View source for James Gibbons

{{short description|Catholic cardinal (1834–1921)}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = James Gibbons
| honorific-suffix = 
| title = Cardinal<br />[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]]
| image = GibbonsPhotoStanding.jpg
| caption = 
| province = 
| diocese = 
| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archdiocese of Baltimore]]
| appointed = May 29, 1877 (coadjutor)
| enthroned = October 3, 1877
| ended = March 24, 1921
| predecessor = [[James Roosevelt Bayley]]
| successor = [[Michael Joseph Curley]]
| ordination = June 30, 1861
| ordained_by = [[Francis Kenrick]]
| consecration = August 15, 1868
| consecrated_by = [[Martin John Spalding]]
| cardinal = June 7, 1886
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]]
| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond|Bishop of Richmond]] (1872–77)
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1834|7|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1921|3|24|1834|7|23|mf=y}}
| death_place = Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
| buried = 
| nationality = 
| religion = 
| signature = Famous Living Americans - Cardinal Gibbons Signature.jpg
| motto = ''Emitte spiritum tuum''<br /> (Send forth your spirit)
| education =[[St. Charles College, Maryland|St. Charles College]]<br>[[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]]
}}
{{Infobox cardinalstyles 
| name=  James Gibbons
| dipstyle= * [[His Eminence]]
* [[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]] 
| relstyle=[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] 
| image =Coat of arms of James Gibbons.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

'''James Gibbons''' (July 23, 1834 – March 24, 1921) was an [[Catholic Church in the United States|American Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh|apostolic vicar of North Carolina]] from 1868 to 1872, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond|bishop of Richmond]] from 1872 to 1877, and as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|archbishop of Baltimore]] from 1877 until his death.

Gibbons was consecrated a bishop on August 16, 1868, at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Baltimore)|Baltimore Cathedral]]. The principal consecrator was Archbishop [[Martin John Spalding|Martin J. Spalding]]. He was 34 years of age, serving as the first apostolic vicar of [[North Carolina]]. He attended the [[First Vatican Council]] in Rome where he voted in favor of defining the dogma of [[papal infallibility]].

In 1872, Gibbons was named bishop of Richmond by [[Pope Pius IX]]. In 1877, Gibbons was appointed archbishop of Baltimore, the oldest [[episcopal see]] in the United States. During his 44 years as Baltimore's archbishop, Gibbons became one of the most recognizable Catholic figures in the country. He defended the rights of organized labor and helped convince [[Pope Leo XIII]] to give his consent to [[labor unions]]. In 1886, Gibbons was appointed to the [[College of Cardinals]], becoming the second cardinal in American history.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Gibbons 5208803401 2111638f75 o.jpg|thumb|Cardinal Gibbons in May 1914]]
James Gibbons was born on July 23, 1834, in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], the fourth of six children,<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gibbons, James |volume=11 |pages=936–937}}</ref> to Thomas and Bridget (née Walsh) Gibbons. His parents were from [[Tuar Mhic Éadaigh|Tourmackeady]], [[County Mayo]], in Ireland. The family left Ireland to settle in Canada, then moved to the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=His Eminence James Cardinal Gibbons |url=https://www.archbalt.org/his-eminence-james-cardinal-gibbons/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Archdiocese of Baltimore |language=en-US}}</ref>

After contracting [[tuberculosis]] in 1839, Thomas returned with the family back to Ireland, hoping the Irish climate would help him recover. He opened a grocery store in [[Ballinrobe]], where James Gibbons worked as a child. Slight of build and a little under than average height, James Gibbons suffered from [[stomach|gastric]] problems and consequent periods of [[anxiety]] and [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]]. Thomas Gibbons died in Ireland in 1847; in 1853, Bridget Gibbons moved the family back to the United States, settling in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]].<ref name=":0" /> As a young boy he remembered seeing President [[Andrew Jackson]] riding in his carriage.<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul James| last=Marcae| title=A century later, Cardinal Gibbons’s words on democracy still resonate| url=https://www.cathstan.org/voices/a-century-later-cardinal-gibbonss-words-on-democracy-still-resonate}}</ref>

