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{{Short description|Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian (1491–1556)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix    = [[Canonization|Saint]]
| name                = Ignatius of Loyola
| honorific_suffix    = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]
| image               = Ignatius Loyola.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Ignatius of Loyola ({{circa}} 16th-century portrait)
| titles              = Priest, founder
| birth_name          = Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1491|10|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Azpeitia]], [[Gipuzkoa]], {{avoid wrap|[[Crown of Castile]]}}
| home_town           = 
| residence           = 
| death_date          =  {{death date and age|1556|7|31|1491|10|23|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| venerated_in        = {{ublist|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Anglican Communion]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |year=2019 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-235-4 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| beatified_date      = 27 July 1609
| beatified_place     = Rome, Papal States,
| beatified_by        = [[Pope Paul V]]
| canonized_date      = 12 March 1622
| canonized_place     = Rome, Papal States,
| canonized_by        = [[Pope Gregory XV]]
| feast_day           = 31 July
| attributes          = {{cslist|[[Vestments|Sacerdotal vestments]]|[[cassock]]|[[ferraiolo]]|[[biretta]]|holding a book with ''[[Ad maiorem Dei gloriam]]'' inscription|trampling on a [[heretic]]|[[IHS Christogram]]|[[crucifix]]|[[rosary]]}}
| patronage           = [[Society of Jesus]]; soldiers; spiritual retreats; [[Biscay]]; Gipuzkoa;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tbcschools.ca/st-ignatius/about/patron-saint#:~:text=He%20is%20the%20patron%20saint,foremost%20patron%20saint%20of%20soldiers. | title=Patron Saint }}</ref> [[Ateneo De Manila University]]; the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archdiocese of Baltimore]], Maryland; the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp|Diocese of Antwerp]], Belgium; [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil; [[Junín, Buenos Aires]], Argentina; Rome, Italy; accidents and injuries.
| major_shrine        =[[Church of the Gesù]] [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| issues              = 
| suppressed_date     = 
| suppressed_by       = 
| influences          = {{flatlist|
* [[Francis of Assisi]]
* [[Ludolph of Saxony]]
* [[Thomas à Kempis]]
}} 
| influenced          = 
| tradition           = 
| major_works         = ''[[Spiritual Exercises]]''
| module              = {{Infobox person|child=yes
| signature           = Signatur Ignatius von Loyola.PNG}}
}}

'''Ignatius of Loyola''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|g|ˈ|n|eɪ|ʃ|ə|s}} {{respell|ig|NAY|shəs}}; {{langx|eu|Ignazio Loiolakoa}}; {{langx|es|Ignacio de Loyola}}; {{langx|la|Ignatius de Loyola}}; born '''Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola'''; {{circa|lk=no|23 October 1491}}<ref name="RGV">{{cite book|title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía | last=García Villoslada | first=Ricardo | year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica | isbn=84-220-1267-7| language=es | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRvpVZQrEAC|quote=We deduce that, (...), Iñigo de Loyola should have been born before 23 October 1491.}}</ref> – 31 July 1556), venerated as '''Saint Ignatius of Loyola''', was a [[Basques|Basque]] [[Spaniard]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]] and [[theologian]], who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits), and became its first [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Superior General]], in Paris in 1541.<ref name="Idig">{{cite book|last=Idígoras Tellechea|first=José Ignacio| title=Ignatius of Loyola: The Pilgrim Saint|chapter= When was he born? His nurse's account|publisher=Loyola University Press|location=Chicago|year=1994|isbn=0-8294-0779-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/ignatiusofloyola00jign/page/45 45]|url=https://archive.org/details/ignatiusofloyola00jign|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be [[Missionary|missionary work]] and [[Education|teaching]]. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ignatius of Loyola |translator-first=George E. |translator-last=Ganss |title=The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Institute of Jesuit Sources |year=1970 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ&q=529+%22The+entire+meaning+of+this+fourth+vow+of+obedience+to+the+pope3+was+and+is+in+regard+to+the+missions%22%22this+obedience+is+treated:+in+everything+which+the+sovereign+pontiff+commands%22 249 {{bracket|No. 529}}] |isbn=9780912422206 |quote=The entire meaning of this fourth vow of obedience to the pope was and is in regard to the missions ... this obedience is treated: in everything which the sovereign pontiff commands.}}</ref> Jesuits were instrumental in leading the [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy |first=Donald |last=Nugent |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-674-23725-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ecumenisminageof00dona/page/189 189] |url=https://archive.org/details/ecumenisminageof00dona/page/189 }}</ref>

As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the ''[[Spiritual Exercises]]'' (1548). In time, the method has become known as [[Ignatian spirituality]]. He was [[beatified]] in 1609 and was [[canonized]] as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the [[patron saint]] of the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] provinces of [[Gipuzkoa]] and [[Biscay]] as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1922.

