View source for Haoqiu zhuan

{{Short description|17th-century Chinese novel}} {{italic title}}
[[File:Fortunateuniona00davigoog.djvu|page=11|thumb|''The Fortunate Union: A Romance'', an 1829 translation by [[John Francis Davis]]]]
{{Infobox Chinese|t=好逑傳|s=好逑传|p=Hǎoqiú zhuàn|w=Hao-ch'iu chuan|l="The pleasing history" or "The fortunate union"}} '''''Haoqiu zhuan''''' (translated into English variously as '''''The Fortunate Union''''' or '''''The Pleasing History'''''), also known as '''''Hau Kiou Chuaan''''', is a Chinese ''[[caizi jiaren]]'' ("scholar and beauty") novel published in the 17th-century.<ref name="Epsteinp273">Epstein, Maram. ''Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction'' (Volume 197 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483). [[Harvard University Asia Center]], 2001. {{ISBN|0674005120}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OGXnjyIA0C&pg=PA273 273].</ref> The author is known only under the name "Man of the Teaching of Names" ({{zh|c=名教中人|p=Míngjiāo Zhōngrén|w=Ming-chiao Chung-jen|labels=no}}). The identity of the author and exact date of publishing are not known.<ref>Kitson, Peter J. ''Forging Romantic China: Sino-British Cultural Exchange 1760–1840'' (Volume 105 of Cambridge Studies in Romanticism). [[Cambridge University Press]], November 21, 2013. {{ISBN|1107045614}}, 9781107045613. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRWAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32].</ref> ''Caizi jiaren'' fictional works published at that time in the [[Qing Dynasty]] typically were under a [[pseudonym]].<ref name="Minp184">Min, Eun Kyung. ''China and the Writing of English Literary Modernity, 1690–1770''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 19 April 2018. {{ISBN|1108386423}}, 9781108386425. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 184]. "Following Qing convention, the work was published anonymously[...]"</ref>

According to Philippe Postel, author of "Les traductions françaises du ''Haoqiu zhuan''," the most commonly stated date of authorship is 1683, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.<ref>Postel. "L’auteur du roman n’est connu que par le pseudonyme que l’ « éditeur » ou le « rédacteur » (bianci 編次) se donne : Mingjiao zhongren 名教中人, littéralement « l’homme ordinaire de l’enseignement des noms », cette dernière expression renvoyant à la doctrine confucéenne" and "2. La date de publication le plus souvent avancée, selon les calculs des spécialistes<sup>3</sup>, est 1683, au début de la dynastie des Qing."</ref> After 1712 the story was given the subtitle '''''Xiayi fengyue zhuan''''' ({{zh|first=t|t=俠義風月傳|s=侠义风月传|p=Xiáyì fēngyuè zhuàn|w=Hsia-i Feng-yüeh chuan|labels=no}}, "A Tale of Chivalry and Love").<ref>[[David Der-wei Wang|Wang, David Der-wei]]. ''[[Fin-de-siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849–1911]]''. [[Stanford University Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|0804728453}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ng6YRePhbRMC&pg=PA157 157].</ref>

English language translation of the novel appeared as early as 1761, and then was translated into German in 1766.  In 1810 George Staunton, who knew Chinese and had lived in China while his father worked for [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney]]'s diplomatic mission, confirmed to Western audiences that a Chinese person created this work.<ref name="Minp184" /> Chloë F. Starr, author of ''Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing'', wrote that this novel was among the best-known ''caizi jiaren'' novels.<ref name="Starrp40">Starr, Chloë F. ''Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing'' (Volume 14 of China Studies). [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]], 2007. {{ISBN|9004156291}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sqXEbkKI0JcC&pg=PA40 40].</ref> Maram Epstein, author of ''Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction'', described the novel as being "moralistic".<ref name="Epsteinp273" /> The story has eighteen chapters.<ref name="Epsteinp274">Epstein, Maram. ''Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction'' (Volume 197 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483). [[Harvard University Asia Center]], 2001. {{ISBN|0674005120}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OGXnjyIA0C&pg=PA274 274].</ref>

