series=Textes norrois et littérature française du Moyen Age. Vol 2. |location=Genève |publisher=Droz |year=1972 |isbn=9782600028196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuqUpJYcF8sC&pg=PA25 |language=non, fr}} 

*{{citation|editor-last=Hanssen |editor-first=Nis |editor-link=<!--Nis Hanssen--> |others=Fortale af [[Christian Molbech|C. Molbech]] |title=Olger Danskes Krønike |location=Kjöbenhavn |publisher=Louis Klein |year=1842 |pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG9WAAAAcAAJ |lang=da}}

* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Hieatt tr.|1975a}}|translator-last=Hieatt |translator-first=Constance B. |translator-link=Constance Bartlett Hieatt |title=Karlamagnús saga: The Saga of Charlemagne and his heroes |volume=1 |issue=Parts I–III |location=Toronto |publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies |year=1975a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SHGQL7QQrcC&q=Almacia  |isbn=0-88844-262-9}}

* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Togeby|Halleux|Loth|Patron-Godefroit tr.|1980}} |editor1-last=Togeby |editor1-first=Knud |editor1-link=:da:Knud Togeby |editor2-last=Halleux |editor2-first=Pierre |editor2-link=<!--Pierre Halleux--> |editor3-last=Loth |editor3-first=Agnete |editor3-link=:en:Agnete Loth |others=Traduction française par Annette Patron-Godefroit |title=Karlamagnús saga: branches I, III, VII et IX |location= |publisher=Société pour l'étude de langue et de la littérature danoises |year=1880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqezAAAAIAAJ0 |language=non, fr |isbn=<!--8774212613, -->9788774212614}} (side-by-side edition and translation)

* {{Cite book |editor-last=Unger |editor-first=Carl Richard |editor-link=:en:Carl Richard Unger |title=Karlamagnús saga ok kappa hans |location=Christiania |publisher=Trykt hos H.J. Jensen |year=1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2A7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA40 |language=non}} （[https://archive.org/details/karlamagnussagao00ungeuoft/page/40/mode/2up IArchive版]; [https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Karlamagn%C3%BAs_saga_ok_kappa_hans heimskringla.no版]）

;(secondary sources)
* {{citation|editor-last=Farrier |editor-first=Susan E. |editor-link=<!--Susan E. Farrier--> |title=The Medieval Charlemagne Legend: An Annotated Bibliography |place=|publisher=Routledge|year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzj3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 |pages=262–271 |isbn=<!--0429523920, -->9780429523922}}

* {{cite book|editor-last=Gautier |editor-first=Léon |editor-link=Léon Gautier (historian) |title=La Chanson de Roland |volume=2: Notes et variantes |location=Tours |publisher=Alfred Mame et Fils |year=1872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrcNOP9LdMMC&pg=PA169 |pages=114, 169}}

* {{cite dictionary|last=Langlois |first=Ernest |author-link=Ernest Langlois |title=Table des noms propres de toute nature compris dans les chansons de geste |place=Parils |publisher=Émille Bouillon |date=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1kTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA165 |pages=}}

* {{citation|last=Ludlow |first=John Malcolm Forbes |author-link=John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow |chapter=V. Sub-cycle of the Peers: Ogier of Denmark  |title=Popular epics of the middle ages of the Norse-German and Carlovingian Cycles |volume=2 |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1865 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FgmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA247 |pages=247–303}}

* {{cite book|last=Poulain-Gautret|first=Emmanuelle |author-link=<!--Emmanuelle Poulain-Gautret--> |title=La tradition littéraire d'Ogier le Danois après le XIIIe siècle: permanence et renouvellement du genre épique médiéval |place=Paris |publisher=H. Champion |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD5lAAAAMAAJ&q=Courtain |pages= |isbn=<!--2745312081, -->9782745312082}}
* {{citation|last=Togeby |first=Knud |title=Ogier le Danois dans les littérratures européennes  |publisher=Munksgaard |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVdEAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Voretzsch|1931}}|last=Voretzsch |first=Karl |author-link=:de:Karl Voretzsch  |title=Introduction to the Study of Old French Literature |place=Genève |publisher=Slatkine |year=1976 |orig-year=1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkoMzwXRiREC&pg=PA207 |pages=208–210}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Mythological swords]]
[[Category:Medieval European swords]]