==Early life==
Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola<!-- per lede and infobox; more accurate considering Spanish naming styles and parents' names --> in the castle at Loyola, in the municipality of [[Azpeitia]], Gipuzkoa, in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque region of Spain]].<!-- No "Basque Country" in the 15th century --><ref name="cathenc">{{Cite CE1913| wstitle=St._Ignatius_Loyola|title=St. Ignatius Loyola |author=John Hungerford Pollen |author-link=John Hungerford Pollen (Jesuit) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07639c.htm| access-date=28 June 2008}}</ref> His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purcell|first=Mary|title=The First Jesuit|publisher=Image Books edition|year=1965|isbn=|location=US|pages=22}}</ref> from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the [[War of the Bands|Basque war of the bands]]. Their [[manor house]] was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia by [[Henry IV of Castile|Henry IV]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orella|first=Jose Luis|date=2013|title=Territorio y Sociedad en la Gipuzkoa Medieval: Los Parientes Mayores|language=es|trans-title=Territory and Society in Medieval Gipuzkoa: The Elders|url=http://www.ingeba.org/lurralde/lurranet/lur36/36orella.pdf|journal=Lurralde: Investigación y espacio|volume=36|pages=100–101|issn=0211-5891}}</ref> Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], but died fighting in the [[Italian Wars]] (1494–1559).<ref name=Brodrick>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I1IPAAAAMAAJ&q=Ignatius+of+Loyola Brodrick SJ, James. ''Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Pilgrim Years'', New York. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1956, p. 28]</ref>
[[File:Santuario De Loyola, Basque Country, Spain.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Sanctuary of Loyola]], in [[Azpeitia]], built atop the birthplace of the saint.]]
He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of [[Íñigo of Oña]], Abbot of [[Oña]]; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one".<ref name="cathenc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euskaltzaindia.org/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=191&lang=es&testua=eneko&view=izenak|title=Nombres: Eneko|publisher=Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language)|access-date=23 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110164023/http://www.euskaltzaindia.org/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=191&lang=es&testua=eneko&view=izenak|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead}} Article in Spanish</ref> It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo".<ref name="Verd1">{{cite journal|last=Verd|first=Gabriel María|title=El "Íñigo" de San Ignacio de Loyola|journal=Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu|volume=45|pages=95–128|publisher=Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu|location=Roma|year=1976|issn=0037-8887|language=es}}</ref> Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood.<ref name="Verd2">{{cite journal|last=Verd |first=Gabriel María|title=De Iñigo a Ignacio. El cambio de nombre en San Ignacio de Loyola|journal=Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu|volume=60 |pages=113–160|publisher=Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu |location=Roma|year=1991|issn=0037-8887|language=es|quote=That St. Ignatius of Loyola's name was changed is a known fact, but it cannot be said that it is widely known in the historiography of the saint – neither the characteristics of the names Iñigo and Ignacio nor the reasons for the change. It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic (dictionaries) and popular thought. In Spain Ignacio and Iñigo are at times used interchangeably just as if they were Jacobo and Jaime. Regarding the name Iñigo, it is fitting to give some essential notions to eliminate ambiguities and help understand what follows. This name first appears on the Ascoli brome (dated November 18, 90 BC), in a list of Spanish knights belonging to a Turma salluitana or Saragossan. It speaks of Elandus Enneces f[ilius], and according to Menéndez Pidal, the final «s» is the «z» of Spanish patronymics and could be nothing other than Elando Iñiguez. It is an ancestral Hispanic name. Ignacio, on the other hand, is a Latin name. In classical Latin, there is Egnatius with an initial E. It appears only twice with an initial I (Ignatius) in the sixty volumes of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. This late Latin and Greek form prevailed. In the classical period, Egnatius was used as a nomen (gentilitial name) and not as a praenomen (first name) or cognomen (surname), except in very rare cases. (...) The most important conclusion, perhaps unexpected, but not unknown, is that St. Ignatius did not change his name. That is to say, he did not intend to change it. What he did was to adopt for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among foreigners.... If he had remained in Spain, he would have, without doubt, remained Iñigo.}}</ref> Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born.<ref name="encyc brit">{{Cite web|title=Saint Ignatius of Loyola: Biography, Patron Saint Of, Feast Day, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/St-Ignatius-of-Loyola|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.<ref>''Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint''; {{ill|William W. Meissner|lt=W.W. Meissner S.J. M.D.|de|William Walter Meissner}}, Yale University Press, 1992. p. 9.</ref> In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo [[tonsure]]d.<ref name=Brodrick/>

