View source for Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent

{{Short description|Chief Justiciar of England and Ireland (c. 1170~1243)}}
{{Redirect|Hubert de Burgh|the Irish cricketer|Hubert de Burgh (cricketer)}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| name                = Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = File:Hubert de Burgh-Paris.jpg
| smallimage          = 
| caption             = Hubert de Burgh seeking sanctuary in 1234, by [[Matthew Paris]], from his ''Historia Anglorum''
| order               = 
| office              = [[List of regents|Regent of England]]
| term_start          = 1219
| term_end            = 1227
| deputy              = 
| monarch             = [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]
| predecessor         = [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = [[Justiciar|Chief Justiciar of England]]
| term_start1         = 1215
| term_end1           = 1232
| deputy1             = 
| monarch1            = [[John, King of England|John]]<br/>[[Henry III of England|Henry III]]
| predecessor1        = [[Peter des Roches]]
| successor1          = [[Stephen de Segrave]]
| office2             = [[Chief governor of Ireland|Justiciar of Ireland]]
| term_start2         = 16 June 1232
| term_end2           = August 1232
| deputy2             = 
| predecessor2        = [[Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught]]
| successor2          = [[Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly]]
| office3             = [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
| term_start3         = 1215
| term_end3           = 1220
| deputy3             = 
| predecessor3        = [[William Brewer (justice)|William Brewer]]
| successor3          = [[Henry of Braybrooke]]
| office4             = [[Seneschal of Poitou]]
| term_start4         = 1212
| term_end4           = 1215
| deputy4             = 
| predecessor4        = [[Robert of Thornham]]
| successor4          = [[Geoffrey de Neville (died 1225)|Geoffrey de Neville]]
| birth_date          = {{c.}} 1170
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = before 5 May 1243
| death_place         = [[Banstead, Surrey|Banstead]], England
| spouse              = {{Plainlist|
* Beatrice [[William de Warenne (justice)|de Warrenne]]
* [[Isabella, Countess of Gloucester]]
* [[Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent|Princess Margaret of Scotland]] }}
| relations           = {{ubl| [[William de Burgh]] (brother) | [[Geoffrey de Burgh]] (brother) | Thomas de Burgh (brother) }}
| children            = {{ubl| John de Burgh | Hubert de Burgh | Margaret de Burgh }}
| residence           = 
| occupation          = 
}}

'''Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|d|ə|'|b|ɜːr}} {{respell|də|BUR}}, {{IPA|fr|dəbuʁ|lang}}; {{c.|1170}} – before 5 May 1243) was an English nobleman who served as [[Justiciar|Chief Justiciar of England]] (1215–1232) and [[Chief governor of Ireland|Justiciar of Ireland]] (1232) during the reigns of King [[John, King of England|John]] and his son and successor King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and, as [[Regent|Regent of England]] (1219–1227) during Henry's minority, was one of the most influential and powerful men in English politics in the thirteenth century.

==Origins==
Hubert de Burgh was born of unknown parents of [[Burgh-next-Aylsham]], [[Norfolk]].<ref name="West"/> A case has been made for Hubert's father being Walter de Burgh,{{sfn|Ellis|1952|pp=183–202}} and his mother was named Alice.<ref name="West"/> The family were minor landholders in Norfolk and [[Suffolk]], from whom Hubert inherited at least four manors.<ref name="West">{{harvnb|West|2004}}</ref> His elder brother was [[William de Burgh]] (d. 1206), founder of the [[House of Burgh|de Burgh]]/[[Burke]]/[[Bourke (surname)|Bourke]] dynasty in Ireland,<ref name="West"/><ref>''Almond's peerage of Ireland'' 1767 p. 6 Earls of Clanricarde</ref> and his younger brothers were [[Geoffrey de Burgh|Geoffrey]] ([[Archdeacon of Norwich]] and later [[Bishop of Ely]]), and Thomas ([[castellan]] of [[Norwich Castle|Norwich]]).<ref name="West"/> 

