View source for Henry IV of England

{{Short description|King of England from 1399 to 1413}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Henry IV
| image        = <!-- This is an accurate representation of Henry IV's appearance according to Mortimer -->Illumination of Henry IV (cropped).jpg
| alt          = Portrait of Henry IV
| caption      = [[Illuminated miniature]], {{c.|1402}}{{sfn|Mortimer|2007|p=176}}
| succession   = [[King of England]]
| moretext     = [[Styles of English sovereigns|(more...)]]
| reign        = 30 September 1399 –<br/>20 March 1413
| coronation   = 13 October 1399
| predecessor  = [[Richard II]]
| successor    = [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]
| birth_date   = <!--Please do not change birth year without discussing it on talk page. Thank you!-->{{c.}} April 1367{{sfn|Mortimer|2006|p=567}}
| birth_place  = [[Bolingbroke Castle]], Lincolnshire, England
| death_date   = 20 March 1413 (aged 45)
| death_place  = [[Jerusalem Chamber]], Westminster, England
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Canterbury Cathedral]], Kent, England
| spouses      = <!-- Do not change "spouses" to "consorts" because Mary de Bohun was never Henry's royal consort. -->{{ubl|
{{marriage|[[Mary de Bohun]]|1381|4 June 1394|end=d}}|{{marriage|[[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan of Navarre]]|7 February 1403}}}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Henry V, King of England]]|[[Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence|Thomas, Duke of Clarence]]|[[John, Duke of Bedford]]|[[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]]|[[Blanche of England|Blanche, Countess Palatine]]|[[Philippa of England|Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden]]}}
| issue-link   = #Marriages and issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]]
| father       = [[John of Gaunt]]
| mother       = [[Blanche of Lancaster]]
| signature    = Henry IV Signature.svg
}}

'''Henry IV''' (<!--Please do not change birth year without discussing it on talk page. Thank you!-->{{circa|April 1367}} – 20 March 1413), also known as '''Henry Bolingbroke''', was [[King of England]] from 1399 to 1413. Henry was the son of [[John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]] (a son of King [[Edward III]]), and [[Blanche of Lancaster]].{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}}

Henry was involved in the 1388 revolt of [[Lords Appellant]] against [[Richard II]], his first cousin, but he was not punished. However, he was exiled from court in 1398. After Henry's father died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's lands. That year, Henry rallied a group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and [[usurped]] the throne; these actions later contributed to dynastic disputes in the [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1487).

Henry was the first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the [[Norman Conquest]], over 300 years earlier.{{sfn|Janvrin|Rawlinson|2016|page=16}} As king, he faced a number of rebellions, most seriously those of [[Owain Glyndŵr]], the last Welshman to claim the title of Prince of Wales, and the English knight [[Henry Percy (Hotspur)]], who was killed in the [[Battle of Shrewsbury]] in 1403. Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to [[Mary de Bohun]], while his second marriage to [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan of Navarre]] produced no surviving children. Henry and Mary's eldest son, [[Henry of Monmouth]], assumed the reins of government in 1410 as the king's health worsened. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as [[Henry V of England|Henry V]].

== Early life ==
Henry was born at [[Bolingbroke Castle]], in [[Lincolnshire]], to [[John of Gaunt]] and [[Blanche of Lancaster]].{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}} His epithet "Bolingbroke" was derived from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of [[King Edward III]]. Blanche was the daughter of the wealthy royal politician and nobleman [[Henry, Duke of Lancaster]]. Gaunt enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his own nephew, King [[Richard II]]. Henry's elder sisters were [[Philippa, Queen of Portugal]], and [[Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter]]. His younger half-sister [[Katherine, Queen of Castile]], was Gaunt's daughter with his second wife, [[Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster|Constance of Castile]]. Henry also had four half-siblings born to [[Katherine Swynford]], originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress and later third wife. These illegitimate (but later legitimized) children were given the surname [[House of Beaufort|Beaufort]] from their birthplace at the [[Château de Beaufort]] in [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], France.{{Sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aUutJGyx5EEC&pg=PA318  318]}}

Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford was amicable, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In his youth, he seems to have been close to all of them, but rivalries with [[Henry Beaufort|Henry]] and [[Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter|Thomas Beaufort]] caused trouble after 1406. [[Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville]], married Henry's half-sister [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Joan Beaufort]]. Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort]], even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of a [[marquess]]ate. Katherine Swynford's son from her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion. [[Thomas Swynford]] was Constable of [[Pontefract Castle]], where Richard II is said to have died.