== Plot ==
[[File:Haukiouchoaanor01chuagoog.djvu|page=10|thumb|Volume II of the English translation by John Wilkinson and [[Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]]]]
{{expand section|date=April 2014}} The beauty, Shui Bingxin, and the scholar, Tie Zhongyu, want to avenge their fathers and go against the bureaucracy, which is corrupt. Shui Bingxin's uncle wants her to marry a son of an official with a lot of power, but Shui Bingxin does not want to marry that man, who is dissolute. Tie Zhongyu rescues Shui Bingxin and the two begin to live in the same house. Because the two now live together, the uncle spreads rumors that suggest Shui Bingxin is no longer a virgin.<ref name="Epsteinp273" /> Tie Zhongyu focuses on his studies after Shui Bingxin persuades him to.<ref name="Epsteinp289">Epstein, Maram. ''Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction'' (Volume 197 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483). [[Harvard University Asia Center]], 2001. {{ISBN|0674005120}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OGXnjyIA0C&pg=PA289 289].</ref> The two lovers marry after Tie Zhongyu receives the top ranking of the metropolitan examination.<ref name="Epsteinp273" />

Due to the rumors, Shui Bingxin does not want to have sexual intercourse with Tie Zhongyu.<ref name="Epsteinp273274">Epstein, Maram. ''Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction'' (Volume 197 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483). [[Harvard University Asia Center]], 2001. {{ISBN|0674005120}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OGXnjyIA0C&pg=PA273 273]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OGXnjyIA0C&pg=PA274 274].</ref> At the end, the Empress oversees a physical examination of Shui Bingxin.<ref name="Epsteinp274" /> In this way, the Empress verifies the virginity of Shui Bingxin.<ref>Huang, Martin W. ''Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China'' (Volume 202 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483). [[Harvard University Asia Center]], 2001. {{ISBN|0674005139}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=D1z6Oz29AOIC&pg=PA24 245].</ref> The Emperor of China gives rewards to those loyal to him and punishes those guilty of crimes. Finally, the two lovers consummate their union.<ref name="Epsteinp274" />

== Characters ==

* '''Shui Bingxin''' ({{zh|c=水冰心|p=Shuǐ Bīngxīn|w=Shui Ping-hsin|labels=no}}) - Shui Bingxin is the beauty character. Epstein states that Shui Bingxin is "unrelentingly stern in her commitment to Confucian morality".<ref name="Epsteinp273" /> In the 1761 translation her name is written as '''Shuey-ping-sin''' (or "Shuey-ping-'''ſ'''in with a [[long s]]). In the ''Fortunate Union'' translation her name is written as '''Shueypingsin'''.
* '''Tie Zhongyu''' ({{zh|first=t|t=鐵中玉|s=铁中玉|p=Tiě Zhōngyù|w=T'ieh Chung-yü|labels=no}}) - Tie Zhongyu is the scholar character. Epstein states that Tie Zhongyu is "unusually strong and daring compared with other characters of his type".<ref name="Epsteinp273" /> "Tie" means iron.<ref>''Fortunate Union'', p. 2 (DJVU p. 35).</ref> In the 1761 translation his name is written as '''Tieh-chung-u'''. In the ''Fortunate Union'' translation his name is '''Teihchungyu'''.

== Style and approach ==
[[File:Harvard_drs_49807308_繪圖俠義風月傳.pdf|page=6|thumb|270x270px|Pages of a printed edition of ''Haoqiu zhuan'']]
''Haoqiu zhuan'' was written to easily allow the reader to follow the story by strengthening the internal consistency of the narrative, often by full and frequent recapitulations to third parties within the story. Starr stated that as a consequence, the novel "painfully" over-repeats itself. Chloë F. Starr writes that the novel has very little description of interior thought, a common feature in 17th century Chinese novels. The novel often uses an eyewitness delivering a [[soliloquy]] as a way to recall events not seen by the principal characters. For instance a monk tells another character that there was a plot to poison the hero and that he himself had a part in this role; Starr states "the question of the addressee is left unresolved in this clumsy technique."<ref name="Starrp47">Starr, Chloë F. ''Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing'' (Volume 14 of China Studies). Brill, 2007. {{ISBN|9004156291}}. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sqXEbkKI0JcC&pg=PA47 47].</ref>