While attending a Catholic retreat in New Orleans, Gibbons heard a sermon by Reverend [[Clarence A. Walworth]], co-founder of the [[Paulist Fathers]]. Inspired to become a priest, Gibbons in 1855 entered [[St. Charles College, Maryland|St. Charles College]] in [[Ellicott City, Maryland]]. After graduating from St. Charles in 1857, he went to [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]] in Baltimore. He suffered a severe attack of [[malaria]] while at St. Mary's, leaving him so debilitated that the staff doubted his ability to handle the priesthood.<ref name=":0" />

== Priesthood ==
Having recovered from malaria, Gibbons was ordained a priest on June 30, 1861, for the Archdiocese of Baltimore by Archbishop [[Francis Kenrick]] at St. Mary's Seminary.<ref name="arch">{{Cite web |title="His Eminence James Cardinal Gibbons", The Archdiocese of Baltimore |url=http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archdiocese/our-history/people/gibbons.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909220957/http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archdiocese/our-history/people/gibbons.cfm |archive-date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> After Gibbons' ordination, the archdiocese assigned him as [[curate]] at St. Patrick's Parish in the [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] section of Baltimore for six weeks. They then named him the first [[pastor]] of St. Brigid's Parish<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintbrigid-canton.com/index.html |title=St. Brigid's Church, Baltimore |access-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222110927/http://saintbrigid-canton.com/index.html |archive-date=2015-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as pastor of St. Lawrence Parish, both in Baltimore. During the [[American Civil War]], Gibbons served as a [[chaplain]] for [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] prisoners at [[Fort McHenry]] in Baltimore.<ref name="arch" />

In 1865, Archbishop [[Martin John Spalding|Martin Spalding]] appointed Gibbons as his personal secretary.<ref name="EB1911" /> Gibbons helped Spalding prepare for the [[Plenary Councils of Baltimore|Second Plenary Council of Baltimore]] in October 1866. At Spalding's prompting, the Council fathers recommended the Vatican created an [[apostolic vicariate]] for [[North Carolina]] and appoint Gibbons head to it.<ref name="pat">{{Cite web|last=Blog|first=McNamara's|date=2013-07-02|title=Cardinal James Gibbons, Baltimore (1834–1921)|url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/2013/07/cardinal-james-gibbons-baltimore-1834-1921.html|access-date=2020-08-23|website=McNamara's Blog|language=en}}</ref>

==Episcopal career==
=== Apostolic Vicar of North Carolina ===
[[File:Portrait of James Gibbons.jpg|thumb|Cardinal Gibbons (pre-1915)]]
On March 3, 1868, [[Pope Pius IX]] appointed Gibbons as the first apostolic vicar of North Carolina and [[titular bishop]] of ''Adramyttium''.<ref name=ce>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924063262053 | title=The Catholic Encyclopedia and its makers | publisher=[[The Encyclopedia Press]] | year=1917 | location=New York | pages=65}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on August 15, 1868, from Spalding, with Bishops [[Patrick Neeson Lynch|Patrick Lynch]] and [[Michael Domenec]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], at the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore. At age 34, he was one of the youngest Catholic bishops in the world and was known as "the boy bishop."{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Gibbons' vicariate contained fewer than 700 Catholics spread over the state of North Carolina. During his first four weeks in office, he traveled almost a thousand miles, visiting towns and mission stations and administering [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]]. During his road trip, Gibbons befriended many [[Protestantism|Protestants]], and was invited to preach at Protestant churches. Gibbons made a number of converts to Catholicism.<ref name="pat" /><ref name="EB1911" /> Gibbons became a popular American religious figure, gathering crowds for his sermons on diverse topics that could apply to Christianity as a whole. Over his lifetime, Gibbons met every American president, from [[Andrew Johnson]] to [[Warren G. Harding]], and served as an adviser to several of them.

During the [[Second Plenary Council of Baltimore|Second Plenary Council]] in 1866, Gibbons advocated for the creation of a Catholic university in the United States to educate priests and laymen. However, the proposal remained in limbo for the next 19 years.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Catholic |title=A Brief History of Catholic University |url=https://www.catholic.edu/about-us/at-a-glance/history.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Catholic University of America |language=en}}</ref>

In 1869 and 1870, Gibbons attended the [[First Vatican Council]] in [[Rome]]. Gibbons voted in favor of the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]]. He assumed the additional duties of [[Apostolic Administrator|apostolic administrator]] for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond|Diocese of Richmond]], [[Virginia]], in January 1872.