== Conflict at court ==
=== Relationship with Richard II ===
[[File:HenryBolingbrokeClaimsThrone.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Henry of Bolingbroke, flanked by the lords spiritual and temporal, claims the throne in 1399. From a contemporary manuscript, [[British Library]], [[Harleian Collection]]]]

Henry experienced a more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together as knights of the [[Order of the Garter]] in 1377, but Henry participated in the [[Lords Appellant]]s' rebellion against the king in 1387.{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsjq_H5uCagC&pg=PA6 6], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wsjq_H5uCagC&pg=PA13 13]}} After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from [[Earl of Derby]] to [[Duke of Hereford]].{{sfn|Steel|1962|pp=239{{endash}}240}}

Henry spent all of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful [[Siege of Vilnius (1390)|siege of Vilnius]] (capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]) by [[Teutonic Knights]] with 70 to 80 household knights.{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|pp=66–68}} During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to [[Königsberg]] to be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised by [[Poland|Polish]] priests for a decade by then.{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=69}}

Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest [[crusaders]]. His small army consisted of over 100 men, including [[longbow]] archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook a pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]], where he made offerings at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Holy Sepulchre]] and at the [[Mount of Olives]].{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsjq_H5uCagC&pg=PA32 32]}} Later he vowed to lead a crusade to "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished.{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsjq_H5uCagC&pg=PA1 1]}}

The relationship between Henry and Richard had a second crisis. In 1398, a remark about Richard's rule by [[Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk]], was interpreted as treason by Henry, who reported it to the king.{{sfn|Lyon|2003|p=122}} The two dukes agreed to undergo a [[duel|duel of honour]] (called by Richard) at Gosford Green near [[Caludon Castle]], Mowbray's home in [[Coventry]]. Yet before the duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt), although it is unknown where he spent his exile, to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray was exiled for life.{{sfn|Barr|1994|p=146}}

John of Gaunt died in February 1399.{{sfn|Barr|1994|p=146}} Without explanation, Richard cancelled the legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands.{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=51}}

== Accession ==
After some hesitation, Henry met the exiled [[Thomas Arundel]], former [[archbishop of Canterbury]], who had lost his position because of his involvement with the [[Lords Appellant]].{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=51}} Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of [[Cheshire]]. Henry initially announced that he intended to reclaim his rights as [[Duke of Lancaster]], though he quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, most probably forcibly starved to death,{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=72}}) and bypass Richard's [[heir-presumptive]], [[Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March]].{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=66}}
[[File:Coronation Henry4 England 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Coronation of Henry IV]]
Henry's 13 October 1399 coronation at Westminster Abbey{{Sfn|Bevan|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IJMYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67]}} may have been the first time since the [[Norman Conquest]] that the monarch made an address in English.

In January 1400, Henry quashed the [[Epiphany Rising]], a rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Henry was forewarned and raised an army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without trial.

== Reign ==
[[File:Henry IV Coronation.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The coronation of Henry IV of England, from a 15th century manuscript of [[Jean Froissart]]'s ''[[Froissart's Chronicles|Chronicles]]'']]

Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with the members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation at [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's cathedral]] to address [[Lollardy]].{{sfn|Dahmus|1981|p=42}} Henry dispatched a group to implore the clergy to address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England and confusion among Christians, and to impose penalties on those responsible.{{sfn|Dahmus|1981|pp=42{{endash}}43}} A short time later the convocation along with the House of Commons petitioned Henry to take action against the Lollards.{{sfn|Dahmus|1981|p=43}} On this advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of ''[[De heretico comburendo]]'' in 1401, which prescribed the burning of [[heretics]], an act done mainly to suppress the [[Lollard]] movement.{{sfn|Dahmus|1981|p=43}} In 1404 and 1410, Parliament suggested confiscating church land, in which both attempts failed to gain support.{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=168}}