=== Military career ===
[[File:Ignatius of Loyola (militant).jpg|thumb|Ignatius in his armour, in a 16th-century painting]]
[[File:Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta LACMA M.89.59.jpg|thumbnail|''Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta'' by [[Domenichino]]<ref name="domenichino painting">{{Cite web |url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/224587 |title=Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta |date=30 November 2016 |website=lacma.org |publisher=Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)}}</ref>]]

Instead, Íñigo became a [[Page (occupation)|page]] in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (''contador mayor'') of the kingdom of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. During his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling.<ref name=Brodrick/> Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after [[chivalric romance|stories of knights and chivalry]], such as ''[[Amadís de Gaula]]''.<ref name=JOauto>{{cite book| author=Ignatius of Loyola | title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius | editor-last=O'Conor | editor-first=John Francis Xavier | date=1900 | publisher=Benziger Brothers | location=New York | language=English | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24534}}</ref>

He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".<ref name="sword">{{cite book |author=Cohen |first=Richard |title=By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions |publisher=Modern Library Paperbacks |year=2003 |page=58 |oclc=604851469}}</ref> According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time."<ref name="Traub">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/heritage-tradition/who-was-St-Ignatius-Loyola.cfm |title=Biography of St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556): The Founder of the Jesuits |author1=George Traub |author2=Debra Mooney |publisher=Xavier University |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828012052/http://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/heritage-tradition/who-was-St-Ignatius-Loyola.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for [[Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera]]. His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke.<ref>In Spanish the title was "Gentilhombre", but this should not be understood as synonymous with the English term ''gentleman'', which denotes a man of good family. See Thomas Rochford, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015224602/http://sjweb.info/jesuits/ignatius.cfm title=St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus "St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus"], accessed 15 November 2007.]</ref>
Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However at the [[Battle of Pamplona]] on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre#1521 French-Navarrese expedition|a French-Navarrese expedition force]] stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a [[round shot|cannonball]] ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg.<ref name="j1">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifeofstignatius01mari/lifeofstignatius01mari_djvu.txt|title=The Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits|access-date=1 June 2019|last=Mariani|first=Antonio|publisher=Thomas Richardson}}</ref>
Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before [[anesthetic]]s, he underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over.<ref name=Traub/>

===Religious conversion and visions===
[[File:Manresa, Cova de Sant Ignasi-PM 58510.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manresa]], Chapel in the [[Cave of Saint Ignatius]] where Ignatius practiced [[asceticism]] and conceived his ''Spiritual Exercises'']]
{{Christian mysticism}}
{{jesuit}}
While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints.<ref name="cathenc" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dyckman|first1=Katherine Marie|title=The Spiritual Exercises Reclaimed: Uncovering Liberating Possibilities for Women|last2=Garvin|first2=Mary|last3=Liebert|first3=Elizabeth|publisher=Paulist Press|year=2001|isbn=9780809140435|location=Mahwah, New Jersey|pages=30}}</ref>

The religious work which most particularly struck him was the ''[[Vita Christi|De Vita Christi]]'' of [[Ludolph of Saxony]].<ref>''De Vita Christi'' is a commentary on the Gospels, using extracts from the works of over sixty [[Church Fathers]], and particularly quoting from [[Pope Gregory I|St Gregory the Great]], [[St Basil]], [[St Augustine]] and the [[Venerable Bede]]. This work took Ludolph forty years to complete.</ref> This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of [[Francis of Assisi]] and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader place himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his ''[[Spiritual Exercises]]''.<ref>Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, "The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian", a Dissertation, Washington: Catholic University of America Press 1944 British Library Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16).</ref><ref>"The Vita Christi" by Charles Abbot Conway ''Analecta Cartusiana'' 34</ref><ref>"Ludolph's Life of Christ" by [[Henry James Coleridge|Father Henry James Coleridge]] in ''[[The Month]]'' Vol. 17 (New Series VI) July–December 1872, pp. 337–370</ref>

Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of the royal lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about [[Discernment in Christianity|discernment]].<ref name="Traub" />

After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]] to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked",<ref name="Traub" /> and to do stricter [[penance]]s.<ref name="Heydt"/> He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.<ref name="Heydt">{{cite web |url=http://www.xavier.edu/jesuitresource/jesuit-a-z/Mary,-the-Hidden-Catalyst-Reflections-from-an-Ignatian-Pilgrimage-to-Spain-and-Rome.cfm |title=Mary, the Hidden Catalyst: Reflections from an Ignatian Pilgrimage to Spain and Rome |author1=Margo J. Heydt |author2=Sarah J. Melcher |date=May 2008 |publisher=Xavier University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830104232/http://www.xavier.edu/jesuitresource/jesuit-a-z/Mary,-the-Hidden-Catalyst-Reflections-from-an-Ignatian-Pilgrimage-to-Spain-and-Rome.cfm |archive-date=30 August 2017 }}</ref> In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of [[Santa Maria de Montserrat]]. There, he carefully examined his past [[sins]], [[Confession (Catholic Church)|confessed]], gave his fine clothes to the poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at [[Virgin of Montserrat|the Virgin]]'s altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine.<ref name="cathenc" />

From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of [[Manresa]] ([[Catalonia]]), where he lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his time praying in a [[Cave of Saint Ignatius|cave nearby]] where he practised rigorous [[asceticism]], praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his ''Spiritual Exercises''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabau |first=Antoaneta |author-link=Antoaneta Sabău |url=https://sierra.ceu.edu/search?/aSabau,+Antoaneta/asabau+antoaneta/-3,-1,0,B/frameset&FF=asabau+antoaneta&1,1,?save=b1135853 |title=Translation and identity in the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola |date=2008 |publisher=Central European University |series=CEU Medieval Studies Department |location=Budapest |language=English}}</ref><ref name=cave>{{cite web|title=The Cave an artistic heritage|url=http://www.covamanresa.cat/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=65&lang=en|website=The Cave. Place of pilgrimage and worship|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate".<ref>[[Jean Lacouture]], ''Jesuits, A Multibiography'', Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995, p. 18.</ref>  He came to interpret this vision as diabolical in nature.<ref>{{cite book |last = Demski | first = Eric |title=Living by the Sword |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkH2AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |year=2014 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YkH2AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Although+beautiful+and+seemingly+heaven-sent,+Ignatius+determined+this+vision+diabolical+in+nature.+Ignatius+ignored+the+vision,+and+continued+to+pray969%22&pg=PA289 289] |isbn=978-1-490-73607-5}}</ref>

==Period of studies==
In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling there. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by the [[Franciscans]].<ref>Twelve years later, standing before the Pope with his companions, Ignatius again proposed sending his companions as emissaries to Jerusalem. [[Jean Lacouture]], ''Jesuits, A Multibiography'', Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995, p. 24.</ref>

He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá,<ref>That is, the present-day [[Complutense University of Madrid]], not the newer [[University of Alcalá]] established in 1977.</ref> where he studied [[theology]] and [[Latin]] from 1526 to 1527.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Longhurst |first=John E. |date=1 January 1957 |title=Saint Ignatius at Alcalá. 1526–1527 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/bee6f6ce71d91e5c8112f7c0e68a6478/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816727 |journal=Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu |volume=26 |pages=252–256}}</ref>

There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]]. These women were considered ''[[alumbrados]]''  – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released.<ref>''Jesuits, A Multibiography'' by [[Jean Lacouture]], pp. 27–29, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995.</ref>

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans)<ref name="Verd2"/> adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born.<ref name="encyc brit"/> moved to France to study at the [[University of Paris]]. He attended first the ascetic [[Collège de Montaigu]], moving on to the [[Collège Sainte-Barbe]] to study for a master's degree.<ref>O'Malley, John (1993). [https://archive.org/details/firstjesuits00omal/ ''The First Jesuits'']. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 28–29.</ref>