=== Bishop of Richmond ===
Gibbons was named by Pius IX as the fourth bishop of Richmond on July 30, 1872. He was [[Enthronement|installed]] as bishop on October 20, 1872.

=== Coadjutor Archbishop and Archbishop of Baltimore ===
On May 29, 1877, Pius IX named Gibbons as [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] [[archbishop]] of Baltimore. He automatically succeeded as archbishop on October 3, 1877, after the death of Archbishop [[James Roosevelt Bayley|James Bayley]].<ref name="pat" /> For the first twenty years of his administration, Gibbons had no [[auxiliary bishop]] to assist him. He therefore travelled extensively throughout the archdiocese, coming to know the priests and parishioners very well.

=== Cardinal Priest ===
[[Image:Cardinal James Gibbons.jpg|thumb|Cardinal Gibbons statue outside of the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Baltimore Basilica]] (2008)]]
On June 7, 1886, [[Pope Leo XIII]] created Gibbons as a [[Cardinal Priest|cardinal priest]] and on March 17, 1887, assigned him the titular church of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 28 January 2021 | title = Acta Sanctae Sedis | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-19-1886-87-ocr.pdf | volume = XIX | date= 1886–87 | page = 429 }}</ref> He was the second American cardinal after Cardinal [[John McCloskey]].

In 1885, the bishops in the [[Third Plenary Council of Baltimore|Third Plenary Council]] in Baltimore decided to build the [[Catholic University of America]] in the [[District of Columbia]]. The university opened on March 7, 1889, with Gibbons serving as its first chancellor.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref name=":2" />In 1903, Gibbons became the first American cardinal to participate in a [[papal conclave]]. He would have participated in the [[Papal conclave, 1914|1914 conclave]] but he arrived late.<ref name="Ellis" />

During [[World War I]], Gibbons was instrumental in the establishment of the [[National Catholic Welfare Council|National Catholic War Council]]. He allowed Reverend William A Hemmick to serve American troops in France during the war. Hemmick became known as the patriot priest of [[Picardy]]. At the end of the war, Gibbons supported American participation in the new [[League of Nations]].

James Gibbons died on March 24, 1921, in Baltimore at age 86.<ref name="Ellis" />

==Viewpoints==
=== Americanism ===
{{Main|Americanism (heresy)|l1=Americanism}}
In 1899, Gibbons became embroiled in a controversy with the Vatican about a biography of Reverend [[Isaac Hecker]], the founder of the [[Paulist Fathers]]. A biography, ''Life of Isaac Hecker'', had recently been published in French. The Vatican decided that the preface to the French edition contained controversial opinions about individualism and liberalism. The translator, Abbé [[Félix Klein]], had attributed those views to Hecker. The book inflamed an ongoing dispute over [[Americanism (heresy)|Americanism]], liberal attitudes on obedience to papal authority in the United States that the Vatican considered a [[heresy]].<ref name="smith">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07186a.htm Smith, Michael Paul. "Isaac Thomas Hecker." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 4 October 2015</ref><ref name=":3">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14537a.htm Pallen, Condé. "Testem Benevolentiae." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 4 October 2015</ref>

On January 22, 1899, Leo XIII sent Gibbons an [[encyclical]], ''[[Testem benevolentiae nostrae]]'' ("Concerning New Opinions, Virtue, Nature and Grace, with Regard to Americanism"). The encyclical condemned the Hecker biography for Americanism.<ref name="smith" /><ref name=":3" /> In response, Gibbons and other American church leaders assured the pope that the opinions in the book preface belonged to Klein, not Hecker. They further asserted that Hecker never promoted any deviation from or minimization of Catholic doctrines.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="smith" />