Keith McMahon comments that the lovers in ''Haoqiu zhuan'' "are like stereotyped opposites of the characters in earlier works." The love of the scholar and the beauty "sharply contrasts" with depictions in late Ming fiction, where love is erotic rather than spiritual. Now "sentiment replaces libido" and "refined, internal feelings replace vulgar, external sensations." The very name of the beauty, Bing Xin (Ice-Heart), conveys her chastity and emotional control, though she is at the same time loyal and loving. Tie Zhongyu (Jade-within-iron) is in a sense a feminized hero, rather than the passionate and indulgent lover of the late Ming ideal.  Although there is only an implicit criticism  of ''qing'' (emotion) which was so prominent in late Ming fiction,  the lovers here maintain a balance between ''li'' (propriety) and feeling (''qing''). They marry only when her father grants permission, even though he urges her to decide for herself, and even after they are wed they do not consummate their marriage until the empress herself refutes the villains and confirms that Bingxin is a virgin.{{sfnb|McMahon|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RjaWNwaBa20C&q=stereotyping+the+attitude+of+the+early+Qing+fictionist 131-132]}}

== Translations ==

=== English ===
The first European translations occurred in the 18th century.<ref name="StAndrep39">St. André, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&pg=PA39 39].</ref> With the exception of short works, this was the first Chinese novel translated into a European language.<ref name="Rainierp109">Rainier Lanselle, dans [[André Lévy (sinologist)|André Lévy]] (editor), ''Dictionnaire de littérature chinoise'', [[Presses universitaires de France]], « [[Quadrige]] », 1994, rééd. 2000, p. 109. "L'ouvrage a connu une certaine fortune tant en Chine qu'à l'étranger : adapté par Takizawa Bakin sous le titre de ''Kyōkakuden (Les Chevaleresques)'', il fut premier roman chinois traduit dans une langue occidentale (en excluant le genre court)."</ref>

The first English edition was translated by a British merchant, James Wilkinson, resident in Canton ([[Guangzhou]]). Wilkinson translated about 75% into English and another person translated the remainder into Portuguese. James St. André, author of "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the ''Haoqiu zhuan''", wrote that "[i]t is suspected that" the translation was written while Wilkinson did the translation as part of his learning Chinese.<ref name="StAndrep42">St. André, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&pg=PA42 42].</ref> St. André stated that the person who completed the translation "is suspected" to be a Portuguese man living in [[Macau]], Wilkinson's tutor. In 1761 [[Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]], the [[Bishop of Dromore]], had published this version anonymously; before Percy published it, the Portuguese portion was translated into English and the entire version had been edited. Percy published the second edition in 1774, and in it he revealed Wilkinson's identity and his own identity.<ref name="StAndrep42" /> This was the first ever translation of a Chinese novel in a European language.<ref>Watt, James. "[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ecy/summary/v048/48.2watt.html Thomas Percy, China, and the Gothic]." ''[[The Eighteenth Century (journal)|The Eighteenth Century]]''. Volume 48, Number 2, Summer 2007, pp. 95-109, 10.1353/ecy.2007.0013. Cited page 95: "While assembling the materials that were to make up his influential collection ''Reliques of Ancient English Poetry'' (1765), Thomas Percy issued the first translation of a Chinese novel in a European language, ''Hau Kiou Choaan, or, The Pleasing History'' (1761),[...]" - Available at [[Project MUSE]]</ref> When Percy was alive he tried but failed to verify that it was indeed a work of fiction created by a Chinese person; he asked Macartney for assistance, but the assistance did not help him verify the work.<ref name="Minp184" />

In 1829 a member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]],<ref name="StAndrep43">St. André, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&pg=PA43 43].</ref> [[John Francis Davis]], translated ''Haoqiu zhuan'', using the title ''The Fortunate Union''.<ref>Bauer, Wolfgang. "[http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/1474 The role of intermediate languages in translations from chinese into German]" (). In: ''[[De l'un au multiple: Traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes]]'', [[Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme]], 1999. p. 19-32. {{ISBN|273510768X}}.</ref>