He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced [[John Calvin]] to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of them fellow students at the university.<ref>[http://michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/jesuits.html Michael Servetus Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060544/http://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/jesuits.html |date=11 October 2014 }} Website that includes graphical documents in the University of Paris of: Ignations of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicholas Bobadilla, Peter Faber and Simao Rodrigues, as well as Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus")</ref> They were the Spaniards [[Alfonso Salmeron]], [[Diego Laynez]], [[Francis Xavier]] and [[Nicholas Bobadilla]], with the Portuguese [[Simão Rodrigues]] and [[Peter Faber]], a [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Savoyard]], the latter two becoming his first companions,<ref name=Traub/> and his closest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2012 |title=The friendship of Peter Favre and the early Jesuits |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2012/08/02/friendship-peter-favre-and-early-jesuits |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=America Magazine |language=en|author-first1=James|author-last1=Martin}}</ref>

"On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of [[Saint-Pierre de Montmartre|church of Saint Peter]], at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work."<ref name="John Clarke Ridpath pp.238"/>

Ignatius gained a [[Magister degree|Magisterium]] from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.<ref name="John Clarke Ridpath pp.238">''History of The World'' by John Clarke Ridpath, Vol. V, pp. 238, New York: Merrill & Baker, 1899</ref>

==Foundation of the Jesuit order==
In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 by [[Pope Paul III]]. He was chosen as the first [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Superior General]] of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits.<ref name="encyc brit"/>

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. [[Juan de Vega]], then ambassador of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as [[Viceroy of Sicily]]. As a result, a Jesuit college was opened in [[Messina]], which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=History of the Jesuits Before the 1773 Suppression|title=History of the Jesuits Before the 1773 Suppression|author=J.H. Pollen}}</ref> In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, set the world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manney|first=James|title=Go Set the World on Fire|url=https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/go-set-the-world-on-fire/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012180134/https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/go-set-the-world-on-fire/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=3 October 2023|website=Ignatian Spirituality|date=2 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

With the assistance of his secretary, [[Juan Alfonso de Polanco]], Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of the order,<ref>{{cite book |author=Ignatius of Loyola |translator-first=George E. |translator-last=Ganss |title=The constitutions of the society of Jesus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Institute of Jesuit Sources |year=1970 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22carried+and+directed+by+Divine+Providence+through+the+agency+of+the+superior+as+if+he+were+a+lifeless+body+which+allows+itself+to+be+carried+to+any+place+and+to+be+treated+in+any+manner+desired%22 249] |isbn=9780912422206 |quote=Carried and directed by [[Divine providence|Divine Providence]] through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to be treated in any manner desired.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Painter|first=F. V. N.|year=1903|title=A History of Education|series=International Education Series|volume=2|location=New York|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|page=167}}</ref> and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto ''perinde ac cadaver'' – "as if a dead body",<ref>{{cite book|author=Jesuitas|title=Constitutiones Societatis Iesu: cum earum declarationibus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lL2SO1DjwYC|chapter=''SEXTA PARS – CAP. 1''|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lL2SO1DjwYC&q=%22+pe-+rinde+ac+fi+cadauer+eiíent%22&pg=PA196|year=1583|language=la}}</ref> meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a corpse.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ignatius of Loyola|others=Translated by George E. Ganss|title=The constitutions of the society of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Institute of Jesuit Sources|year=1970|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22carried+and+directed+by+Divine+Providence+through+the+agency+of+the+superior+as+if+he+were+a+lifeless+body+which+allows+itself+to+be+carried+to+any+place+and+to+be+treated+in+any+manner+desired%22 249]|isbn=9780912422206|quote=Carried and directed by [[Divine providence|Divine Providence]] through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to be treated in any manner desired.}}</ref> However the overarching Jesuit principle became: ''[[Ad maiorem Dei gloriam]]'' ("for the greater glory of God").{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

<gallery widths="170px" heights="200px">
File:Ignatius Loyola by Francisco Zurbaran.jpg|Ignatius as Superior General
File:Ignatius of Loyola, Church of Gesù, Rome, Jan 2013.jpg|Statue of Saint Ignatius in the [[Church of the Gesù]], Rome
</gallery>

==Death and canonization==
By 1553 Ignatius' health had begun to fail, and he decided to dictate a testament of his life to a Jesuit named Louis Gonzalez. The work was later published as an [[autobiography]] in 1555. It recounts Ignatius' life during the 1520s and 1530s, starting with his convalescence and religious conversion.<ref name=JOauto /><ref>{{cite web | last=Mark | first=Joshua J. | title=Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola | website=World History Encyclopedia | date=10 June 2022 | url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2008/autobiography-of-saint-ignatius-of-loyola/ | access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "[[Roman Fever (disease)|Roman Fever]]", a severe variant of [[malaria]] which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones, a probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3c0Tn7PnVnYC&q=ignatius+of+loyola+autopsy&pg=PA367|title=Medicine and the Italian Universities: 1250–1600|last=Siraisi|first=Nancy G.|author-link=Nancy Siraisi|date=2001|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9004119426|language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

