View source for Duchy of Carniola

{{Short description|Historical land, Habsburg crown land}}
{{For|the principality with the same name in the early Middle Ages|Carniola}}
{{Infobox Former country
| native_name            = {{native name|sl|Vojvodina Kranjska}}<br/>{{native name|de|Herzogtum Krain}}<br/>{{native name|la|Ducatus Carnioliae}}
| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Carniola
| common_name            = Carniola
| common_languages       = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| era                    = [[Middle Ages]]
| status_text            = [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|State]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (until 1806),<br>constituent land of the [[Austrian Empire]] (from 1804) and<br>[[Cisleithania]]n crown land of [[Austria-Hungary]] (from 1867)
| government_type        = [[Principality]]
| religion               = [[Roman Catholic]]
| year_start             = 1364
| year_end               = 1918
| event_pre              = [[March of Carniola]] bequeathed to [[House of Habsburg]]
| date_pre               = 1335
| event_start            = Raised to [[Duchy]]
| date_start             = <!--- Optional: Date of establishment, as 1 January 1801--->
| event1                 = Part of [[Inner Austria]]
| date_event1            = [[Treaty of Neuberg|1379]]
| event2                 = Joined [[Austrian Circle]]
| date_event2            = 1512
| event3                 = [[Treaty of Schönbrunn|Ceded]] to [[Illyrian Provinces]]
| date_event3            = 1809
| event4                 = [[Congress of Vienna|Restored]] to [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]
| date_event4            = 1815
| event_end              = Part of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]
| date_end               = 29 October
| p1                     = March of Carniola
| flag_p1                = Oldest known arms of Carniola.svg
| border_p1              = no
| s1                     = State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
| flag_s1                = Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg
| s2                     = Kingdom of Italy
| flag_s2                = Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Krain.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola.svg
| image_map              = Tabula Ducatus Carnioliae%2C Vindorum Marchiae et Histriae.jpg
| image_map_caption      = The Duchy of Carniola in 1714
| image_map2             = Das Herzogthum Krain 1791.jpg
| image_map2_caption     = The Duchy of Carniola in 1791
| capital                = [[Ljubljana|Laibach]] (Ljubljana)
| currency               = [[Florin]]
| today                  = [[Slovenia]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
[[File:AvI Innerkrain oder der Adelsberger Kreis.jpg|thumb|Historical map of Inner Carniola, end of the 18th century]]
[[File:Kranjska-Valvasor.jpg|thumb|Allegory of Carniola (right), from the work ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'']]

The '''Duchy of Carniola''' ({{langx|sl|Vojvodina Kranjska}}, {{langx|de|Herzogtum Krain}}, {{langx|hu|Krajna}}) was an [[imperial estate]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], established under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] rule on the territory of the former East Frankish [[March of Carniola]] in 1364. A hereditary land of the [[Habsburg monarchy]], it became a constituent land of the [[Austrian Empire]] in 1804 and part of the [[Kingdom of Illyria]] until 1849. A separate [[crown land]] from 1849, it was incorporated into the [[Cisleithania]]n territories of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867 until the state's dissolution in 1918. Its capital was Laibach, today [[Ljubljana]].

==Geography==
The borders of the historic [[Carniola]] region had varied over the centuries. From the time of the duchy's establishment, it was located in the southeastern periphery of the Holy Roman Empire, where the [[Žumberak Mountains|Gorjanci Mountains]] and the [[Kupa|Kolpa]] River formed the border with the [[Kingdom of Croatia (disambiguation)|Kingdom of Croatia]]<!--Don't change this, neither disambiguate, since the timeline covers more successive Kingdoms of Croatia-->.

In the north, it bordered the Imperial [[Duchy of Carinthia]], from the [[Predil Pass]] and [[Tarvisio|Fusine]] (''Fužine'') along the main ridge of the [[Karawanks]] range up to [[Jezersko, Slovenia|Jezersko]]. In the northeast and east, it bordered on the [[Duchy of Styria]], i.e., the present-day ''[[Styria (Slovenia)|Štajerska]]'' or Lower Styrian lands beyond the [[Sava]] River, which until 1456 were held by the [[Counts of Celje]]. In the west, the peaks of the [[Julian Alps]] high above [[Lake Bohinj]] marked the border with the historic [[Friuli]]an region, initially held by the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia (state)|Patriarchs of Aquileia]], but gradually conquered by the [[Republic of Venice]] and incorporated into the ''[[Domini di Terraferma]]'' by 1433. In the southwest, beyond the [[Dinaric Alps]], the [[County of Görz|Counts of Görz]] held the remaining Friulian territory, which in 1754 became the Austrian crown land of [[Gorizia and Gradisca]] (part of the present-day [[Slovenian Littoral]]). The remains of the [[March of Istria|Margraviate of Istria]] south of the [[Karst Plateau]] and the [[Brkini Hills]] were also administered from Carniola.