==Appointments by King John==
Hubert de Burgh had entered the service of Prince John by 1198, and rose in importance in John's administration: he served successively as [[Lord Chamberlain|chamberlain]] of John's household, Ambassador to Portugal, Sheriff first of [[Dorset]] and [[Somerset]] (1200–04) and then of [[Berkshire]] (1202–04) and [[Cornwall]] (1202), custodian of the castles of [[Dover Castle|Dover]], [[Launceston Castle|Launceston]] and [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]], and then of the [[Welsh Marches]]. For these services, he was granted a series of manors, baronies, and other castles, and became a powerful figure in John's administration.<ref name=West/>

[[File:Prince Arthur and Hubert de Burgh.jpg|thumb|''[[Arthur I, Duke of Brittany|Prince Arthur]] and Hubert'' by [[William Frederick Yeames]], 1882. [[Manchester Art Gallery]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/prince-arthur-and-hubert-206462 |title=Prince Arthur and Hubert: William Frederick Yeames (1835–1918): Manchester Art Gallery |publisher=ArtUK |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>|416x416px]]
In 1202, de Burgh was sent to France by King John, to assist in the defense of [[Poitou]] against King [[Philip II of France]]. He was appointed castellan of the great castle of [[Château de Chinon|Chinon]] in [[Touraine]]. During this time, he served as guard of the captured [[Arthur I, Duke of Brittany]]. After almost all of Poitou had fallen to the French king, de Burgh held the castle for an entire year, until he was captured during the ultimately successful storming of the castle in 1205.<ref name=West/> He was held captive until 1207, during which time his royal appointments and grants of land passed to other men. Following his return to England, de Burgh did, however, acquire other offices in John's administration. He also acquired lands scattered throughout [[East Anglia]], [[South West England|South-West England]], and elsewhere, making him once again an important baron in England.<ref name=West/>

In 1212, de Burgh returned to France at first as deputy [[seneschal of Poitou]] and then as [[seneschal]] (1212–1215). He served John in his efforts to recover dominions lost to Philip II of France, until the signing of a truce between John and Philip following John's [[John, King of England#Failure of the 1214 French campaign|failed military campaign in France in 1214]].<ref name=West/>

==Chief Justiciar of England==
Hubert de Burgh remained loyal to King John during the barons' rebellion in the last years of his reign. In the early stages of that rebellion, John sent de Burgh to London with the [[Bishop of Coventry]], in an unsuccessful attempt to command the people of London to resist the Barons' military advance. De Burgh and [[Philip d'Aubigny]] brought together the king's troops at [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], but then John made peace with the rebels. In ''[[Magna Carta]]'' (1215) de Burgh is listed as one of those who advised the king to sign, and his brother, [[Geoffrey de Burgh|Geoffrey]] ([[Bishop of Ely]]), was a witness. Hubert de Burgh is also listed as the person who would act on the king's behalf if the king were out of the country. Soon after the issuing of ''Magna Carta'', de Burgh was officially declared [[Justiciar|Chief Justiciar of England and Ireland]].<ref name="Powicke">{{harvnb|Powicke|Fryde|1961|p=70}}</ref>

During the [[First Barons' War]] (1215–17), Hubert de Burgh served John as sheriff of [[Kent]] (1216–25) and [[Surrey]] (1215–16), as well as castellan of [[Canterbury Castle|Canterbury]] and Dover. He successfully defended Dover Castle during a siege that lasted until John died (in October 1216), and the young King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] was crowned. He denied [[Louis VIII of France]] possession of the castle later in 1216.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paris|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPoKAAAAYAAJ&q=chronica+majora+volume+3|title=Chronica Majora|date=1876|publisher=Longman & Company|pages=xvi|language=la}}</ref> On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]] in Kent, in order to provide Prince (later King) Louis of France, then ravaging England, with soldiers, [[siege engine]]s and fresh supplies.<ref>{{harvnb|Carpenter|1990|pp=43–44}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Ridgeway|2004}}</ref> Claiming command of the English fleet raised in response, Hubert intercepted the French fleet at the [[Battle of Sandwich (1217)|Battle of Sandwich]],<ref name=Carpenter1990P44>{{harvnb|Carpenter|1990|p=44}}</ref> where he scattered the French and captured their flagship ''The Great Ship of Bayonne'' under [[Eustace the Monk]], who was promptly executed.<ref name=Carpenter1990P44/> (This command has sometimes led to Hubert being included anachronistically on lists of the [[Lord High Admiral of United Kingdom|lord high admirals]].){{sfnp|Schomberg|1802|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ul9GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185 185]}} When the news reached Louis, he entered into fresh peace negotiations.<ref name=Carpenter1990P44/>

