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{{Short description|Sword of Roland, Paladin of Charlemagne}}

[[File:BattleofRoncevauxWvBibra.jpg|thumb|Roland holds Durendal while blowing his [[Olifant (instrument)|olifant]] to summon help at the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass|Battle of Roncevaux]], as described in the ''[[Chanson de Roland]]''; painting by Wolf [[Bibra family|von Bibra]] (1862–1922).]] 
'''Durendal''', also spelled '''Durandal''', is the sword of [[Roland]], a legendary [[paladin]] and partially historical officer of [[Charlemagne]] in French epic literature. The sword is famous for its hardness and sharpness. Sources including ''[[La Chanson de Roland]]'' (''The Song of Roland'') state that it first belonged to the young Charlemagne.

According to one legend, at the end of the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass|Battle of Roncevaux]] Roland hurled the sword from him to prevent it being seized by the [[Saracen]]s, and it came to rest in [[Rocamadour]]. A replica sword that was embedded in a rock face there was reported stolen in June 2024.

==Etymology==
The name ''Durendal'' arguably begins with the [[French language|French]] ''dur-'' stem, meaning "hard", though "enduring" may be the intended meaning.<ref>{{harvp|Sayers|1957|p=38}}</ref> [[Rita Lejeune]] argues that the name may break down into {{lang|fro|durant}} + {{lang|fro|dail}},{{sfnp|Lejeune|1950|p=158}} which may be rendered in English as "strong scythe"<ref name=warren/> or explained in more detail to mean "a scimitar or scythe that holds up, resists, endures".<ref>{{harvp|Bellamy|1987}}, p. 272, note 14, citing {{harvp|Lejeune|1950|p=158}}.</ref> [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] suggests {{lang|fro|dur}} + {{lang|fro|end'art}}, "strong flame" or "[a flame] burns strongly from it".<ref name=warren/><ref name=rohlfs/>

The ''[[Pseudo-Turpin]]'' explains that the name "'Durendal' is interpreted to mean [that] it gives a hard strike" ({{lang|la|Durenda {{linktext|interpretatur |durum |ictum |cum |ea |dans}}}}). It has been argued that the ''Pseudo-Turpin'' offering a gloss of the meaning constitutes evidence that it was a name that was not readily understood in French.{{efn|Unlike "[[Halteclere]]" or "[[Joyeuse]]", which are easily comprehensible as French words.}}<ref name=place/>

One non-French etymology is Edwin B. Place's attempt to construe it in [[Breton language|Breton]] as {{lang|br|diren dall}}, meaning "blade [that] dulls cutting edge" or "blade [that] blinds".<ref name=place/> Another is [[James A. Bellamy]]'s [[Arabic language|Arabic]] etymology, explaining a possible origin of the sword's name in {{Transliteration|ar|ḏū l-jandal}} ({{lang|ar|ذو الجندل}}), meaning "master of stone".{{sfnp|Bellamy|1987|p=273}}<ref name=warren/>{{efn|Encouraged by the fact that there are many Arabic sword names with this prefix, e.g. [[Zulfiqar|Ḏū l-Faqār]].}}

==Properties==
According to legend, the sword was capable of cutting through giant boulders with a single strike, and was indestructible.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=George W.|last2=Jones|first2=Eustance Hinton|title=Popular Romances of the Middle Ages|date=1871|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q9cWAAAAYAAJ/page/n351 339]–340|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q9cWAAAAYAAJ|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>

==In the ''Chanson de Roland''==
In ''[[La Chanson de Roland]]'' (''The Song of Roland''), the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt a tooth of [[Saint Peter]], blood of [[Basil of Caesarea]], hair of [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]], and a piece of the raiment of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]].<ref name=moncrieff-CLXXIII>{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=76–77}}, laisse CLXXIII</ref><ref name=ross/>