In its final extent, re-established in 1815,<ref name="Pipp" /> the duchy had an area of {{convert|9904|km2}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenija – pokrajine in ljudje |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Slovenia – Landscapes and People |editor1-first=Drago |editor1-last=Perko |editor2-first=Milan |editor2-last=Orožen Adamič |isbn=9788611150338 |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |year=1998 |page=16}}</ref> In 1914, before the beginning of [[World War I]], it had a population of a little under 530,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Pipp">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-0GBMI71V/7473cdee-a0c0-405b-aed2-39786b347805/PDF |title=Razvoj števila prebivalstva Ljubljane in bivše vojvodine Kranjske |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Development of the Number of Population of Ljubljana and the Former Duchy of Carniola |first=Lojze |last=Pipp |year=1935 |journal=Kronika Slovenskih Mest |volume=2 |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |issue=1}}</ref>
[[File:Tabula Ducatus Carnioliae, Vindorum Marchiae et Histriae.jpg|thumb|left|Historical map of the Carniolan duchy: Upper (pink), Lower (green) and Inner Carniola (yellow) with adjacent Istrian March (orange), [[Johann Homann]], 1714]]

===Administrative divisions===
According to the topography ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' written by the scholar [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]] (1641–1693), the territory was traditionally divided into three sub-regions: 
* [[Upper Carniola]]  (''Gorenjska''), the mountainous part in the north, with the towns of [[Kranj]] and [[Kamnik]]
* [[Lower Carniola]] (''Dolenjska''), in the southeast, with [[Novo Mesto]], [[Kočevje]] (''Gottschee'') and [[Krško]], including [[White Carniola]] and the former [[Windic March]]
* [[Inner Carniola]] (''Notranjska''), in the southwest, around the towns of [[Idrija]] and [[Postojna]].

Until 1860, these sub-regions coincided with the districts (''Kreise'') of [[Ljubljana]], [[Novo Mesto]] and [[Postojna]]. They were later divided into smaller units, called political (or administrative) districts ({{langx|de|Bezirkshauptmannshaft}}, {{langx|sl|okrajno glavarstvo}}). Between 1861 and 1918, Carniola was divided into eleven districts consisting of 359 municipalities ({{langx|de|Ortsgemeinde}}, {{langx|sl|občina}}), with the provincial capital serving as the residence of the imperial governor (''Landeshauptmann''). The districts were: [[Kamnik]], [[Kranj]], [[Radovljica]], the neighbourhood of Ljubljana, [[Logatec]], [[Postojna]], [[Litija]], [[Krško]], [[Novo Mesto]], [[Črnomelj]], and [[Kočevje]]. The political districts were in turn divided into 31 judicial circuits ({{langx|de|Gerichtsbezirk}}, {{langx|sl|sodnijski okraj}}).

==History and administration==
{{See also|Carniola}}
The former [[March of Carniola]], i.e., Upper Carniola and the [[Windic March]], had been separated from the [[Duchy of Carinthia]] in 1040 by King [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III of Germany]]. It was nevertheless temporarily still held by the Carinthian rulers in [[personal union]], like the ''[[House of Gorizia|Meinhardiner]]'' Duke [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry VI]], who died in 1335 without a male heir. His daughter [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol|Margaret]] was able to keep the [[County of Tyrol]], while the Wittelsbach Emperor [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] passed Carinthia and Carniolan march to the Habsburg Duke [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II of Austria]], whose mother, [[Elisabeth of Carinthia, Queen of the Romans|Elisabeth of Carinthia]] is a sister of the late Duke [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry of Gorizia]].
 
[[File:AvI Provinz Innerösterreich.jpg|thumb|Carniola and Istria (pink) as part of Inner Austria, 1379–1457 and 1564–1619]]
Albert's son [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf IV of Austria]], "the Founder", in the course of his ''[[Privilegium Maius]]'', awarded himself the title of a "Duke of Carniola" in 1364—though without consent by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Rudolph also founded the town of [[Novo Mesto]] in Lower Carniola, then named ''Rudolphswerth''. After his death, as a result of the quarrels between his younger brothers [[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert III]] and [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold]], Carniola by the 1379 [[Treaty of Neuberg]] became part of [[Inner Austria]] ruled from [[Graz]] by Leopold, ancestor of the Habsburg [[Leopoldian line]]. In 1457, the Inner Austrian territories were re-united with the [[Archduchy of Austria]] under the rule of the Habsburg Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]. When Frederick's descendant, Emperor [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], died in 1564, Carniola was separated again as part of Inner Austria under the rule of Ferdinand's son Archduke [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]]. Charles' son, Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], inherited all the dynasty's lands in 1619 and the duchy formed a constituent part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] ever since.