=== Rebellions ===
[[File:Silver half groat of Henry IV (YORYM 1994 151 102) obverse.jpg|thumb|Silver [[half-groat]] of Henry IV, York Museums Trust]]

Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts. Henry's first major problem as monarch was what to do with the deposed Richard. After the early [[Epiphany Rising|assassination plot]] was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order.{{efn| "Suggestive evidence that Richard's murder was carefully planned is contained among the exchequer payments. 'To William Loveney, Clerk of the Great Wardrobe, sent to Pontefract Castle on secret business by order of the King (Henry IV).'"{{sfn|Bevan|1994|p=72}}}} Some chroniclers claimed that the despondent Richard had starved himself,{{sfn|Tuck|2004}} which would not have been out of place with what is known of Richard's character. Though council records indicate that provisions were made for the transportation of the deposed king's body as early as 17 February, there is no reason to believe that he did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles stated. It can be positively said that he did not suffer a violent death, for his skeleton, upon examination, bore no signs of violence; whether he did indeed starve himself or whether that starvation was forced upon him are matters for lively historical speculation.{{sfn|Tuck|2004}}

After his death, Richard's body was put on public display in [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]],{{sfn|Burden|2003|p=42}} both to prove to his supporters that he was truly dead and also to prove that he had not suffered a violent death. This did not stop rumours from circulating for years after that he was still alive and waiting to take back his throne, and that the body displayed was that of Richard's chaplain, a priest named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had the body discreetly buried in the [[King's Langley Priory|Dominican Priory]] at [[Kings Langley]], Hertfordshire,{{sfn|Burden|2003|p=43}} where it remained until King Henry V brought the body back to London and buried it in the tomb that Richard had commissioned for himself in [[Westminster Abbey]].{{sfn|Burden|2003|p=39}}

Rebellions continued throughout the first 10 years of Henry's reign, including the [[revolt of Owain Glyndŵr]], who declared himself [[Prince of Wales]] in 1400,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|pp=170, 186}} and the rebellions led by [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland]], from 1403. The first Percy rebellion ended in the [[Battle of Shrewsbury]] in 1403 with the death of the earl's son [[Henry Percy (Hotspur)|Henry]], a renowned military figure known as "Hotspur" for his speed in advance and readiness to attack. Also in this battle, Henry IV's eldest son, [[Henry of Monmouth]], later King Henry V, was wounded by an arrow in his face. He was cared for by royal physician [[John Bradmore]]. Despite this, the Battle of Shrewsbury was a royalist victory. Monmouth's military ability contributed to the king's victory (though Monmouth seized much effective power from his father in 1410).

In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed the villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne."

A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet ([[Levett]]) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid in carrying out the insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was released and Clark thrown into the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqMuAAAAMAAJ&q=lyvet+king&pg=PA235 |title=The Book of the Princes of Wales, Heirs to the Crown of England |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1860 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
[[File:Manuel II Palaiologos with Henry IV of England.png|thumb|Manuel II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV (right) in London, December 1400<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Alban's chronicle |url=https://images.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/luna/servlet/detail/LPLIBLPL~17~17~179003~125372?page=244&qvq=&mi=244&trs=266 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513015629/https://images.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/luna/servlet/detail/LPLIBLPL~17~17~179003~125372?page=244&qvq=&mi=244&trs=266 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021 |page=245}}</ref>]]

Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of [[Manuel II Palaiologos]], the only [[Byzantine emperor]] ever to visit England, from December 1400 to February 1401 at [[Eltham Palace]], with a [[joust]] being given in his honour. Henry also sent monetary support with Manuel upon his departure to aid him against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis |first=George T. |title=The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Trustees for Harvard University |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-8840-2068-4 |location=Washington, D.C. |at=Letter 38}}</ref>

