View source for Francisco Suárez

{{Short description|Spanish priest, philosopher and theologian}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region           = [[Western philosophy]]
* [[Spanish philosophy]]
| era              = [[Early modern philosophy]]
* [[Baroque philosophy]]
| image            = Suarez LOC hec.13754 (cropped).jpg
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name             = Francisco Suárez
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}}
| other_names      = ''Doctor Eximius''
| birth_date       = 5 January 1548
| birth_place      = [[Granada]], [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Granada]], [[Crown of Castille]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1617|9|25|1548|1|5|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves]]
| school_tradition = [[Scholasticism]]<br>[[Medieval realism]]<br>[[School of Salamanca]]
| alma_mater       = [[University of Salamanca]]
| main_interests   = [[Theology]], [[metaphysics]]
| notable_ideas    = The object of [[metaphysics]] is [[being]] insofar as it is real being<ref>{{cite IEP |url-id=suarez/ |title=Francisco Suárez}}</ref>
}}
'''Francisco Suárez''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑr|ɛ|z}}; 5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priest|priest]], [[philosopher]] and [[theology|theologian]], one of the leading figures of the [[School of Salamanca]] movement. His work is considered a turning point in the history of [[second scholasticism]], marking the transition from its Renaissance to its [[Baroque philosophy|Baroque phases]]. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures as distinct from one another in place, time, and philosophical orientation as [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Hugo Grotius|Grotius]], [[Samuel von Pufendorf|Pufendorf]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] and [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], all found reason to cite him as a source of inspiration and influence."<ref>Shields, Christopher and Daniel Schwartz, [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/suarez/ "Francisco Suárez"] in ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.</ref>

== Life and career ==
Francisco Suárez was born in [[Granada]], [[Andalusia]] (southern [[Spain]]), on 5 January 1548. He was the youngest son of a noble family formed by the lawyer Gaspar Suárez de Toledo and his wife Antonia Vázquez de Utiel.<ref>[[Américo Castro]], ''The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History'', [[University of California Press]] (1985), p. 572</ref><ref>Daniel D. Novotný, ''Ens rationis from Su : A Study in Scholasticism of the Baroque Era'', [[Fordham University Press]] (2013), p. 17</ref>

After 3 years of preliminary studies from age 10 onwards, in 1561 Suárez matriculated at the [[University of Salamanca]], and studied law. In 1564, at age sixteen, Suárez entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[Salamanca]] and went through the two years of intense spiritual training under the guidance of Fr. [[Alonso Rodriguez]]. In August 1566, Suárez took his first vows as a Jesuit; he then began in October 1566 to study Theology at Salamanca. It seems he was not a promising student at first; in fact, he nearly gave up his matters of study after failing the entrance exam twice. After passing the exam at third attempt, though, things changed.

[[File:Monument Francisco Suarez Granada.jpg|thumb|Monument in Granada, Spain, where he was born]]

In 1570, with the completion of his course, Suárez began to teach Philosophy, first at Salamanca as a Scholastic tutor, and then as a professor in the Jesuit college at [[Segovia]]. He was [[ordination|ordained]] in March 1572 in Segovia. He continued to teach Philosophy in Segovia until, in September 1574, he moved to the Jesuit College in [[Valladolid]] to teach Theology, a subject he would then teach for the rest of his life. He taught in a succession of different places: [[Ávila, Spain|Ávila]] (1575), Segovia (1575), Valladolid (1576) [[Rome]] (1580–85), [[Alcalá de Henares|Alcalá]] (1585–92) and Salamanca (1592–97). In 1597, he moved to [[Coimbra]], some years after the accession of the Spanish (elder line) [[House of Habsburg]] to the Portuguese Throne, to take up the principal chair of Theology at the [[University of Coimbra]]. He remained there, aside from a brief time teaching at Rome, until his death in 1617.