In the late 15th century, as part of the Habsburg westward expansion, the Duchy of Carniola acquired many new territories: [[Idrija]] (previously part of Friuli), [[Duino]] and the surrounding parts of the [[Karst Plateau]], [[Kastav]], [[Opatija]], and the interior areas of [[Istria]], centered around [[Pazin]]. It also had nominal control over the port of [[Rijeka]], which however de facto remained an autonomous city; in 1717 it was officially placed under direct imperial rule and in 1776 it was transferred to Hungary. In the 19th century, these areas (with the exception of Idrija) were incorporated in the [[Austrian Littoral]], and Carniola thus became a landlocked region once again.

With the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] in 1809, [[Napoleon]] formed the short-lived [[Illyrian Provinces]] from the annexed territories in Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, [[Gorizia and Gradisca]], and [[Trieste]]. The Final Act of the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] restored the Illyrian Provinces to the [[Austrian Empire]]. Carniola then formed the central part of the territory of the Austrian [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)|Kingdom of Illyria]], whose capital was also Ljubljana, including the Carniolan and Carinthian duchies as well as the Austrian Littoral with Gorizia and Gradisca, the Margraviate of Istria and the [[Imperial Free City of Trieste]].

After the disestablishment of the Illyrian Kingdom in 1849, the Duchy of Carniola was constituted by rescript of 20 December 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February 1861 ([[February Patent]]), modified by legislation of 21 December 1867, granting power to the Carniolan ''[[Landtag]]'' (or Carniolan Diet - estates' assembly) to enact all laws not reserved to the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Imperial Council]] in [[Vienna]], at which it was represented by eleven delegates, of whom two elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, commercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia by secret ballot, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age had the right to vote. The home legislature consisted of a single chamber of thirty-seven members, among whom the prince-bishop sat ex-officio. The emperor convened the legislature, and it was presided over by the ''k. k. [[Landeshauptmann]]'' (president of the Carniolan Diet – ''Landtag'' and its executive board – ''Landesausschuss''). The landed interests elected ten members, the cities and towns eight, the commercial and industrial boards two, the village communes sixteen. The business of the chamber was restricted to legislating on agriculture, public and charitable institutions, administration of communes, church and school affairs, the transportation and housing of soldiers in war and during manoeuvres, and other local matters. The land budget of 1901 amounted to 3,573,280 crowns ($714,656).

The Austrian [[Imperial-Royal]] government was represented by the [[Imperial-Royal]] president (''k. k. Landespräsident'' or governor), appointed by the emperor, and the [[Imperial-Royal]] Government (''k. k. Landesregierung'') in Ljubljana. In the majority of other Austrian crown lands these were known as Imperial-Royal Lieutenant (''k. k. Statthalter'') and Imperial-Royal Lieutenancy (''k. k. Statthalterei'').

In 1918, the duchy ceased to exist and its territory became part of the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] and subsequently part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (from 1929 called Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The western part of the duchy, with the towns of [[Postojna]], [[Ilirska Bistrica]], [[Idrija]], [[Vipava, Slovenia|Vipava]], and [[Šturje]], was annexed to [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in 1920, but was subsequently also included into Yugoslavia in 1945 except for the town of [[Fusine in Valromana]] (Weissenfels, before 1919), which remained in Italy.

==Demographics==
The vast majority of the population were [[Slovene language|Slovene-speaking]]. A [[German language|German]]-speaking minority existed among the local nobles and those craftsmen, who had settled here as citizens of the major towns. German [[language island]]s were found in Lower Carniolan [[Gottschee|Gottschee County]], where the rural population spoke [[Gottscheerish]] (Granish), a [[Southern Bavarian]] dialect, as well as around the Upper Carniolan villages of [[Zgornja Sorica]] (''Oberzarz''), [[Spodnja Sorica]] (''Unterzarz'') and [[Nemški Rovt]] (''Deutschgereuth'') in the [[Bohinj]] Basin.