Alexander Brebner published "The Pleasing History [an adaptation of a translation of a Chinese story]" in 1895.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

In 1899 an anonymous individual published ''Shueypinsin: A story made from the Chinese romance Haoukewchuen''.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

In 1926 the 1925 French translation of ''Haoqiu zhuan'' by [[George Soulié de Morant]] was translated into English.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

=== French ===
The Wilkinson/Percy English version was also translated into French; St. André stated that "some say" the French version was directly translated from the German translation of the Wilkinson/Percy English version.<ref name="StAndrep42" />

St. André stated that a French edition published in 1828 "[seems]" to have originated from an English version.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

A French translation of the Davis English version was created by Guillard D'Arcy and published in 1842.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

[[George Soulié de Morant]] published ''La brise au claire de lune, Le deuxième livre de genie'', a French translation in 1925. According to Morant, it was the first French version that was based directly on the Chinese text. Morant had used an alternate title as the title of his translation.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

=== Other translations ===
Christoph Gottlieb von Murr translated the Wilkinson/Percy first English version into German. Johan van der Woude provided a Dutch translation of the work, under the title ''Wat de wind fluistert bij maneschijn'' (Antwerpen: Het Kompas, 1944).

In 1831, a fragment from the novel was anonymously translated into Russian directly from Chinese<ref>Б. Л. Рифтин. [Комментарий] // Северные цветы на 1832 год. М., «Наука», 1980 («Литературные памятники»), с. 344</ref> and published in the ''[[Northern Flowers]]'' almanach edited by [[Alexander Pushkin]]. This was the first translation of a piece of the Chinese prose into Russian.

[[Takizawa Bakin]] made the Japanese version, ''Kyōkakuden''.<ref name="Rainierp109" />

St. André stated that a German edition published in 1869 "[seems]" to have originated from an English version.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

In 1925 a German translation was published. In 1927 [[Franz Kuhn]] directly translated ''Haoqiu zhuan'' from Chinese to German. This version has been republished on several occasions.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

== Footnoted editions ==
In Shanghai, [[Frederick Baller]] published a Chinese-language version of ''Haoqiu zhuan'' with [[Footnote|footnotes]] in English. He published this version in 1904 and in 1911.<ref name="StAndrep43" />

== Reception ==
Like many of the ''caizi jiaren'' novels, ''Haoqiu zhuan'' was not taken seriously by Confucian literati, as they often dismissed these novels as "light-hearted romantic comedies". James St. André, author of "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the ''Haoqiu zhuan''", wrote that in China the novel was originally "considered second-rate fiction and stood in danger of being completely forgotten with changes in literary taste in the early twentieth century."<ref name="StAndrep39" /> He stated that because there had been interest in translating the novel into English, this "gave life and fame" to ''Haoqiu zhuan'' and therefore affected its standing in China.<ref name="StAndrep39" />

== Legacy ==
The basic plot of the novel ''[[Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan]]'' originates from ''Haoqiu zhuan''.<ref name="Epsteinp273" />

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== References ===

* {{cite book|last=McMahon|first=Keith|year=1988|title=Causality and Containment in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Fiction|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden; New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjaWNwaBa20C|isbn=9004085459}}
* {{in lang|fr}} Postel, Philippe. "[http://ideo.revues.org/210 Les traductions françaises du ''Haoqiu zhuan'']" ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215514/http://ideo.revues.org/210|date=2014-04-26}}). ''[[Littératures d'Asie : traduction et réception]]''. No. 2, 2011.
* St. André, James. "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the ''Haoqiu zhuan''" (Chapter 2). In: Chan, Leo Tak-hung (editor). ''One Into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature'' (Issue 18 of Approaches to translation studies). [[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]], 2003. Start page 39. {{ISBN|9042008156}}, 9789042008151.