=== Relations with Jews ===
[[File:Pogrom de Bialostok.jpg|thumb|Russian pogrom of Jews (1906)]]
During his tenures in North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, Gibbons established cordial relationships with local [[rabbi]]s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenau |first=William |date=1928 |title=Cardinal Gibbons and His Attitude Toward Jewish Problems |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059497 |journal=Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society |issue=31 |pages=219–224 |jstor=43059497 |issn=0146-5511}}</ref> In an 1890 letter, Gibbons said:<blockquote>For my part I cannot well conceive how Christians can entertain other than most kindly sentiments toward the Hebrew race, when I consider how much we are indebted to them. We have from them the inspired volume of the Old Testament which has been consolation in all ages to devout souls. Christ our Lord, the Founder of our religion, His Blessed Mother, as well as the apostles, were all Jews according to the flesh. These facts attach me strongly to the Jewish race.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>In 1890, Gibbons condemned [[pogrom]]s targeting Jews in the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1903, he condemned the [[Kishinev pogrom]] in present-day [[Chișinău|Chișinău, Moldova]], in which rioters killed 49 Jews and injured hundreds more. He pleaded for the public to assist Russia's Jews.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenau |first=William |date=1928 |title=Cardinal Gibbons and His Attitude Toward Jewish Problems |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059497 |journal=Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society |issue=31 |pages=219–224 |jstor=43059497}}</ref> When Jewish leaders in 1915 in Ohio were opposing a state law that would promote Bible readings in public schools, Gibbons sent them a letter of support. During [[World War I]], he supported American Jewish Relief fundraising in Baltimore.<ref name=":4" />

=== Women's suffrage ===
[[File:Official Program Woman Suffrage Procession - March 3, 1913.jpg|thumb|Women's Suffrage Procession, Washington D.C. (1913)]]
Gibbons initially opposed the [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]] movement in the United States. However, when the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|nineteenth amendment]] to the [[US Constitution]] passed in 1920, allowing women to vote, Gibbons urged women to exercise that right, describing it "...not only as a right but as a strict social duty."<ref name="Ellis" />

=== Organized labor ===
Gibbons advocated for the protection of working people and their right to organize in labor unions. He believed that industrials in America's eastern cities were exploiting Catholic immigrant workers. He was once quoted as saying, "It is the right of laboring classes to protect themselves, and the duty of the whole people to find a remedy against avarice, oppression, and corruption."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Andrew |last=Glass|title=Cardinal James Gibbons is born, July 23, 1834|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/07/cardinal-james-gibbons-is-born-july-23-1834-025276|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Politico|date=23 July 2009 |language=en}}</ref> Gibbons played a key role in the granting of papal permission for Catholics to join labor unions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=interview|first=A. U. S. Catholic|date=2015-09-01|title=Catholic priests and the labor movement|url=https://uscatholic.org/articles/201509/catholic-priests-and-the-labor-movement/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=U.S. Catholic magazine – Faith in Real Life|language=en-US}}</ref>

Regarding [[manual labour]] Gibbons said that "the Savior of mankind never conferred a greater temporal
boon on mankind than by ennobling and sanctifying manual labor, and by rescuing it from the stigma of degradation which had
been branded upon it", adding that "Christ is ushered Into the world not amid pomp and splendor of imperial majesty, but amid the environments of an humble child of toil. He is the reputed son of an artisan, and his early manhood is spent in a mechanic’s shop". He concluded that "every honest labor is laudable, thanks to the example and teaching of Christ".<ref>{{cite book |title=The World's Congress of Religions |date=1894 |publisher=W.B. Conkey Company |page=816}}</ref>

In Rome in 1887 Gibbons implored the Vatican not to condemn the [[Knights of Labor]] and defended the rights of workers to organise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathisen |first1=Robert R. |title=Critical Issues in American Religious History A Reader |date=2001 |publisher=Baylor University Press |page=379}}</ref>