In 1846, the population of Carniola included:<ref name="A.J.P. Taylor 1918, page 302">A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948: Serbian edition: A. Dž. P. Tejlor, Habzburška monarhija 1809–1918, Beograd, 2001, page 302.</ref>
*428,000 [[Slovenes]]
*38,000 [[Germans]]

In 1910, the population of Carniola included:<ref name="A.J.P. Taylor 1918, page 302"/>
*520,000 [[Slovenes]]
*28,000 [[Germans]]

==Coat of arms and flag==
[[File:Wappen Herzogtum Krain.png|thumb|200px|The coat of arms of the Carniolan crown land with [[archducal hat]],<br>as drawn by [[Hugo Gerard Ströhl]] (1851–1919)]]
The coat of arms of Carniola dates back to the 13th century, when it most probably evolved as a combination of the coats of arms of the Bavarian [[counts of Andechs]] in the [[Duchy of Merania]] (eagle) and the Rhenish [[House of Sponheim]] in Carinthia (red-white checkerboard). The eagle is also featured in the seal of King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] in his capacity as ruler of the Carniolan march in 1269. In 1463 Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], having prevailed against the claims raised by his brother [[Albert VI, Archduke of Austria|Albert VI of Austria]], added the Imperial crown to the eagle and replaced the white in the shield and the checkered crescent with gold. In 1836 Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] restored the original white color to the shield and recognized the white-blue-red combination as the official Carniolan color scheme.

Under the Habsburg rule the white, blue and red from the Carniolan coat of arms (the shield, the eagle and the crescent) were confirmed as the official flag colors of the crownland in 1848. Since the Duchy of Carniola was the main Slovene-populated region of the Austrian Empire, the color scheme was subsequently accepted as the generic Slovene national tricolor by the inhabitants of other [[Slovene Lands]].

As for the coat of arms, it was abandoned after 1918 with the passing of the Duchy of Carniola. The blue eagle of Carniola was, however, briefly resurrected from 1943 to 1945 as the symbol of the Slovenian auxiliary Axis forces, the [[Slovene Home Guard]]. It was also used in the Yugoslav [[Karađorđević dynasty]] coat-of-arms in the interwar period (and was replaced in the state coat-of-arms of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] by the three stars of the medieval [[counts of Celje]]).

The insignia of the Duchy of Carniola have had an important and lasting impact on Slovene national symbols. Thus, the white-blue-red combination of the flag of the Duchy of Carniola is in use today as the official color scheme of the flag of the [[Republic of Slovenia]]. The Slovenian coat of arms is also a heraldic composite, incorporating the stars of the counts of Celje, the Carniolan colors and the silhouette of the Slovene national symbol, Mount [[Triglav]].
{{History of Slovenia}}

==Dukes==
*[[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf]] (1364–1365), also Duke of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] since 1358, followed by his brothers
**[[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert]] (1365–1379), jointly with
**[[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold]] (1365–1386), progenitor of the Habsburg [[Leopoldian line]], sole Duke of [[Inner Austria]] after the 1379 [[Treaty of Neuberg]]
*[[William, Duke of Austria|William]] (1386–1406), son of Leopold, followed by his brother
**[[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernest the Iron]] (1406–1424), [[Archduke]] from 1414
*[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]] (1424–1493), son of Ernest, [[King of the Romans]] from 1440 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1452, also Archduke of Austria from 1457
*[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] (1493–1519), son, also Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor from 1508
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] (1519–1521), grandson, also Archduke of Austria, Emperor-elect from 1520, followed by his brother
**[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] (1521–1564), also Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans from 1531, Holy Roman Emperor from 1558
*[[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]] (1564–1590), son of Ferdinand, Archduke of Inner Austria upon second partition of the Habsburg lands
*[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] (1590–1637), son, also Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor from 1619
Heir of all Habsburg lines in 1619. See [[List of rulers of Austria]] for details.

==See also==
* [[Carniola]]
* [[Slovene dialects]]
* [[Gottschee|Gottschee County]]
* [[Flag of Slovenia]]
* [[History of Slovenia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629031714/http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/185915BK.GIF Map – Duchy of Carniola in 1849]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104123014/http://www.un.int/slovenia/insignia.html Slovenian National Insignia]

{{Austrian Circle}}
{{Provinces of the Austrian Empire}}
{{Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary}}
{{Slovenia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carniola, Duchy of}}
[[Category:Duchy of Carniola|Duchy of Carniola]]
[[Category:Former states and territories in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Austrian Circle]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation]]
[[Category:Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Southern Limestone Alps]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1364]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:1364 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1360s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Modern history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Lands of the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)|Carniola]]