In 1406, English pirates captured the future [[James I of Scotland]], aged eleven, off the coast of [[Flamborough Head]] as he was sailing to France.{{sfn|Brown|2015|pp=17–18}} James was delivered to Henry IV and remained a prisoner until after the death of Henry's son, Henry V.{{sfn|Brown|2015|p=24}}

=== Final illness and death ===
The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease and, more seriously, suffered acute attacks of a grave illness in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the winter of 1408–09; December 1412; and finally a fatal bout in March 1413. In 1410, Henry had provided his royal surgeon [[Thomas Morstede]] with an annuity of £40 p.a. which was confirmed by Henry V immediately after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Theodore |title=Cutting Edge: Early History of the Surgeons of London |publisher=Lund Humphries Publishers |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-8533-1366-3 |page=57}}</ref> Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been [[leprosy]] (which did not necessarily mean precisely the same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps [[psoriasis]], or a different disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from [[epilepsy]] to a form of cardiovascular disease.{{Sfn|McNiven|1985|pp=747–772}} Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of [[Richard Scrope (bishop)|Richard le Scrope]], [[Archbishop of York]], who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after a failed coup.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swanson |first=Robert N. |title=Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215 – c. 1515 |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ol=1109807M |isbn=978-0-5213-7950-2 |page=298 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Holinshed]], it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and [[Henry IV, Part 2|Shakespeare's play]] repeats this prophecy. Henry took this to mean that he would die on [[crusade]]. In reality, he died in the [[Jerusalem Chamber]] in the abbot's house of Westminster Abbey, on 20 March 1413 during a [[Legislative session|convocation of Parliament]].{{Sfn|Brown|Summerson|2010}} His [[executor]], [[Thomas Langley]], was at his side.

==== Burial ====
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral 26.jpg|thumb|left|Henry IV and Joan of Navarre, detail of their effigies in [[Canterbury Cathedral]]]]
[[File:King Henry IV from NPG (2).jpg|thumb|upright|16th century imaginary painting of Henry IV, [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]]]

Despite the example set by most of his recent predecessors, Henry and his second wife, [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan]], were not buried at Westminster Abbey but at [[Canterbury Cathedral]], on the north side of [[Trinity Chapel]] and directly adjacent to the shrine of [[Thomas Becket|St Thomas Becket]]. Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts and in literary works such as ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'', and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it. The reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyr saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from [[Richard II of England|Richard II]].{{Sfn|Wilson|1990|pages=181–190}} Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil that had reportedly been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsingham |first=Thomas |title=The St Albans Chronicle: The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham |publisher=Clarendon Press |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=John |volume=II, 1394–1422 |location=Oxford |page=237 |translator-last=Taylor |translator-first=John |author-link=Thomas Walsingham |display-editors=et al.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Pope John XXII to King Edward II of England, 2 June 1318 |date=1901 |work=English Coronation Records |pages=73–75 |editor-last=Legg |editor-first=L.G.W. |place=London |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. |oclc=2140947 |ol=24187986M |editor-link=Leopold George Wickham Legg}}</ref> this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According to one version of the tale, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster.{{Sfn|Walsingham|pp=237–241}}

Proof of Henry's deliberate connection to Becket lies partially in the structure of the tomb itself. The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. Likewise, the three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret.{{Sfn|Wilson|1990|pages=186–189}} The presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Christopher |chapter=X. The Medieval Monuments |date=1995 |title=A History of Canterbury Cathedral |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Collinson |editor-first=Patrick |editor-link=Patrick Collinson |pages=451–510 |display-editors=et al. |isbn=9780198200512 |ol=1080250M}}</ref> Atop the tomb chest lie detailed [[alabaster#Gypsum alabaster|alabaster]] effigies of Henry and Joan, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes. Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies do represent accurate portraiture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woodruff |first1=C. Eveleigh |title=Memorials of the Cathedral and Priory of Christ in Canterbury |last2=Danks |first2=William |date=1912 |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co. |location=New York |pages=192–194 |author-link2=William Danks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antiquary |date=10 May 1902 |title=Exhumation of Henry IV |journal=[[Notes and Queries]] |series=9th series |volume=9 |issue=228 |page=369 |doi=10.1093/nq/s9-IX.228.369c}}</ref>