According to legend as recounted in the poem, at the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]] Roland took the rearguard to hold off [[Saracen]] troops long enough for Charlemagne's army to retreat into France.<ref name=chalmers/> He slew a vast number of enemies: wielding Durendal, he sliced the right arm of the Saracen king [[Marsile]], decapitated the king's son Jursaleu or Jurfaleu and put the one-hundred-thousand-strong army to flight.<ref>{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=62–63}}, laisse CXLIV</ref><ref>{{harvp|Geddes|1920|pp=lix, 78–79}} (laisse CXLIV)</ref> His mission accomplished, Roland then attempted to destroy Durendal by hitting it against blocks of marble, to prevent it from being captured by the Saracens, but the sword proved to be indestructible.<ref name=moncrieff-CLXXIII/> Finally, mortally wounded, he hid it beneath his body as he lay dying along with the [[Olifant (instrument)|oliphant]], the horn he had used to alert Charlemagne.<ref>{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|p=77}}, laisse CLXXIV</ref><ref name=cox/>

==In Spanish tradition==
In Spanish Carolingian literature, "Durandarte" refers both to the sword and to a companion of Roland, famous for his relationship with the lady Belerma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arellano |first=Ignacio |title=Comedias burlescas del siglo de oro |publisher=Iberoamericana Vervuert |volume=III |date=2002 |page=77}}</ref>

==Origins and previous ownership==
The sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the [[Matter of France]] agree that it was forged by [[Wayland the Smith]], who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in [[chivalric romance]]s.<ref name=Dana/>

According to ''La Chanson de Roland'', an angel brought Durendal to Charlemagne in the vale of Moriane, and Charlemagne then gave it to Roland.<ref>{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=75–76}}, laisse CLXXII</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The scene of the angel giving the sword to Karl (Charlemagne) is depicted in a manuscript of [[Der Stricker]]'s ''Karl der Große''.<ref>{{harvp|Brault|1978|p=443}}, note 16</ref>}}

According to the 12th-century fragmentary ''[[chanson de geste]]'' known as ''Mainet'' (referring to the pseudonym that Charlemagne adopted in his youth), Durendal was once captured, but not kept, by the young Charlemagne when he fled to Spain.<ref name=keller/> Young Charles (Mainés in the text) slays Braimant, obtaining his sword (Durendaus).<ref>''Mainet'' IVa, vv.24–41, {{harvp|Paris|1875|pp=24–25}}</ref>{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=144}} This tale is better preserved in some non-''chanson de geste'' texts,{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=143}} and in adaptations such as the Franco-Italian ''Karleto''.{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|pp=113, 143}} According to the Low-German version ''Karl Mainet'', the place of combat was near the vale of Moriane (Vael Moriale), near Toledo.<ref name=settegast/>

According to another 12th-century ''chanson de geste'', the ''Song of [[Aspremont (chanson de geste)|Aspremont]]'', the owner of Durendal just before Roland obtained it was a Saracen named Aumon, son of king [[Agolant]],{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|This is actually alluded to in ''Mainet'' also: "Quant il occist Yaumont fil le roi Agoulant".{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=144}}}}. Young Roland mounted Naimes's horse Morel without permission,<ref>{{harvp|Brandin|1919–1921}}, {{harvp|Newth|1989|pp=138–139}} vv. 5749–5755.</ref> and armed only with a rod, defeated Aumon, taking as spoils both the sword and the horse [[Veillantif]].<ref>{{harvp|Brandin|1919–1921}}, {{harvp|Newth|1989|pp=146–147}}, vv. 6075–80.</ref>