==Regent to Henry III==
[[File:Rochester Castle Keep and Bailey 0038stcpcropped.png|thumbnail|left|The [[keep]] and [[Bailey (castle)|bailey]] of Rochester Castle|190x190px]]
When Henry III came of age in 1227 Hubert de Burgh was appointed [[Governor of Rochester Castle]], lord of [[Montgomery Castle]] in the Welsh Marches, and created [[Earl of Kent]]. He remained one of the most influential people at court. On 27 April 1228, he was named [[Justiciar]] for life.<ref name="Powicke"/> He was appointed [[Chief governor of Ireland|Justiciar of Ireland]] on 16 June 1232 but never visited Ireland and he retired from this post in August 1232.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A New History of Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-959306-4 |editor-last=Moody |editor-first=T. W. |volume=IX: Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II |location=Oxford |pages=471, 481 |language=en |editor-last2=Martin |editor-first2=F. X. |editor-last3=Byrne |editor-first3=F. J.}}</ref>

However, in 1232, his enemies' plots finally succeeded and he was removed from office and was soon imprisoned at [[Devizes Castle]]. When [[Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke]] rebelled against the king in 1233, the men holding Hubert de Burgh captive released him and he subsequently joined the rebellion.<ref name="West"/> In 1234, [[Edmund Rich]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], effected a reconciliation. Hubert officially resigned the Justiciarship (about 28 May 1234) and no longer exercised the power of the office after September 1232.<ref name="Powicke"/> This judgment was reversed by [[William de Raley]] (alias Raleigh) in 1234, which, for a time, restored the earldom.<ref>{{harvnb|Plucknett|1956|p=170}}</ref>

==Trouble with the king==
The marriage of Hubert de Burgh's daughter, Margaret (or Megotta as she was also known), to the young [[Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester|Richard of Clare, Earl of Gloucester]], brought de Burgh into some trouble in 1236, for the earl was still a minor and in the king's wardship, and the marriage had been celebrated without the royal licence. Hubert, however, protested that the match was not of his making, and promised to pay the king some money, so the matter passed by for the time. Eventually the marriage came to an end, by way of her death.<ref name="Leslie p. 321">{{harvnb|Stephen|1886|p=321}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Archer|p=393}}</ref><ref>''Tewkesbury Annals p. 106''; ''Pat. Rolls, 17 b''</ref>

==Lands acquired==
[[File:Hadleigh Castle.jpg|thumb|275x275px|The remains of de Burgh's [[Hadleigh Castle]] near [[Southend]] in Essex]]
In 1206, he purchased the [[Manorialism|manor]] of [[Tunstall, Kent|Tunstall]] in Kent (from Robert de Arsic)<ref name=hasted>{{harvnb|Hasted|1798|pages=80–98}}</ref> which was later inherited by his eldest son, John de Burgh.<ref>Name [[List of Latinised names|Latinised]] to ''de Burgo''</ref>

Hubert was appointed Constable of [[Dover Castle]] and was also given charge of [[Falaise, Calvados|Falaise]], in [[Normandy]].<ref name="West"/> At Falaise he was the gaoler of [[Arthur I, Duke of Brittany]], the nephew of King John and boy claimant to the English throne. Arthur may or may not have been murdered after leaving de Burgh's custody; his fate is unknown.