The anatomist [[Realdo Colombo|Matteo Colombo]] was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results in his {{lang|la|De re anatomica libre XV}}:

{{blockquote|I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein. For I saw stones in the ureters, in the bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.|Matthew Colombo, {{lang|la|De re anatomica libre XV}}<ref name="Ficarra1942">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ficarra BJ |title=Eleven Famous Autopsies in History |journal=Ann Med Hist |date=June 1942 |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=504–520|pmid=33943739 |pmc=7942489 }}</ref>}}

From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate [[nephrolithiasis]] and [[cholelithiasis]]. The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in the colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt.<ref name="Ficarra1942"/>

His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the [[Church of the Gesù]]. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin.<ref name="Martin2013">{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Malachi|title=Jesuits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2tgdlDFtYwC&pg=PA169|access-date=11 March 2018|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781476751887|pages=169–170}}</ref>

Ignatius was beatified by [[Pope Paul V]] on 27 July 1609, and [[canonization|canonized]] by [[Pope Gregory XV]] on 12 March 1622.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jesuits.eu/news/283-canonization-of-st-ignatius-of-loyola-and-st-francis-xavier |title=Canonization of St Ignatius of Loyola and St Francis Xavier. |last=de Pablo |first=José  |date=28 February 2017 |website=Jesuit Conference of European Provincials |language=en-gb |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the [[Military Ordinariate of the Philippines]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archbalt.org/news-events/calendar/Event-Detail.cfm?uid=34C3FD61-B7E6-DE46-F841F25365452268|title=Welcome to the Archdiocese of Baltimore|website=Archdiocese of Baltimore|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810003048/http://www.archbalt.org/news-events/calendar/Event-Detail.cfm?uid=34C3FD61-B7E6-DE46-F841F25365452268|archive-date=10 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> in his native Basque Country, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp]], Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.

==Legacy==
Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many [[Loyola (disambiguation)#Education|educational institutions]] and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines.

In 1852, [[Loyola University Maryland]] was the first university in the United States to bear his name.

In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film ''[[Loyola, the Soldier Saint]]'' starring [[Rafael Durán (actor)|Rafael Durán]] in the role of Ignatius.<ref>{{Citation |last=Morales |first=José Díaz |title=El capitán de Loyola |date=1949-04-01 |type=Biography, Drama, History |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040212/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2 |access-date=2024-11-08 |others=Rafael Durán, Maruchi Fresno, Manuel Luna |publisher=Producciones Calderón S.A., Intercontinental Films}}</ref>

In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, ''[[Ignacio de Loyola]]'', in which he was portrayed by [[Andreas Muñoz]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Tantiangco | first =Aya | title =PHL film 'Ignacio de Loyola' not just for the religious, say director and star | publisher =[[GMA News|GMA Network (company)]] | date = 20 July 2016 | url =http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/574492/lifestyle/artandculture/phl-film-ignacio-de-loyola-not-just-for-the-religious-say-director-and-star | access-date = 28 July 2016}}</ref>

Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Church of England]] and in the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church]] on 31 July.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |year= 2019 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-235-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Temple San Ignacio de Loyola|Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church]], built in 1905 in [[El Paso, Texas]], is named after him.

In [[India]], [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College in Chennai]] is named after him. This college was founded in 1925 by the French [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Genealogy==
[[File:Blason d'Ignace de Loyola.svg|thumb|150px|Original shield of Oñaz-Loyola.]]

===Shield of Oñaz-Loyola===

The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] institutions around the world. As the official colours of the Loyola family are [[maroon (color)|maroon]] and [[gold (color)|gold]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manresala.org/Prayers/Iconography.aspx|title=Manresa Iconography – Manresa House of Retreats, Convent, LA.|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314024116/http://manresala.org/Prayers/Iconography.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of [[rampant]] [[wolf|grey wolves]] flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while the entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loyola.ca/index.php/discover-loyola/our-history/157-loyola-crests|title=Loyola Crests – Loyola High School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021064409/http://www.loyola.ca/index.php/discover-loyola/our-history/157-loyola-crests|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riverview.nsw.edu.au/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=194&id=39&task=view|title=Saint Ignatius' College Riverview|website=www.riverview.nsw.edu.au}}</ref> Former coat of arms of the Argentine city, [[Junín, Buenos Aires]] used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the [[Sun of May]] and surrounded by laurel wreath.