These materials were combined in the Italian prose ''Aspramonte'' by [[Andrea da Barberino]] in the late 14th to early 15th century. That work stated that after young Carlo (Charlemagne) came into possession of Durindarda (Durendal) by killing Bramante in Spain, Galafro gave it to Galiziella,{{efn|Come lo re Galafro.. donò Durindarda a Galiziella "; "..e fu poi di Mainetto, cioè di Carlo; e con spada uccise Carlo lo re Bramante, e chiamavasi Durindarda.. Per questa spada Galiziella col cuore feminile ebbe piatà del re Galafro..", {{harvp|Boni|1951|pp=12–13}}, {{harvp|Mattaini|1957|p=422}}.}}<ref>Barberino, ''L'Aspramonte'' I, x, 6–10; cfr. III, LX, 4.</ref> who then gave it to Almonte the son of Agolante (i.e., {{langx|fr|Aumon|italic=no}}).{{efn|"Come Galiziella donò Durindarda a Almonte", {{harvp|Boni|1951|p=13}}.}}<ref>da Barberino, ''L'Aspramonte'' I, xi, 4</ref><ref>{{harvp|Boni|1951|p=347}} (Notes to Durindarda)</ref> Galiziella is glossed as the bastard daughter of Agolante,<ref>{{harvp|Boni|1951|p=350–351}} (Notes to Galiziella)</ref> making her Almonte's half-sister. Durindana is eventually won by Orlandino (young Orlando).<ref>da Barberino, ''L'Aspramonte'' III, xxxviii, 7</ref>

Andrea da Barberino was a major source for later Italian writers. [[Matteo Maria Boiardo|Boiardo]]'s ''[[Orlando innamorato]]'' traces the sword's origin to [[Hector]] of [[Troy]]; it belonged for a while to the [[Amazons|Amazonian]] queen [[Penthesilea|Pantasilea]], and was passed down to Almonte before Orlando gained possession of it.<ref>{{harvp|Ross|2004|pp=508–509}}: Bk III, Canto I.</ref> [[Ludovico Ariosto]]'s ''[[Orlando Furioso]]'' follows Boiardo, saying it once belonged to Hector of Troy, but that it was given to Roland by Malagigi ([[Maugris]]).

==Local lore==
{{multiple image
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 | width1 = 300
 | image1 = Rocam durandal 082005.jpg
 | alt1 = fragment of Rocamadour Durendal
 | caption1 = "Durendal" in cliff face at [[Rocamadour]]<!--, [[Limousin]]-->
 | width2 = 68
 | image2 = Epee-roland-Bull-Soc-Correze14(1892)-p140.png
 | alt2 = sketch of Rocamadour Durendal
 | caption2 = Sword<ref name=de-veyrieres/>
 | footer =<!--Pictures of the Rocamour sword alleged to be Roland's-->
}}

Tradition has it that [[La Brèche de Roland|Roland's Breach]] in the [[Pyrenees]] was created when Roland, attempting to break Durendal, instead cut a huge gash in the mountainside with one blow.<ref name=walsh/><ref name=Lot>{{cite news |url=https://actu.fr/societe/lot-lepee-durandal-volee-a-rocamadour-etait-une-copie-sans-valeur-si-ce-nest-symbolique_61290920.html |title=Lot: l'épée Durandal volée à Rocamadour était une copie sans valeur, si ce n'est symbolique |website=Actu Lot |date=2 July 2024 |access-date=7 July 2024 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> A similar legend is used to explain a notch in the peak of [[Puig Campana]] in the [[Province of Alicante]], Spain.