At some time before 1215, Hubert de Burgh is cited as having been appointed [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] (1215–20), which position later (after the [[First Barons' War|Barons' War]]) included the [[ex officio]] constableship of Dover Castle. In the case of de Burgh, however, a rather long period seems to have elapsed between the two appointments.<ref>''White and Black books of the [[Cinque Ports]]'', Vol XIX, 1966</ref>

Sometime after 1215, De Burgh started building a castle in [[Hadleigh, Essex|Hadleigh]] having been awarded the lands by King John.<ref name="AlexWestP19">{{harv|Alexander|Westlake|2009|p=9}}</ref> A [[licence to crenellate]] was retrospectively given in 1230, at which point that original castle had been completed.<ref name="AlexWestP19"/> After falling out with King Henry III, De Burgh was stripped of [[Hadleigh Castle]].<ref name="AlexWestP19"/> The castle was claimed by the monarchy and stayed in royal hands until being sold (with much of the stonework dismantled and sold) in 1551.<ref name=AlexWestP19/> The castle later suffered from several landslips, and the ruins are currently owned by [[English Heritage]].<ref name=AlexWestP19/>

==Marriages==
Hubert was initially betrothed to Joan de Redvers (daughter of [[William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon]]), but the marriage never took place and she later married William Brewer II (d. 1232), eldest surviving son and heir of [[William Brewer (justice)|William Brewer]] (d. 1226), who was a prominent administrator and judge during the reigns of [[Richard I]], John and Henry III.

Hubert de Burgh married three times:
* Firstly, Beatrice (daughter of [[William de Warenne (justice)|William de Warrenne]]) with whom he had two sons: Sir John (whose descendant, Margaret, married [[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster]]) and Sir Hubert (ancestor of [[Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough]]).
* Secondly (September 1217),<ref>{{harvnb|Patterson|2004}}</ref> [[Isabella, Countess of Gloucester]] (daughter and heiress of [[William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester]]).
* Thirdly, Princess [[Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent|Margaret]] (sister of King [[Alexander II of Scotland]])<ref>{{harvnb|Stephen|1886|p=317}}</ref> with whom he had a daughter, Margaret, who married [[Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester]].

== Death ==
Hubert de Burgh died in [[Banstead]], Surrey, in 1243,<ref name=hasted/> and was buried in the Church of the Friars Preachers (commonly called [[Blackfriars, London|Black Friars]]) in Holborn, London.<ref name="Leslie p. 321"/>

His sons did not inherit his earldom, as the inheritance of the earldom was restricted to descendants of Hubert and his third wife, possibly because Henry III granted the title on account of Hubert marrying a Scottish princess.<ref>F. J. West, 'Burgh, Hubert de, earl of Kent (c. 1170–1243)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, revised online 2008</ref><ref>Susanna Annesley, "The Countess and the Constable: An exploration of the conflict that arose between Margaret de Burgh and Bertram de Criel", Henry III Fine Rolls Project, 2015: The National Archives and King's College London, http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/month/fm-07-2008.html, retrieved 21 December 2015, citing (Calendar of Charter Rolls 1226-57, p. 13).</ref><ref>S. H. F. Johnston. "The Lands of Hubert De Burgh" in ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 50 (No. 199), Oxford University Press, 1935,  p. 430</ref>

==Fictional portrayals==
Hubert is a character in [[Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[King John (play)|King John]]''. On screen, he has been portrayed by [[Franklyn McLeay]] in the silent short ''King John'' (1899), which recreates John's death scene; by [[Jonathan Adams (British actor)|Jonathan Adams]] in the [[BBC]] TV drama series ''[[The Devil's Crown]]'' (1978); and by [[John Thaw]] in the [[BBC Shakespeare]] version of ''The Life and Death of King John'' (1984). The story of his daughter's marriage is told in [[Edith Pargeter]]'s novel ''The Marriage of Meggotta'' (1979).<ref name="Lewis1994">{{harvnb|Lewis|1994}}</ref> de Burgh appears as a recurrent character in The Ela of Salisbury Medieval Mystery Series by J.G. Lewis, suspected by Ela, another historical figure,  of poisoning her late husband.