== Titles and arms ==
=== Titles ===

* Styled [[Earl of Derby]] (1377–1397);{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=25}}
* [[Earl of Northampton]] and [[Earl of Hereford|Hereford]] (22 December 1384 – 30 September 1399);{{sfn|Cokayne|Gibbs|Doubleday|Warrand|1926|p=477}}
* [[Duke of Hereford]] (29 September 1397 – 30 September 1399);{{sfn|Cokayne|Gibbs|Doubleday|Warrand|1926|p=477}}
* [[Duke of Lancaster]] (3 February – 30 September 1399);{{sfn|Cokayne|Gibbs|Doubleday|Warrand|1926|p=477}}
* [[King of England]] and [[Lord of Ireland]] (30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413).{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=154}}

'''Duke of Hereford''' was a title in the [[Peerage of England]]. It was created in 1397 for [[Richard II]]'s cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, due to his support for the King in his struggle against their uncle [[Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester]]. As such it was a ''duketti'' ("little dukes") title. It merged in the crown on Henry's usurpation two years later, and has never since been recreated.{{sfn|Cokayne|Gibbs|Doubleday|Warrand|1926|p=477}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAk7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22duke+of+hereford%22+++%22duketti%22&pg=PA29 |title=Rulers, Regions and Retinues: Essays Presented to A.J. Pollard |last2=Fleming |first2=Peter |date=2020 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-78327-563-2 |language=en|pages=28–29}}</ref>

=== Arms ===
Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a ''label of five points ermine''. After his father's death, the difference changed to a ''label of five points per pale ermine and France''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velde |first=Francois R. |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317070105/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Heraldica.org}}</ref>

[[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|thumb|Upon his accession as king, Henry updated the arms of the kingdom to match an update in those of royal France from a field of [[fleur-de-lys]] to just three.]]

{{Gallery|width=180|height=180|align=center
|File:Arms of Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford.svg|Coat of arms as Duke of Hereford
|File:Arms of Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford and Lancaster.svg|Coat of arms as Duke of Hereford and Lancaster
|File:Henry Bolingbroke, 3rd Earl of Derby, KG.png|Coat of arms as [[Earl of Derby|3rd Earl of Derby]], [[Order of the Garter|KG]]
|File:Coat of Arms of Henry IV of England (1399-1413).svg|Henry's [[Achievement (heraldry)|achievement]] as king with the old arms of France
|File:Coat of Arms of Henry IV & V of England (1413-1422).svg|Royal [[Achievement (heraldry)|achievement]] as king
}}

== Genealogy ==
{{Ahnentafel
|align=center
|collapsed=yes
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
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|1=1. '''Henry IV of England'''
|2=2. [[John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]]
|3=3. [[Blanche of Lancaster]]
|4=4. [[Edward III of England]]<ref name=goodman28-29>{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Anthony |title=John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe |year=2013 |orig-date=1992 |isbn=978-0-582-50218-5 |publisher= Routledge |pages=28–29}}</ref>
|5=5. [[Philippa of Hainaut]]<ref name=goodman28-29/>
|6=6. [[Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster]]<ref name=odnb>{{Cite ODNB |last=Brown |first=A. L. |last2=Summerson |first2=Henry |date=May 2006|id=12951 | title = Henry IV (1366–1413)}}</ref>
|7=7. [[Isabel of Beaumont]]<ref name=odnb/>
|8=8. [[Edward II of England]]<ref name=haines355>{{Cite book |last=Haines |first=Roy Martin |title=King Edward II: His life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330 |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3157-4 |location=Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada |author-link=Roy Martin Haines |page=355}}</ref>
|9=9. [[Isabella of France]]<ref name=haines355/>
|10=10. [[William I, Count of Hainaut]]<ref name=leese140>{{cite book |last=Leese |first=Thelma Anna |title=Blood Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066-1399: the Normans and Plantagenets |date=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |page=140}}</ref>
|11=11. [[Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut|Joan of Valois]]<ref name=leese140/>
|12=12. [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster]]<ref name=henryoflancaster>{{Cite ODNB |title=Henry of Lancaster [Henry of Grosmont], first duke of Lancaster (c. 1310–1361), soldier and diplomat |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12960 |access-date=11 February 2021 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12960}}</ref>
|13=13. [[Maud Chaworth]]<ref name=henryoflancaster/>
|14=14. [[Henry de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Buchan]]<ref name=burkes>{{Cite book |last=Burke's |title=Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |date=1973 |publisher=Burke's Peerage |isbn=978-0-220-66222-6 |series=Burke's Genealogical Series |location=London}}</ref>
|15=15. [[Alice Comyn, 4th Countess of Buchan]]<ref name=burkes/>
}}
{{Wars of the Roses family tree}}