In [[Rocamadour]], in the [[Lot (department)|Lot]] [[Departments of France|department]], a local legend holds that instead of dying with Durendal hidden under his body, Roland called on the [[Archangel Michael]] for assistance and was able to throw the sword several hundred kilometres across the border into France, where it came to rest in Rocamadour.<ref name=Lot/> There it was deposited in the chapel of Mary, but was stolen by [[Henry the Young King]] in 1183.<ref name=de-veyrieres/> Successive replicas have been stolen; most recently a sword fashioned from sheet metal was embedded in a cleft in a cliff wall, secured with a chain.<ref name=caro/> That sword was reported stolen in June 2024.<ref name=Lot/><ref>{{Cite news |first=Mayeul |last=Aldebert |date=2024-07-02 |title=Rocamadour: Durandal, la légendaire épée de Roland, a été volée |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/rocamadour-durandal-la-legendaire-epee-de-roland-a-ete-volee-20240702 |access-date=2024-07-03 |newspaper=Le Figaro }} {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Laetitia |last=Bertoni |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2024/07/01/info-la-depeche-durandal-a-disparu-du-rocher-de-rocamadour-lepee-du-chevalier-roland-a-ete-derobee-ces-jours-ci-12053133.php |title=Disparition d'une légende à Rocamadour: Durandal, l'épée du chevalier Roland, a été volée, une enquête est en cours |newspaper=La Dépêche |date=3 July 2024 |orig-date=1 July 2024}} {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

==In popular culture==
Durandal is the name of an artificial intelligence in the ''[[Marathon Trilogy]]'' by [[Bungie]]. Appearing first in ''[[Marathon (video game)|Marathon]]'', Durandal was initially introduced as an antagonist, his self-awareness causing him to collude with the enemy Pfhor when the player attempts to disable his access to important systems pertaining to the UESC ''Marathon''. Beginning in ''[[Marathon 2: Durandal]]'', the eponymous artificial intelligence becomes an ally with the player and the S'pht, a slave race of the Pfhor that was freed in the previous game, as he believes the S'pht homeworld of Lh'owon can give him insight into escaping the ultimate death of the universe and become a god like the Jjaro, a race of advanced extraterrestrials that have since disappeared. In the final installment, ''[[Marathon Infinity]]'', as a consequence of the reality hopping abilities of both the technology of the Jjaro and the W'rkncacnter, an eldritch being once imprisoned within the sun of the S'pht System that was freed when the Pfhor destroyed the sun, Durandal can serve as either an ally or an enemy to the player. 

A sword named Durendal appears in a number of fantasy video games. In ''[[Final Fantasy Legend III]]'' (1991) it's one of four mystic swords (its name shortened to 'Durend' due to character limitations). In the ''[[Super Sentai]]'' series ''[[Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger]]'' (1992). the monster Dora Knight wields a magic sword called Durandal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zyuranger Monsters List Two |url=http://www.supersentai.com/database/1992_zyuranger/vi-monsters2.html |website=SuperSentai.com}}</ref> In the ''[[Fire Emblem]]'' videogame series, Durandal is the name of the legendary [[claymore]] sword wielded by one of the characters. Durandal is the name of a character in ''[[Honkai Impact 3rd]]''; her namesake is the super-AI Holy Blade Durandal, which takes the form of a sword. In ''[[Library of Ruina]]'' (2020), Durandal is the signature weapon of Roland, one of the main protagonists. A sword named Durandal is in ''[[Chained Echoes]]'' (2022), as well as a lesser known game, Days Bygone.

In ''[[Terraria]]'', Durendal is a weapon that the player is able to craft, but it's a whip rather than a sword. Durendal is the name of a spaceship in ''[[Xenosaga]]'' and of an organization in ''[[Front Mission 4]]''. The name also appears in ''[[Fate/Grand Order]]'' (2015).

A sword named Durendal also appears in literature. In the [[Xianxia (genre)|xianxia]]-inspired series of novels ''The Godking's Legacy'' by author Virlyce, Durandal is the name of one of the main characters, a sentient sword that previously belonged to the legendary warrior-mage Roland. In ''[[The Dresden Files]]'' book series, Durendal is one of three powerful swords and is linked to the emotion of hope. In the light novel and anime series ''[[High School DxD]]'', the historical Durandal that was first used by Roland is wielded by a current character.