=== Colonialism ===
[[File:Leopold ii garter knight (cropped 1).jpg|thumb|King Leopold II of Belgium (pre-1891)]]
[[File:Congo Balolo Mission missionary and village boys, Congo, ca. 1900-1910 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS11-63).jpg|thumb|Balolo Mission in Belgium Congo 1900 to 1910]]
{{Main|Congo Reform Association}}
In early 1904, Congolese activists established the [[Congo Reform Association]] in England to protest atrocities and injustices against the people of the [[Congo Free State]] in Africa. It was a colony under the direct control of King [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], the Catholic king of [[Belgium]]. In October 1904, organizers were staging the 13th [[Universal Peace Congress]] in Boston, Massachusetts, with Congo being on the agenda. The Belgian Government protested this topic because the organizers had not invited Leopold II to send a representative. At the request of the Belgians, Gibbons wrote a letter to the organizers, asking them to drop discussion of Congo. Gibbons' efforts not only failed to sway the organizers, but made him the target of much criticism. Gibbons responded to his critics, saying "I fear, that this agitation against King Leopold's administration is animated partly by religious jealousy and partly by commercial rivalry."<ref name="Ellis" /> He feared that the British Government, along with British merchants and Protestant missionaries, were conspiring to expel Catholic missionaries from the Congo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohun |first=Arwen P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1zPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Leopold+Gibbons&pg=PA209 |title=American Imperialist: Cruelty and Consequence in the Scramble for Africa |date=2023-11-16 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-82820-6 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the historian [[John Tracy Ellis]], rival business and religious interests were indeed supporting the Congo Reform Association. However, Leopold was exploiting and oppressing the Congolese population. Furthermore, Gibbons had based his support on the views of the Belgian government and intermittent reports from Catholic missionaries.<ref name="Ellis" /> Said Ellie; <blockquote>"For one of the few times in Gibbons' long life, his normally keen judgment went astray and exposed him to the charge of partisanship and of ignorance of the facts governing an issue. The cardinal should have steered clear of the case."<ref name="Ellis">[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/James_Gibbons/ELLxLCG/home.html Ellis, John Tracy. ''Life of James Cardinal Gibbons''] (abridged by Francis L. Broderick), The Bruce Publishing Company, 1963</ref></blockquote>Author [[Adam Hochschild]]’s book, ''King Leopold’s Ghost,'' gives a less flattering account of Gibbons' involvement with the Congo issue;  <blockquote>"[King Leopold’s] representatives in [[Rome]] successfully convinced the Vatican that this Catholic king was being set upon by unscrupulous Protestant missionaries. A stream of messages in [[Latin]] flowed from the [[Holy See]] across the Atlantic to the designated Catholic point-man for Leopold in the United States, James Cardinal Gibbons of [[Baltimore]]. Cardinal Gibbons believed that the Congo reform crusade was the work of "only a handful of discontented men... depending largely upon the untrustworthy hearsay of the natives."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |title=King Leopold's Ghost |publisher=Pan Macmillan UK |year=2019 |isbn=9781760785208}}</ref> </blockquote>Leopold later awarded Gibbons with the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] for his assistance.<ref>p. 224</ref> His support of Leopold gained the recognition of Pope [[Pius X]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weisbord |first1=Robert G. |date=2003 |title=The King, the Cardinal and the Pope: Leopold II's Genocide in the Congo and the Vatican |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=40 |doi=10.1080/14623520305651 |issn=1462-3528 |s2cid=73371517}}</ref>

==Works==

=== ''The Faith of Our Fathers'' ===
During his many speaking engagements as a priest, Gibbons' audiences included many Protestants wanting to learn about Catholicism. He wanted to recommend books on Catholicism to interested Protestants, but he found the existing [[Apologetics|apologetical]] works to be inadequate for Americans. To fill that need, Gibbons in 1875 published ''[[The Faith of Our Fathers|The Faith of Our Fathers: A Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ.]]''<ref name="pat" /><ref name="EB1911" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Noll |first=Mark A. |date=2013 |title=Bishop James Gibbons, the Bible, and Protestant America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24584769 |journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=77–104 |jstor=24584769 |issn=0735-8318}}</ref>

Understanding that many Americans viewed their faith as coming directly from the Bible, Gibbons took pains to explain the biblical roots of Catholic doctrine and rituals. He also wanted to show readers that Catholicism was an American faith, rebutting the claims by anti-Catholic nativists that Catholicism was a heretical belief imposed by Europeans.<ref name=":1" />