He wrote on a wide variety of subjects, producing a vast amount of work (his complete works in [[Latin]] amount to twenty-six volumes). Suárez's writings include treatises on [[law]], the relationship between Church and State, [[metaphysics]], and theology. He is considered the godfather of International Law. His ''Disputationes metaphysicae (Metaphysical Disputations'') were widely read in Europe during the 17th century and are considered by some scholars to be his most profound work.

Suárez was regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, and given the [[nickname]] ''Doctor Eximius et Pius'' ("Exceptional and Pious Doctor"); [[Pope Gregory XIII]] attended his first lecture in Rome. [[Pope Paul V]] invited him to refute the arguments of [[James I of England]], and wished to retain him near his person, to profit by his knowledge. [[Philip II of Spain]] sent him to the [[University of Coimbra]] in order to give it prestige, and when Suárez visited the [[University of Barcelona]], the [[Doctorate|doctors]] of the university went out to meet him wearing the insignia of their [[Faculty (division)|faculties]].

After his death in [[Portugal]] (in either [[Lisbon]] or [[Coimbra]]) his reputation grew still greater, and he had a direct influence on such leading philosophers as [[Hugo Grotius]], [[René Descartes]], [[John Norris (philosopher)|John Norris]], and [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. His library was sent to [[Ethiopian_Empire#Early_modern_period|Ethiopia]] in the mid-17th century, although many of the books went missing, with some of the books arriving in [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Egid |first1=Jonathan |editor1-last=Cantor |editor1-first=Lea |editor2-last=Egid |editor2-first=Jonathan |editor3-last=Merawi |editor3-first=Fasil |title=In Search of Zär'a Ya'ǝqob |date=2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-072574-2 |page=16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725810 |access-date=11 September 2024 |chapter=In Search of Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob: Introduction|doi=10.1515/9783110725810 }}</ref> He is buried in the [[Igreja de São Roque]] (formerly a Jesuit church) in Lisbon.

== Philosophical thought ==
His most important philosophical achievements were in metaphysics and the philosophy of law. He adhered to a moderate form of [[Thomism]] and developed metaphysics as a systematic enquiry.

=== Metaphysics ===
[[File:Francisco Suarez (1625) Operis de religione.png|thumb|''Operis de religione'' (1625).]]
For Suárez, metaphysics was the science of real essences (and existence); it was mostly concerned with real being rather than conceptual being, and with immaterial rather than with material being. He held (along with earlier scholastics) that essence and existence are the same in the case of God (see [[ontological argument]]), but disagreed with Aquinas and others that the essence and existence of finite beings are really distinct. He argued that in fact they are merely ''conceptually'' distinct: rather than being really separable, they can only logically be conceived as separate.

On the vexed subject of [[universals]], he endeavored to steer a middle course between the [[Medieval realism|realism]] of [[Duns Scotus]] and the [[nominalism]] of [[William of Occam]]. His position is a little bit closer to nominalism than that of [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>See the translation of Suárez's ''De Unitate Formali et Universali'' [[James Francis Ross]] (Translator) ''On Formal and Universal Unity: De Unitate Formali et Universali by Francis Suarez,''(Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1964)</ref> Sometimes he is classified as a ''moderate nominalist'', but his admitting of [[objective precision]] (''praecisio obiectiva'') ranks him with moderate realists. The only veritable and real unity in the world of existences is the individual; to assert that the universal exists separately ''ex parte rei'' would be to reduce individuals to mere accidents of one indivisible form. Suárez maintains that, though the humanity of Socrates does not differ from that of Plato, yet they do not constitute ''realiter'' one and the same humanity; there are as many "formal unities" (in this case, humanities) as there are individuals, and these individuals do not constitute a factual, but only an essential or ideal unity ("In such a way, that many individuals, which are said to be of the same nature, are so: only through the operation of the intellect, not through a substance or essence of things which unites them").<ref>Original Latin: "ita ut plura individua, quae dicuntur esse ejusdem naturae, non sint unum quid vera entitate quae sit in rebus, sed solum fundamentaliter vel per intellectum"</ref> The formal unity, however, is not an arbitrary creation of the mind, but exists "in the nature of the thing, prior [ontologically] to any operation of the intellect".<ref>Original Latin: "in natura rei ante omnem operationem intellectus."</ref>