===Lineage===
{{ill|Ricardo García Villoslada|lt=Villoslada|es||eu|Ricardo Gartzia Villoslada}} established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:<ref name="RGV"/> 
{{chart top|width=100%|Lineage}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Iñigo López de Loyola family tree}}
{{tree chart| GLO | | | | | | |GLO=García López de Oñaz }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| LDO | | | | | | |LDO=Lope de Oñaz }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| LDO |y| IDL | | | | |LDO=López García de Oñaz|IDL=Inés, dame of  <br /> Loyola (~1261)}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | IDO |y| JP| | |IDO=Inés de Oñaz y Loyola <br /> (~end of the 13th century)| JP = Juan Pérez }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | JP| | JP = Juan Pérez }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | GLO| | BR| | | | |GLO=Gil López de Oñaz| BR = 5 other brothers <br /> (see – battle of [[Beotibar]]) }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | BYL|y| OML | |BYL=Beltrán Yáñez <br /> (el Ibáñez) de Loyola| OML=Ochanda Martínez de <br /> Leete from Azpeitia}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | LDL |y| SIL | | | | | |LDL=Lope García <br /> de Lazcano|SIL=Sancha Ibáñez <br /> de Loyola  }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|SPL |y| JPL | | MB | | EL | | EM | | JU| JPL=Juan Pérez de Loyola| SPL=Sancha Pérez de Iraeta <br /> (+1473)|MB= Maria Beltranche|EL=Elvira| EM=Emilia | JU=Juanecha }}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | DBY |y| DMS | | DBY= Don Beltrán Yáñez <br /> (vel Ibáñez) <br /> de Oñaz y Loyola <br /> (~ 1507)|DMS=Doña Marina Sáenz <br /> (vel Sánchez) de Licona}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| SIL | | MDA |!|OPL | | PDL |!| JDL | | MBL | | JPL | | | | | | |JPL=Juan Pérez de Loyola| SIL=Sancha Ibáñez <br /> de Loyola| MDA=Magdalena de Araoz |OPL=Ochoa Pérez <br /> de Loyola| PDL=Pero López <br /> de Oñaz <br /> y Loyola|JDL=Juaniza <br /> (vel Joaneiza)  <br /> de Loyola| MBL=Maria Beltrán de Loyola|    }}

{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | }}

{{tree chart| JBL | | BDL | | HDL | |MDL| | PDL | | ILL | | | | | | | | | JBL=Juan Beltrán <br /> de Loyola| BDL=Beltrán de Loyola| HDL=Hernando de Loyola| MDL=Magdalena de Loyola| PDL=Petronila de Loyola| ILL='''Iñigo López de Loyola'''}}

{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
{{notelist-lr}}<!--- use either{{Efn-lr}} and/or <ref group=lower-roman /> To fill this notelist -->
{{chart bottom}}