Durandel is used as a name, although not of a sword, in the anime series [[Mobile Suit Gundam SEED]], ''[[Macross Frontier]]'', and ''[[Space Battleship Tiramisu]]'', and in the live-action [[tokusatsu]] series ''[[Kamen Rider Saber]]'' (2020) and the spinoff ''[[Kamen Rider Saber Spin-Off: Kamen Rider Sabela & Durendal|Kamen Rider Sabela & Durendal]]'' (2022).

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=ross>
{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=D. J. A. |editor-last=Auty|editor-first=Robert|contribution=Old French |title=Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry |volume=1 |year=1980 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |isbn=0-900547-72-3|location=London|page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75e5RRqIhMQC}}
</ref>

<ref name=caro>{{Cite book |last=Caro|first=Ina|authorlink=Ina Caro|title=The Road From the Past: Traveling Through History in France|year=1996|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co.|isbn=0-15-600363-5|location=San Diego |url=https://archive.org/details/roadfrompasttrav00caro|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roadfrompasttrav00caro/page/106 106–07]}}</ref>

<ref name=chalmers>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Chalmers |first=Rebecca |title=Chanson de Roland, la |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_fAzqriYGoC&pg=PA88 |pages=87–88 |isbn=9781136594250}}
</ref>

<ref name=cox>
{{Cite book |last=Cox|first=George William|title=Popular Romances of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/popularromances00jonegoog|year=1871 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/popularromances00jonegoog/page/n356 340]}}
</ref>

<ref name=Dana>
{{Cite journal |last=Dana |first=Charles E. |title=Swords and Swordsmanship |journal=Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia |volume=23 |year=1907 |publisher=Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GClCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 65]}}
</ref>

<ref name=keller>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=William W. |editor1-last=Kibler |editor2-first=Grover A. |editor2-last=Zinn |editor3-first=Lawrence |editor3-last=Earp |last=Keller|first=Hans-Erich |title=King Cycle |encyclopedia=Medieval France: An Encyclopedia |location=New York / London |publisher=Garland |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQoKeohhNkMC&pg=PA964 |pages=964–65 |isbn=9780824044442}}
</ref>

<ref name=place>
{{citation|last=Place |first=Edwin B. |title=Once more Durendal |journal=Modern Language Notes |volume=64 |number=3 |year=1949|pages=161–|doi=10.2307/2909019 |jstor=2909019}}</ref>

<ref name=rohlfs>
{{citation|last=Rohlfs|first=Gerhard|author-link=Gerhard Rohlfs |title=Was bedeutet der Schwertname Durendal? |journal=Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen |volume=CLXIX |year=1936|pages=57–64}}</ref>

<ref name=settegast>
{{cite book|last=Settegast |first=Franz |title=Quellenstudien zur galloromanischen epik |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |year=1904 |page=[https://archive.org/details/quellenstudienz01settgoog/page/n43 27]|url=https://archive.org/details/quellenstudienz01settgoog}}
</ref>

<ref name=de-veyrieres>{{cite journal|last=de Veyrières|first=Louis|title=L'épée de Roland à Roc-Amadour|journal=Bulletin de la Société scientifique, historique et archéologique de la Corrèze|volume=14|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIpNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140|pages=139–43}} {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

<ref name=walsh>{{Cite book |last=Walsh|first=William Shepard|title=Heroes and Heroines of Fiction|year=1915|publisher=J. B. Lippincott |location=Philadelphia / London |url=https://archive.org/details/heroesandheroin00walsgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/heroesandheroin00walsgoog/page/n271 264]}}</ref>

<ref name=warren>{{Cite book |last=Warren |first=Michelle R. <!--=Warren, Michelle R.--> |title=Excalibur, an Arthurian Artifact |year=1993|publisher=Stanford University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sav8kxWEOXsC&pg=PA254|page=254, note 43|isbn=9780816634910 }}
</ref>
}}