=== Further reading ===

* {{in lang|zh-cn}} Ding, Pingping (丁平平 ''Dīng Píngpíng'') (College of Liberal Arts (文学院), [[Shaanxi University of Technology]]<!--Site uses "Shaanxi Institute of Technology" but the institution uses University of Technology-->). "[http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=44869283 The Inheritance and Breakthrough of Traditions in the Novel--Haoqiu Zhuan]" (《好逑传》对才子佳人模式的继承与突破). 《安康学院学报》 2013年第1期73-75,共3页. Classification Number (分类号)：I207.41.
* {{in lang|zh}} Hou, Jian (侯 健 ''Hóu Jiàn''). "''Haoqiu Zhuan'' yu ''[[Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady|Clarissa]]'': Liangzhong shehui jiazhi de aiqing gushi" (「好逑傳」與「克拉麗薩」: 兩種社會價值的愛情故事 - ''A Tale of Chivalry and Love'' and ''Clarissa'': romantic fiction based on two distinct social value systems), ''Zhongguo xiaoshuo bijiao yanjiu'' (中國小說比較研究), p.&nbsp;95-116.
* {{in lang|vi}} Isobe, Yuko (磯部 佑子 ''Isobe Yūko'') and Nguyễn Văn Hoài. "[http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4585:v-c-trng-truyn-ba-tiu-thuyt-tai-t-giai-nhan-trung-quc-ong-a-ly-nh-mai-ho-cu-truyn-lam-i-tng-kho-sat-chinh-yu&catid=64:vn-hc-nc-ngoai-va-vn-hc-so-sanh&Itemid=108&lang=vi The Spread Of Chinese Scholar-Beauty Romances In East Asia: The Case Study Of Er Du Mei And Hao Qiu Zhuan]" (Về đặc trưng truyền bá tiểu thuyết tài tử giai nhân Trung Quốc ở Đông Á – lấy Nhị độ mai, Hảo cầu truyện làm đối tượng khảo sát chính yếu) ([https://archive.today/20240527003850/https://www.webcitation.org/6P7k45qeb?url=http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php%3Foption=com_content&view=article&id=4585:v-c-trng-truyn-ba-tiu-thuyt-tai-t-giai-nhan-trung-quc-ong-a-ly-nh-mai-ho-cu-truyn-lam-i-tng-kho-sat-chinh-yu&catid=64:vn-hc-nc-ngoai-va-vn-hc-so-sanh&Itemid=108&lang=v Archive] ). [[National University of Ho Chi Minh City]] Faculty of Literature and Linguistics. SỐ 14, THÁNG 11 NĂM 2013.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Haoqiu zhuan}} {{wikisource|:zh:好逑傳}}

* ''Hau kiou choaan; or, The pleasing history''. 1761. - [https://books.google.com/books?id=G18iAAAAMAAJ View entry at] [[Google Books]]
** [https://archive.org/details/haukiouchoaanor01chuagoog Volume II]
** [https://archive.org/details/haukiouchoaanor00chuagoog Volume III]
** [https://archive.org/details/haukiouchoaanor02chuagoog Volume IV]
* [[John Francis Davis|Davis, John Francis, P.R.S.]] ''[https://archive.org/details/fortunateuniona00davigoog The Fortunate Union: A Romance]''. 1829. - [[Archive.org]]
* {{in lang|fr}} D'Arcy, Guillard. ''[https://archive.org/details/haokhieoutchoua00dargoog Hao-khieou-tchouan, ou, La femme accomplie : roman chinois]''. 1842. - [[Archive.org]]
* {{in lang|fr}} ''[http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/B_autres_classiques/brise_clair_de_lune/soulie_brise.doc La Brise au clair de lune, le deuxième livre de génie]'' ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531172234/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/B_autres_classiques/brise_clair_de_lune/soulie_brise.doc|date=2013-05-31}}), trad. [[George Soulié de Morant]], Grasset, « Les Cahiers verts », 1935, rééd. « Les Cahiers rouges », 2004
* ''The Pleasing History'' [An Abridged Translation of the Hao Ch'iu Chuan]. 1895. - [https://books.google.com/books?id=rnokNQEACAAJ&q=%22Hao-ch%27iu+chuan%22 View entry at] [[Google Books]]