His metaphysical work, giving a remarkable effort of systematisation, is a real history of medieval thought, combining the three schools available at that time: [[Thomism]], [[Scotism]] and [[Nominalism]]. He is also a deep commentator of Arabic or high medieval works. He enjoyed the reputation of being the greatest metaphysician of his time. He thus founded a school of his own, ''Suarism'' or ''Suarezianism'', the chief characteristic principles of which are: 
* the [[principle of individuation]] by the proper concrete entity of beings
* the rejection of pure potentiality of matter
* the singular as the object of direct intellectual cognition
* a ''distinctio rationis ratiocinatae'' between the essence and the existence of created beings
* the possibility of spiritual substance only numerically distinct from one another
* ambition for the hypostatic union as the sin of the fallen angels
* the Incarnation of the Word, even if Adam had not sinned
* the solemnity of the vow only in ecclesiastical law
* the system of Congruism that modifies [[Molinism]] by the introduction of subjective circumstances, as well as of place and of time, propitious to the action of efficacious grace, and with predestination ''ante praevisa merita''
* the possibility of holding one and the same truth by both science and faith
* the belief in Divine authority contained in an act of faith
* the production of the body and blood of Christ by [[transubstantiation]] as constituting the Eucharistic sacrifice
* the final grace of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] superior to that of the angels and saints combined.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pérez Goyena|first=Antonio|title=Francisco Suárez|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14319a.htm|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912|access-date=September 20, 2012}}  [Pérez gives both "Suarism" and "Suarezianism" as alternative spellings.]</ref>

Suárez made an important investigation of being, its properties and division in ''Disputationes Metaphysicae'' (1597), which influenced the further development of theology within Catholicism. In the second part of the book, disputations 28–53, Suárez fixes the distinction between ''ens infinitum'' (God) and ''ens finitum'' (created beings). The first division of being is that between ''ens infinitum'' and ''ens finitum''. Instead of dividing being into infinite and finite, it can also be divided into ''ens a se'' and ''ens ab alio'', i.e., being that is from itself and being that is from another. A second distinction corresponding to this one:''ens necessarium'' and ''ens contingens'', i.e., necessary being and contingent being. Still another formulation of the distinction is between ''ens per essentiam'' and ''ens per participationem'', i.e., being that exists by reason of its [[Essence#In metaphyisics|essence]] and being that exists only by participation in a being that exists on its own (''eigentlich''). This distinction had just been formerly adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas in his ''[[Summa Theologica]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaphilosophica.it/en/bibliographical-resources-philosophy-saint-thomas-aquinas-sketch|title=Brock Stephen L., The Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas: A Sketch, Eugene, Oregon, 2015, pp. xix + 195.|website=[[Acta Philosophica]]|access-date=June 14, 2021|quote=«Being caused does not belong to being as such, therefore it is possible for us to find a being which is uncaused» (I, 44, 1, ad 1)}}</ref>
A further distinction is between ''ens increatum'' and ''ens creatum'', i.e., uncreated being and created, or creaturely, being. A final distinction is between being as ''actus purus'' and being as ''ens potentiale'', i.e., being as pure actuality and being as potential being. Suárez decided in favor of the first classification of the being into ''ens infinitum'' and ''ens finitum'' as the most fundamental, in connection with which he accords the other classifications their due. In the last disputation 54 Suárez deals with ''entia rationis'' (beings of reason), which are impossible intentional objects, i.e. objects that are created by our minds but cannot exist in actual reality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Novotný|first=Daniel D.|title=Ens rationis from Suárez to Caramuel|date=22 April 2013|publisher=New York: Fordham University Press, 2013|isbn=978-0823244768}}</ref>

=== Theology ===

In theology, Suárez attached himself to the doctrine of [[Luis de Molina|Luis Molina]], the celebrated Jesuit professor of Évora. Molina tried to reconcile the doctrine of [[predestination]] with the freedom of the human will and the predestinarian teachings of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] by saying that the predestination is consequent upon God's foreknowledge of the free determination of man's will, which is therefore in no way affected by the fact of such predestination. Suárez endeavoured to reconcile this view with the more orthodox doctrines of the efficacy of grace and special election, maintaining that, though all share in an absolutely sufficient grace, there is granted to the elect a grace which is so adapted to their peculiar dispositions and circumstances that they infallibly, though at the same time quite freely, yield themselves to its influence. This mediatizing system was known by the name of "congruism."