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|title			= Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent
|image			= File:House of Burke.png
|notes 			= Clarence Ellis noted that there were three versions of Hubert de Burgh's arms: <br>(1) Lozengy Gules and Vair; <br>(2) Masculy Vair and Gules (as given in the Grimaldy Roll of {{Circa|1350}}); and <br>(3) Gules seven Mascles 3:3 and 1 Vair.{{sfn|Ellis|1952|p=229}}
|escutcheon		= ''Lozengy Gules and Vair.''
 }}

==See also==
*[[House of Burgh]] – an [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] and [[Hiberno-Norman]] dynasty founded in 1193

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite Q|Q75044663|ref={{harvid|Alexander|Westlake|2009}}}}
* {{citation |first=Thomas Andrew |last=Archer |work=Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900 |volume=10 |title=Clare, Richard de (1222–1262)}}
* {{cite Q|Q56560233|ref={{harvid|Carpenter|1990}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Clarence|title=Hubert de Burgh A Study in Constancy|publisher=Phoenix House Ltd|year=1952|location=London|pages=183–202}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hasted |first=Edward |year=1798 |title=Parishes |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62948 |journal=The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |volume=6 |pages=80–98}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Stephen |editor-first=Leslie |year=1886 |title=Burgh, Hubert de |work=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=7 |location=London |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |pages=315–322 |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati07stepuoft#page/314/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|first=Margaret |last=Lewis|title=Edith Pargeter--Ellis Peters|url=https://archive.org/details/edithpargeterell00lewi|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-128-9}}
* {{cite ODNB |title=Isabella, suo jure countess of Gloucester (c.1160–1217) |last=Patterson |first=Robert B. |year=2004 |id=46705}}
* {{citation |last=Plucknett |first=T. |title=A Concise History of the Common Law |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |year=1956}}
* {{cite book |authorlink=Maurice Powicke |last1=Powicke |first1=F. Maurice |first2=E. B. |last2=Fryde |title=Handbook of British Chronology |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Royal Historical Society |year=1961}}
* {{cite ODNB| title=Henry III (1207–1272) | first= H. W.|last=Ridgeway|year=2004|id= 12950}}
* {{citation |last=Schomberg |first=Isaac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul9GAAAAYAAJ |title=Naval Chronology, or, An Historical Summary of Naval & Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans to the Treaty of Peace 1802... |volume=V |location=London |publisher=T. Egerton |date=1802 }}.
* {{cite ODNB| title=Hubert de Burgh|first= F. J.|last=West|year=2004|id=3991}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite Q|Q104831721}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Burgh, Hubert de |volume= 4 |last= Davis |first= Henry William Carless |author-link= Henry William Carless Davis | page = 815 |short= 1 }}
* Harwood, Brian, "Fixer & Fighter The Life of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, 1170–1243". ''Pen & Sword'' (2016)
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Burgh, Hubert de|first=William|last= Hunt|volume=7}}
* {{cite Q|Q104831850}}
* {{Cite Q|Q104832429}}
* West, F. J. ''The Justiciarship in England 1066–1232'' (Cambridge, 1966)
{{refend}}

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{{Portal bar |England |Ireland |France |Biography |Law }}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kent, Hubert De Burgh, Earl Of}}
[[Category:1170s births]]
[[Category:1243 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:13th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:13th-century regents]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:Earls of Kent]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Berkshire]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Dorset]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Somerset]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Herefordshire]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Kent]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Surrey]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Norfolk]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Suffolk]]
[[Category:Regents of England]]
[[Category:Justiciars of England]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:House of Burgh|Hubert]]
[[Category:People of the Barons' Wars]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Black Friars, London]]
[[Category:Earls of Gloucester|Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent]]
[[Category:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]