== Marriages and issue ==
=== First marriage: Mary de Bohun ===
Henry married [[Mary de Bohun]] (died 1394) at an unknown date,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=27}} but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's father [[John of Gaunt]] in June 1380, is preserved at the [[National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]]. The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of [[Rochford Hall]], Essex.{{sfn|Brown|Summerson|2010}} The near-contemporary chronicler [[Jean Froissart]] reports a rumour that Mary's sister [[Eleanor de Bohun]] kidnapped Mary from [[Pleshey Castle]] and held her at [[Arundel Castle]], where she was kept as a novice nun; Eleanor's intention was to control Mary's half of the Bohun inheritance (or to allow her husband, [[Thomas, Duke of Gloucester]], to control it).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johnes |first1=Thomas |title=Chronicles of England, France and Spain |last2=Froissart |first2=Jean |publisher=Longman |year=1806 |volume=5 |location=London |page=242 |oclc=465942209 |author-link=Thomas Johnes |author-link2=Jean Froissart}}; {{Cite book |last=Strickland |first=Agnes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwY-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA144 |title=Lives of the queens of England from the Norman conquest with anecdotes of their courts |publisher=Henry Colborn |year=1840 |volume=3 |location=London |page=144 |oclc=459108616 |author-link=Agnes Strickland}}</ref> There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children:{{Efn|The idea that Henry and Mary had a child Edward who was born and died in April 1382 is based on a misreading of an account which was published in an erroneous form by J. H. Wylie in the 19th century. It missed a line which made clear that the boy in question was the son of Thomas of Woodstock. The attribution of the name Edward to this boy is conjecture based on the fact that Henry was the grandson of Edward III and idolised his uncle Edward of Woodstock yet did not call any of his sons Edward. However, there is no evidence that there was any child at this time (when Mary de Bohun was 12), let alone that he was called Edward. See appendix 2 in Ian Mortimer's book ''The Fears of Henry IV''.}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Arms !! Blazon
|-
|[[Henry V of England]] (1386–1422), 1st son{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}}
||[[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|50px]]
||Arms of King Henry IV: ''France modern quartering Plantagenet''
|-
|[[Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence|Thomas, Duke of Clarence]] (1387–1421), 2nd son,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}} who married [[Margaret Holland]], widow of [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]], and daughter of [[Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent]], without progeny.  
||[[File:Arms of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence.svg|50px]]
||Arms of King Henry IV with ''a label of three points argent each charged with three ermine spots and a canton gules'' for [[Difference (heraldry)|difference]] 
|-
|[[John, Duke of Bedford]] (1389–1435), 3rd son,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}} who married twice: firstly to [[Anne of Burgundy]] (d. 1432), daughter of [[John the Fearless]], without progeny. Secondly to [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]], without progeny.
||[[File:Arms of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford.svg|50px]]
||Arms of King Henry IV with ''a label of five points per pale ermine and France'' for difference 
|-
|[[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]] (1390–1447), 4th son,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=10}} who married twice but left no surviving legitimate progeny: firstly to [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut|Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland]] (d.1436), daughter of [[William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing|William VI, Count of Hainaut]]. Through this marriage Gloucester assumed the title "[[Count of Holland]], Zeeland and [[Count of Hainaut|Hainault]]". Secondly to [[Eleanor Cobham]], his mistress.
||[[File:Arms of Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester.svg|50px]]
||Arms of King Henry IV with ''bordure argent'' for difference
|-
|[[Blanche of England]] (1392–1409) married in 1402 [[Louis III, Elector Palatine]]{{sfn|Panton|2011|p=74}}
||
||
|-
|[[Philippa of England]] (1394–1430) married in 1406 [[Eric of Pomerania]], king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=87}}
||
||
|-
|}