[[Martín García Óñez de Loyola]], soldier and Governor of Chile killed by [[Mapuche]]s at the [[Battle of Curalaba]], is likely Ignatius's nephew.<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = Barros Arana
 | first      = Diego
 | author-link1 = Diego Barros Arana 
 | title      = Historia General de Chile
 | volume     = III
 | url        = http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7987.html
 | year       = 2000
 | orig-date   = 1884
 | edition    = 2
 | publisher  = Editorial Universitaria
 | location   = Santiago, Chile
 | isbn       = 956-11-1535-2 
 | language   = es
 | page =  177
  }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154px" caption="">
File:Tomb of St. Ignatius.jpg|Tomb of Saint Ignatius, {{Circa|1675}} 
File:Apoteosis de San Ignacio 1675 20131224.jpg|Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius
File:St Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Founder of the Jesuits.jpg| Portrait by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]] 
File:Peter Paul Rubens33.jpg|''Visions of Ignatius'', 1617–18, [[Peter Paul Rubens]] 
File:Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries, Loyola and Francis Xavier Kyoto University Museum.png|Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Bottom centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left) and Francis Xavier (right)
File:Podroze Loyoli.svg|The journeys of Ignatius of Loyola at different times
File:St Ignatius Spiritual Exercises c 1600.jpg|A page from ''[[Spiritual Exercises]]''
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius'', [[TAN Books]], 2010.  {{ISBN|978-0-89555-153-5}}
* Ignatius of Loyola, ''[[Spiritual Exercises]]'', London, 2012. limovia.net {{ISBN|978-1-78336-012-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Loyola|first=(St.) Ignatius |others=Anthony Mottola|title=The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|location=Garden City|year=1964|isbn=978-0-385-02436-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Loyola|first=(St.) Ignatius|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius|editor=Joseph O'Conner|publisher=Benziger Brothers|location=New York|year=1900|oclc=1360267|url=https://archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft}} For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi3EXeX5bnYC&dq=%22the+autobiography+of+st+ignatius+loyola%22&pg=PA12  pp. 11–12].
* {{cite book|last=Loyola|first=(St.) Ignatius|editor=John Olin|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents|publisher=Fordham University Press|location=New York|year=1992|isbn=0-8232-1480-X}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Saints}}
* [[Ignatian Spirituality]]
* [[List of Jesuits]]
* [[Marie-Madeleine d'Houët]] foundress of the Sisters, [[Faithful Companions of Jesus]]
* [[Martín Ignacio de Loyola]]
* The [[Cave of Saint Ignatius]], a sanctuary built where Ignatius of Loyola reflected for 11 months in a grotto, in [[Manresa]].
* [[Isabella Roser]] and [[Isabel de Josa]], wealthy Catalan women who were Loyola's benefactors from the 1520s onwards.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bartoli|first=Daniello|year=1855|title=History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus|publisher=Edward Dunigan and Brother|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/historylifeandi00bartgoog}}
* {{cite book|last=Caraman|first=Philip|title=Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits'|publisher=Harper & Row|location=San Francisco|year=1990|isbn=978-0062501301}}
* [[August Derleth]], ''St. Ignatius and the Company of Jesus'', [[Vision Books]], 1956. {{LCCN|567278}}
* {{cite book|last=Foss|first=Michael|title=The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540|publisher=Hamilton|series=Turning Points in History Series|location=London|year=1969|isbn=0-241-01513-8|url=https://archive.org/details/foundingofjesuit0000foss}}
* {{cite book|last=García Villoslada|first=Ricardo|year=1986|title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía|publisher=La Editorial Católica|isbn=84-220-1267-7|language=es}}
* {{cite book|last=Meissner|first=William|title=Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/ignatiusofloyola00meis|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|year=1992|isbn=0-300-06079-3}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Malley|first=John W.|author-link=John W. O'Malley|title=The First Jesuits|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1993|isbn=0-674-30312-1|url=https://archive.org/details/firstjesuits00omal}}
* ''Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 1997.  {{ISBN|978-0-89555-345-4}}.
* ''St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 2008.  {{ISBN|978-0-89555-624-0}}.

==External links==
{{sister project links|wikt=no}}

* [https://viewer.arskan.com/objects/share/1614343727181Y4C3Qdio1kjptc4 3D model of the St Ignatius sculpture of Santa Clara University (California), on Arskan SiloData] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517135943/https://viewer.arskan.com/objects/share/1614343727181Y4C3Qdio1kjptc4 |date=17 May 2021 }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=26561}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ignatius of Loyola}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3326}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/311.html "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* [http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html ''The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619025201/http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html |date=19 June 2012 }}  Translation by Elder Mullan
* [http://www.library.georgetown.edu/woodstock/ignatius-letters Letters of Saint Ignatius of Loyola]
* [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola]
* [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Statues/Founders/IgnatiusLoyola/Ignatius%20Loyola.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica]
* [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Ignatius%20Loyola-16/StIgnatiusLoyola.htm Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square]

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{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]]|years=1540–1556}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Diego Laynez]]}}
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{{Jesuits}}
{{History of the Roman Catholic Church}}
{{History of Catholic theology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius of Loyola}}
[[Category:Ignatius of Loyola| ]]
[[Category:1491 births]]
[[Category:1556 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:16th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish Jesuits]]
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[[Category:Basque Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV]]
[[Category:Christian radicals]]
[[Category:Counter-Reformation]]
[[Category:Spanish duellists]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:Ignatian spirituality]]
[[Category:Jesuit saints]]
[[Category:Marian visionaries]]
[[Category:People from Azpeitia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic mystics]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Superiors General of the Society of Jesus]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Basque Jesuits]]