=== Philosophy of law ===
[[File:Suárez estatua.jpg|thumb|Monument of Francisco Suárez in Granada]]
Here, Suárez's main importance stems probably from his work on [[natural law]], and from his arguments concerning [[positive law]] and the status of a [[monarch]]. In his massive work, ''Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore'' (1612), he is to some extent the precursor of [[Grotius]] and [[Pufendorf]], in making an important distinction between natural law and international law, which he saw as based on custom. Though his method is throughout scholastic, he covers the same ground, and Grotius speaks of him with great respect. The fundamental position of the work is that all legislative as well as all paternal power is derived from God, and that the authority of every law stems ultimately from God's eternal law. Suárez denies the patriarchal theory of government and the divine right of kings founded upon it, doctrines popular at that time in England and to some extent on the Continent. He argued against the sort of [[social contract]] theory that became dominant among early-modern [[political philosophy|political philosophers]] such as [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[John Locke]], but some of his thinking, as transmitted by Grotius, found echoes in later liberal political theory.

He argued that human beings have a social nature bestowed upon them by God, and this includes the potential to make laws. However, when a political society is formed, the authority of the state is not of divine but of human origin; therefore, its nature is chosen by the people involved, and their natural legislative power is given to the ruler.<ref>http://www.acton.org - Francisco Suarez (1548 - 1617) - The Acton Institute - Microsoft Internet Explorer</ref> Because they gave this power, they have the right to take it back and to revolt against a ruler, only if the ruler behaves badly towards them, and they must act moderately and justly. In particular, the people must refrain from killing the ruler, no matter how tyrannical he may have become. If a government is imposed on people, on the other hand, they have the right to defend themselves by revolting against it and even kill the tyrannical ruler.<ref>John A. Mourant, "Suárez, Francisco," in ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan and The Free Press, 1967, vol. 8, p. 32.</ref>

Though Suárez was greatly influenced by Aquinas in his philosophy of law, there are some notable differences. Aquinas broadly defined "law" as "a rule and measure acts, whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting" (ST 1-11, qu. 90, art. 1). Suárez argues that this definition is too broad, since it applies to things that are not strictly laws, such as unjust ordinances and counsels of perfection.<ref>Francisco Suárez, ''Selections from Three Works'', trans. by Gwladys L. Williams, et al. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2015, p. 18.</ref> Suárez also takes issue with Aquinas' more formal definition of "law" as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated" (ST 1-11, qu. 90, art. 4). This definition, he claims, fails to recognize that law is primarily an act of will rather than an act of reason, and would wrongly count orders to particular individuals as being laws.<ref>''Selections from Three Works'', p. 142.</ref> Finally, Suárez disagrees with Aquinas's claim that God can change or suspend some of the secondary precepts of the natural law, such as the prohibitions on murder, theft, and adultery (ST 1-11, qu. 94, art. 5). Suárez argues that the natural law is immutable as long as human nature remains unchanged, and that what may appear to be divinely-made changes in the natural law are really just alterations of subject matter. For example, when God orders Hosea to take a "wife of fornications" (i.e., have sex with a prostitute), this is not an exemption from God's prohibition of adultery. "For God has power to transfer to a man ''dominium'' over a woman without her consent, and to effect such a bond between them that, by virtue of this bond, the union is no longer one of fornication."<ref>''Selections from Three Works'', p. 343.</ref>

In 1613, at the instigation of [[Pope Paul V]], Suárez wrote a treatise dedicated to the Christian princes of Europe, entitled ''Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores'' ("Defense of the Universal Catholic Faith Against the Errors of the Anglican Sect").<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/americanecclesia57cathuoft#page/512/mode/2up Jollain, Japeth S.] ''"Francis Suarez: The Man and His History,"'' The Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. LVII, 1917.</ref> This was directed against the [[Oath of Allegiance (1606)|oath of allegiance]] which [[James I of England|James I]] required from his subjects.