Henry had four sons from his first marriage, which was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children and Richard's heir-presumptive [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer]] was only seven years old. The only two of Henry's six children who produced legitimate children to survive to adulthood were Henry V and Blanche, whose son, Rupert, was the heir to the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] until his death at 20. All three of his other sons produced illegitimate children. Henry IV's male Lancaster line ended in 1471 during the [[War of the Roses]], between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, with the deaths of his grandson Henry VI and Henry VI's son [[Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales|Edward, Prince of Wales]]. Mary de Bohun died giving birth to her daughter Philippa in 1394.

=== Second marriage: Joan of Navarre ===
On 7 February 1403, nine years after the death of his first wife, Henry married Joan, the daughter of [[Charles II of Navarre]], at [[Winchester]]. She was the widow of [[John IV, Duke of Brittany]] (known in traditional English sources as John V),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/creationbrittany00jone |title=The Creation of Brittany |publisher=Hambledon Press |year=1988 |isbn=090762880X |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/creationbrittany00jone/page/n137 123] |author-link=Michael Jones (historian) |url-access=limited |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> with whom she had 9 children; however, her marriage to King Henry produced no surviving children. In 1403, Joan of Navarre gave birth to stillborn twins fathered by King Henry IV,{{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=421}} which was the last pregnancy of her life. Joan was 35 years old at the time.

=== Mistresses ===
By an unknown mistress, Henry IV had one illegitimate child:
* Edmund Leborde (1401 – shortly before 19 December 1419){{sfn|Given-Wilson|2016|p=421}}