===General bibliography===
====Primary sources====
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |ref={{SfnRef|Ross|2004}} |last=Boiardo |first=Matteo |editor-last=Ross|editor-first=Charles Stanley|editor-link=<!--Charles Stanley Ross--> |title=Orlando Inammorato: Orlando in Love |publisher=Parlor Press LLC |year=2004|isbn=9781932559019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkMCezxOCM0C&pg=PA621}} {{isbn|1932559019}}
*{{citation|editor-last=Brandin |editor-first=Louis |ref={{SfnRef|Brandin|1919–1921}}|title=La Chanson d'Aspremont: chanson de geste du XII ̇siècle: Text du manuscrit de Wollaton Hall |volume=1 |location=Paris |publisher=Honoré Champion |year=1919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gr4OAQAAIAAJ}}; volume [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiFNAAAAMAAJ 2] (1921). {{in lang|fr}}
*{{citation |ref={{SfnRef|Boni|1951}} |last=da Barberino |first=Andrea |editor-last=Boni|editor-first=Marco |title=Aspramonte, romanzo cavalleresco inedito: Ed. critica con glossario |location=Bologna |publisher=Antiquaria Palmaverde|year=1951}} {{in lang|it}}
*{{Cite book |last=Geddes |first=J. Jr.|title=La Chanson de Roland: A Modern French Translation of Theodor Müller's text of the Oxford Manuscript |location=New York / London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1920 |series=Macmillan's French Classics |url=https://archive.org/details/LaChansonDeRolandGeddes1920 }} {{in lang|fr}}
*{{citation |ref={{SfnRef|Mattaini|1957}} |last=da Barberino |first=Andrea |editor-last=Mattaini|editor-first=Adelaide |title=Romanzi dei Reali di Francia |publisher=Rizzoli |year=1957 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHc2AAAAIAAJ}} {{in lang|it}}
*{{Cite book |last=Moncrieff |first=Charles Scott (tr.)|title=The Song of Roland: Done into English, in the Original Measure |location=New York |publisher=Dutton |year=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/songrolanddonei00saingoog}}
*{{citation |editor-last=Morgan|editor-first=Leslie Zarker |title=La Geste francor: edition of the Chansons de geste of MS. Marc. Fr. XIII |publisher=Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books}}
*{{citation |last=Newth |first=Michael A. (tr. & ed.) |title=The Song of Aspremont (La Chanson d'Aspremont |location=New York |publisher=Garland |year=1989}}
*{{citation |editor-last=Paris |editor-first=Gaston |editor-link=Gaston Paris|title=Mainet, fragments d'une chanson de geste du XIIe siècle |journal=Romania  |volume=4 |year=1875 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1875_num_4_15_6731 }} {{in lang|fr}}
*{{cite book | last = Sayers | first = Dorothy L. (tr.) | title = The Song of Roland | publisher = Penguin Books | location = Harmondsworth, Middlesex | year = 1957 | isbn = 0-14-044075-5 }}
{{Refend}}

====Secondary sources====
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Bellamy|first=James A.|author-link=James A. Bellamy |title=Arabic names in the Chanson de Roland: Saracen Gods, Frankish swords, Roland horse, and the Olifant |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=107 |number=2 |year=1987|pages=267–277|doi=10.2307/602835|jstor=602835}}
*{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Brault|1978}} |last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|title=The Song of Roland: An Analytical Introduction and Commentary |year=2010|orig-year=1978 |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ |isbn=978-0-271-02455-4 |location=University Park|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAul46UrLZcC}}
*{{citation|last=Lejeune|first=Rita |author-link=Rita Lejeune |title=Les noms d'épées dans la Chanson de Roland |work=Mélanges de linguistique et de littérature Romances, offerts à Mario Roques |place=Paris |year=1950 |pages=149–66}} 
{{Refend}}

{{Notable swords}}
{{Matter of France}}

[[Category:Medieval European swords]]
[[Category:Mythological swords]]
[[Category:The Song of Roland]]
[[Category:Matter of France]]
[[Category:Lost objects]]
[[Category:Henry the Young King]]