James (himself a talented scholar) caused it to be burned by the common hangman and forbade its perusal under the 'severest penalties, complaining bitterly to [[Philip III of Spain]] for harbouring in his dominions a declared enemy of the throne and majesty of kings.

== Influence ==
The contributions of Suarez to metaphysics and theology exerted significant influence over 17th and 18th century scholastic theology among both Roman Catholics and Protestants.<ref>Donnelly, John Patrick, ''Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace,'' Leiden: Brill, 1976, pp. 193-194.</ref>

Thanks in part to the strength of Suárez's Jesuit order, his ''Disputationes Metaphysicae ''was widely taught in the Catholic schools of Spain, Portugal and Italy.

It also spread from these schools to many Lutheran universities in Germany, where the text was studied especially by those who favoured Melanchthon rather than Luther's attitude towards philosophy. In a number of seventeenth-century Lutheran universities the ''Disputationes'' served as a textbook in philosophy.

In a similar way, Suárez had major influence in the Reformed tradition of German and Dutch schools for both metaphysics and law, including international law. His work was highly praised, for example, by Hugo Grotius (1583–1645).

His influence is evident in the writings of [[Bartholomaeus Keckermann]] (1571–1609), [[Clemens Timpler]] (1563–1624), [[Gilbert Jack|Gilbertus Jacchaeus]] (1578–1628), [[Johann Heinrich Alsted]] (1588–1638), [[Antonius Walaeus]] (1573–1639), and [[Johannes Maccovius]] (Jan Makowski; 1588–1644), among others.<ref>Muller, Richard, ''Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics: The Rise and Development of Reformed Orthodoxy, ca. 1520 to ca. 1725,'' Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2003, volume 3, passim.</ref> This influence was so pervasive that by 1643 it provoked the Dutch Reformed theologian [[Jacobus Revius]] to publish his book-length response: ''Suarez repurgatus.''<ref>Revius, Jacobus, ''Suarez repurgatus, sive, Syllabus Disputationum metaphysicarum Francisci Suarez Societatis Iesu theologi,'' Lugduni Batavorum, 1644.</ref> Suárez's ''De legibus'' was cited as among the best books on law by the Puritan [[Richard Baxter]],<ref>Baxter, Richard, Preface to ''Methodus Theologiae Christianae,'' London, 1681.</ref> and Baxter's friend [[Matthew Hale (jurist)|Matthew Hale]] drew on it for his natural-law theory.<ref>Matthew Hale, [http://www.clpress.com/publications/law-nature ''Of the Law of Nature.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011839/http://www.clpress.com/publications/law-nature |date=2017-11-07 }} CLP Academic. 2015.</ref>

== Criticism ==
The views of Suarez upon the human origin of political order, and his defense of tyrannicide emanating from popular dissent were heavily criticized by English philosopher [[Robert Filmer]] in his work ''[[Patriarcha|Patriarcha, Or the Natural Power of Kings]]''. Filmer believed Calvinists and Catholics like Suarez to be dangerous opponents of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]] monarchy, legitimized by the supremacy of fathers upon their offspring, which Filmer claimed could be traced back to [[Adam]].<ref>Johann P. Sommerville, Raymond Geuss, "Filmer: Patriarcha and Other Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought)" Cambridge University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0521399033}}</ref>

== Main works ==
* ''De Incarnatione'' (1590–1592)
* ''De sacramentis'' (1593–1603)
* ''Disputationes metaphysicae'' (1597)
* ''De divina substantia eiusque attributis'' (1606)
* ''De divina praedestinatione et reprobatione'' (1606)
* ''De sanctissimo Trinitatis mysterio'' (1606)
* ''De religione'' (1608–1625)
* ''De legibus'' (1612)
* ''Defensio fidei'' (1613)
* ''De gratia'' (1619)
* ''De angelis'' (1620)
* ''De opere sex dierum'' (1621)
* ''De anima'' (1621)
* ''De fide, spe et caritate'' (1622)
* ''De ultimo fine hominis'' (1628)