== See also ==
* [[Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England]]
* [[Naish Priory]] in Somerset contains corbelled heads of Henry IV and Joanna celebrating their marriage, at the manor of Mary de Bohun's late and powerful great-aunt, [[Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon|Margaret de Bohun]]
* [[List of earls in the reign of Henry IV of England]]
* [[Mouldwarp]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite book |last=Armitage-Smith |first=Sydney |title=John of Gaunt |date=1905 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |ol=32573643M}}
*{{cite book |last=Barr |first=Helen |title=Signes and Sothe: Language in the Piers Plowman Tradition |publisher=D.S. Brewer |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85991-419-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPNVlYhWBqEC&pg=PA146}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bevan |first=Bryan |title=Henry IV |date=1994 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-3121-1696-9 |location=New York |ol=1237370M}}
*{{Cite ODNB |last1=Brown |year=2010 |last2=Summerson |first1=Alfred Lawson |first2=H. |title=Henry IV [''known as'' Henry Bolingbroke] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12951 |author-link=Alfred Lawson Brown}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael |title=James I |publisher=Birlinn Ltd |year=2015 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Burden |first=Joel |title=Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399–1406 |year=2003 |publisher=York: York Medieval Press |editor-last=Dodd |editor-first=Gwilym |pages=35–54 |chapter=How Do You Bury a Deposed King? |editor-last2=Biggs |editor-first2=Douglas}}
*{{Cite book |title=[[The Complete Peerage]] |publisher=St Catherine Press |year=1926 |editor-last=Cokayne |editor-first=George Edward |editor-link=George Edward Cokayne |edition=2nd |volume=VI |location=London |editor-last2=Gibbs |editor-first2=Vicary |editor-link2=Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP) |editor-last3=Doubleday |editor-first3=H. A. |editor-last4=Warrand |editor-first4=Duncan |editor-last5=Lord Howard de Walden |editor-link5=Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden}}
*{{cite journal |title=Henry IV of England: An Example of Royal Control of the Church in the Fifteenth Century |first=John W. |last=Dahmus |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=23 |number=1 (Winter) |year= 1981 |pages=35{{endash}}46 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/jcs/23.1.35 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Given-Wilson |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Given-Wilson |title=Henry IV |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3001-5419-1 |series=[[English Monarchs series]]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Janvrin |first1=Isabelle |title=The French in London: From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle |last2=Rawlinson |first2=Catherine |date=2016 |publisher=Wilmington Square Books |isbn=978-1-9085-2465-2 |page=16 |translator-last=Emily Read}}
*{{cite book |last=Keen |first=M.H. |title=England in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Routledge |edition=2nd |year=2003  |isbn=0-415-27293-9 }}
*{{cite book |first=A. |last=Lyon |title=Constitutional History of the UK |publisher=Cavendish Publishing Limited |year= 2003 |isbn=978-1-84314-504-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiqrD_b_EGkC&pg=PA122 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=McNiven |first=Peter |date=1985 |title=The Problem of Henry IV's Health, 1405–1413 |journal=English Historical Review |volume=100}}
{{Cite journal |last=Mortimer |first=I. |author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian) |year= 2006 |title=Henry IV's date of birth and the royal Maundy |url=http://droppdf.com/files/I7wGe/mortimer-2007-historical-research.pdf |journal=[[Historical Research]] |volume=80 |issue=210 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00403.x |issn=0950-3471}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_8WAQAAIAAJ |title=The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-made King |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-2240-7300-4 |location=London |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118073012/https://books.google.com/books?id=d_8WAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=18 January 2023 |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |last=Nickson |first=Charles |title=History of Runcorn |year=1887 |place=London and Warrington |publisher=Mackie & Co. |oclc=5389146}}
*{{Cite book |last=Panton |first=Kenneth J. |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011}}
*{{Cite book |last=Steel |first=Anthony Bedford |title=Richard II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1962 }}
*{{Cite odnb |first=Anthony |last=Tuck |title=Richard II (1367–1400) |year=2004}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Christopher |title=Medieval Architecture and its Intellectual Context |date=1990 |publisher=Hambledon Press |isbn=1-8528-5034-5 |editor-last=Fernie |editor-first=Eric |location=London |chapter=The Tomb of Henry IV and the Holy Oil of St Thomas of Canterbury |ol=1875648M |editor-last2=Crossley |editor-first2=Paul}}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=G. W. |title=The Genealogist |publisher=William Pollard & Co. |year=1896 |editor-last=H. W. Forsyth Harwood |series=New Series |volume=12 |location=Exeter |chapter=The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/genealogist1218selb/page/n251}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Henry IV of England}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/henry-iv Henry IV] at the official website of the British monarchy
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/henry_iv_king.shtml Henry IV] at BBC History
* {{NPG name|name=King Henry IV}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Lancaster]]|{{circa|April}}|1367|20 March|1413|[[House of Plantagenet]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[King of England]]<br/>[[Lord of Ireland]]|years=1399–1413}}
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{{s-end}}

{{English and British monarchs}}
{{Dukes of Lancaster}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry 04 Of England}}
[[Category:Henry IV of England| ]]
[[Category:1367 births]]
[[Category:1413 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:14th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:Deaths from skin disease]]
[[Category:Dukes of Lancaster|202]]
[[Category:Earls of Derby]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Lithuania]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English pretenders to the French throne]]
[[Category:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral]]
[[Category:House of Lancaster]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord High Stewards]]
[[Category:People from East Lindsey District]]
[[Category:People of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Barons of Halton]]
[[Category:Peers created by Richard II]]
[[Category:Barons Lancaster]]
[[Category:Christians of the Northern Crusades]]