In the 18th century, the Venice edition of ''Opera Omnia'' in 23 volumes in folio (1740–1751) appeared, followed by the Parisian Vivès edition, 26 volumes + 2 volumes of indices (1856–1861); in 1965 the Vivés edition of the ''Disputationes Metaphysicae'' (vols. 25–26) was reprinted by Georg Olms, Hildesheim.

From 1597 to 1636 the ''Disputationes Metaphysicae'' were published in seventeen editions; no modern edition of Suárez's complete works is yet available and only few of Suárez's ''Disputations'' have been translated into English.

==See also==
*[[Giovanni Botero]]
*[[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz]]
*[[Jurisprudence]]
*[[Alphonsus Liguori]]
*[[Juan de Mariana]]
*[[Political philosophy]]
*[[School of Salamanca]]
*[[Rule according to higher law]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Aertsen, Jan, ''Medieval Philosophy as Transcendental Thought. From Philip the Chancellor (Ca. 1225) to Francisco Suárez'', Leiden: Brill, 2012
* Aho, Tuomo, ''Suárez on Cognitive Intentions'', in: Paul.J.J.M. Bakker and Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen, (eds.), ''Mind, Cognition and Representation. The Tradition of Commentaries on Aristotle's De anima'', Ashgate Studies in Medieval Philosophy, 2007, pp.&nbsp;179–203.
* Castellote, Salvador, ''Die Anthropologie des Suárez'' (Symposion 8) Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2. Ed. 1982, 207 pp.
* Castellote, Salvador, ''Die Kategorienlehre des Suárez: Relatio, actio, passio. Mit einer Einleitung über die Grundzüge seines metaphysischen Systems'', Verona: Aeme Edizioni, 2011, 233 pp.
* Doyle John P. ''Collected Studies on Francisco Suárez S.J. (1548–1617)'', edited by Victor M. Salas, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010.
* Fichter, Joseph H. ''Man of Spain: Francis Suarez''. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
* Goczał, Robert, ''Onto-Teo-Logia. Status bytu realnego i myślnego w metafizyce Francisco Suáreza / Onto-Teo-Logia. The Status of Real Being and Being of Reason in the Metaphysics by Francis Suárez'', Warszawa (Warsaw): Warszawska Firma Wydawnicza, 2011, 543 pp.
* Gracia, Jorge J. E. ''Suárez on Individuation: Metaphysical Disputation V, Individual Unity and Its Principle'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2000.
* Hill, Benjamin & Lagerlund Henrik, (eds.) ''The Philosophy of Francisco Suarez'' New York: Oxford University Press 2012.
* Kincaid, Elisabeth Rain ''Law from Below: How the Thought of Francisco Suarez, SJ, Can Renew Contemporary Legal Engagement'' Washington DC: Georgetown University Press 2024.
* Marschler, Thomas, ''Die spekulative Trinitätslehre des Francisco Suárez SJ in ihrem philosophisch-theologischen Kontext'', Münster: Aschendorff 2007.
* Mullaney, Thomas U. (1950), ''Suarez on Human Freedom'', Baltimore: Carroll Press. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006132614]
* Novák, Lukáš (ed.), ''Suárez's Metaphysics in Its Historical and Systematic Context'', Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2014. 
* [[:cs:Daniel D. Novotn%C3%BD|Novotný, Daniel D.]]., ''Ens rationis from Suárez to Caramuel A Study in Scholasticism of the Baroque Era'', New York: Fordham University Press, 2013, 296 pp.
* Pereira, José, ''Suarez between Scholasticism and Modernity'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006.
* Renemann, Michael, ''Gedanken als Wirkursachen. Francisco Suárez zur geistigen Hervorbringung'', Amsterdam/Philadelphia: B. R. Grüner, 2010, 173 pp.
* Ross, James F. "Translator's Introduction", in ''On Formal and Universal Unity: De Unitate Formali et Universali by Francis Suarez,'' Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1964, pp.&nbsp;1–27.
* Salas, Victor & Fastiggi, Robert (eds.). ''A Companion to Francisco Suárez'', Leiden: Brill, 2015.
* Sgarbi, Marco (ed.), ''Francisco Suárez and his Legacy. The Impact of Suárezian Metaphysics and Epistemology on Modern Philosophy'', Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 2010, 294 pp.
* Shields, Christopher and Daniel Schwartz, [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/suarez/ "Francisco Suárez"] in ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 
* Smith, Gerard (ed). ''Jesuit Thinkers of the Renaissance''. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press 1939, pp.&nbsp;1–62.
* Suárez, Francisco (1995), trans., Gwladys L. Williams, Ammi Brown, and John Waldron, ''Selections from Three Works by Francisco Suárez, S.J.: "De legibus, ac deo legislatore", 1612; "Defensio fidei catholicae, et apostolicae adversus anglicanae sectae errores", 1613; "De triplici virtute theologica, fide, spe, et charitate", 1621'', Buffalo, NY: W. S. Hein.
* Wroblewski, Pawel P. ''Arystotelesowska nauka o nieskonczonosci w metafizycznej reinterpretacji Francisco Suareza. Zarys problematyki / Aristotelian doctrine of the Infinity in the metaphysical reinterpretation of Francisco Suarez. An Outline of Issues'', in: Krzysztof Rzepkowski (ed.), ''Aemulatio & Imitatio. Powrot pisarzy starozytnych w epoce renesansu / Aemulatio & Imitatio. The Return of the Ancient Writers in the epoque of the Renaissance'', Warszawa: Instytut Filologii Klasycznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Warsaw: Institute of Classical Philology, University of Warsaw), 2009, pp.&nbsp;87–100.

== External links ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes||onlinebooks=yes|viaf=39385631}}
* {{cite IEP|url-id=suarez|title=Francisco Suárez (1548—1617)}}
* [http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Michael.Renemann/suarez/index.html Francisco Suárez, Disputationes Metaphysicae] (in Latin; HTML format)
* [http://www.salvadorcastellote.com/investigacion.htm Critical edition of several works of Francisco Suárez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427114516/http://www.salvadorcastellote.com/investigacion.htm |date=2015-04-27 }} Several works of Francisco Suárez in a critical Edition by Prof. Salvador Castellote (in Latin; PDF format)
* [http://www.nd.edu/~afreddos/translat.htm#six Translations of three works] by Prof. Alfredo Freddoso
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR92202.htm#3 Suárez and Exceptionless Moral Norms]
*{{cite SEP |url-id=suarez |title=Francisco Suárez |last=Shields  |first=Christopher|last2=Schwartz |first2=Daniel}}
* [http://scholasticon.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Information/Suarez_fr.php General bibliography (on the SCHOLASTICON site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623132959/http://scholasticon.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Information/Suarez_fr.php |date=2019-06-23 }}
* [http://www.ontology.co/suarez-metaphysical-disputations.htm Francisco Suarez on Metaphysics as the Science of Real Beings] with an annotated bibliography on the ''Metaphysical Disputations''
* [http://www.ontology.co/biblio/suarez-editions.htm English Translations of the Metaphysical Works of Francisco Suárez] with abstracts of the content
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Francisco Suárez |short=x}}
* [http://www.sydneypenner.ca/suarez.shtml Information and links to online texts in Latin and in translation by Sydney Penner] (including Opera omnia)
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=religious%20state%20suarez%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts%20AND%20collection%3Atoronto The religious state: a digest of the doctrine of Suarez, contained in his treatise "De statu religionis"(1883) in 3 volumes]
*[http://www.unigre.it/archivioimg/Fondo_Curia_2009/Indice_Autori.htm Francisco Suárez in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University]

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