The first printing of 10,000 copies, a large number for that era, sold out quickly.<ref name=":1" /> By 1879, 50,000 copies had been sold. Sales reached 1,400,000 by 1917 and it remained the most popular book in the United States until the publication of the novel [[Gone with the Wind (novel)|''Gone With the Wind'']] in 1939.<ref name=":1" />

=== Other Publications ===

* ''Our Christian Heritage'' (1889)
* ''The Ambassador of Christ'' (1896)
* ''Discourses and Sermons'' (1908)
* ''A Retrospect of Fifty Years'' (1916)

Gibbons wrote essays for the ''[[North American Review]]'' and ''[[Putnam’s Monthly|Putnams' Monthly]]''. He was also a contributor to the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''.<ref name="ce" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[James Cardinal Gibbons Medal]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ellis, John T., ''The Life of James Cardinal Gibbons Archbishop of Baltimore, 1834–1921'' (1952)
* Shea, John Gilmary. ''The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States'', (New York: The Office of Catholic Publications, 1886), 82–84.
* Will, Allen S., ''Life of Cardinal Gibbons'' (1922).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* [http://www.archbalt.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore]

=== Works ===
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Gibbons,+James | name=James Gibbons}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Gibbons}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2108}}
* Gibbons, James Card. "Personal Reminiscences of the Vatican Council." The North American Review 158, no. 449 (1894): 385–400. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25103307.
* Gibbons, J. Card. "The Teacher’s Duty to the Pupil." The North American Review 163, no. 476 (1896): 56–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25118675.
* Gibbons, J. Card. "Catholic Christianity." The North American Review 173, no. 536 (1901): 78–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105190.
* Gibbons, J. Card. "Lynch Law: Its Causes and Remedy." The North American Review 181, no. 587 (1905): 502–9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105465.
* Gibbons, James Card. "International Peace." The North American Review 185, no. 616 (1907): 252–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105893.
* Gibbons, J. Card. "The Church and the Republic." The North American Review 189, no. 640 (1909): 321–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25106311.
* {{cite book
|title=The Faith of Our Fathers: A Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ
|author=James Cardinal Gibbons
|year=1876
|publisher=John Murphy Company
|isbn=
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIVNCtk5bSwC&pg=PA3
}} via [[Google Books]]

* {{cite book
|title=Our Christian Heritage
|author=James Cardinal Gibbons
|year=1889
|publisher=J. Murphy and company
|isbn=
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8ZAAAAMAAJ }} via [[Google Books]]

* {{cite book
|title= The Ambassador of Christ
|url= https://archive.org/details/ambassadorchris00gibbgoog
|author=James Cardinal Gibbons
|year=1896
|publisher=John Murphy Company}}

* {{cite book
|title= Discourses and Sermons
|url= https://archive.org/details/discoursessermon00gibbuoft
|author=James Cardinal Gibbons
|year=1908
|publisher=John Murphy Company}}

* {{cite book
|title=A Retrospect of 50 Years
|author=James Cardinal Gibbons
|year=1916
|publisher=John Murphy Company
|isbn=
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DQ3AAAAMAAJ}} via [[Google Books]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705025008/http://www.osjspm.org/majordoc_us_bishop_statement_pastoral_letter_1919.aspx Pastoral Letter of 1919]
* Gibbons (August 1920): Preface for [https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic00will/americancatholic00will_djvu.txt American Catholics in the war; National Catholic war council, 1917–1921]
* {{cite book|last=Phayer|first=Michael|title=Pius XII The Holocaust And The Cold War|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253349309|pages=[https://archive.org/details/piusxiiholocaust00phay/page/2 2–3]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/piusxiiholocaust00phay/page/2}}

===Biographies===
*{{cite book
|title=Life of James Cardinal Gibbons
|first=John Tracy
|last=Ellis
|year=1963
|publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company
|isbn=
|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/James_Gibbons/ELLxLCG/home.html
}} (in the one‑volume abridgment by Francis L. Broderick)
*{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul23.html#cardinalgibbons |title=Library of Congress Biography}}
*{{cite book
|title=Life of James, Cardinal Gibbons
|first=Allen Sinclair
|last=Will
|year=1911
|publisher=J. Murphy Company
|isbn=9780795017902
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrIEAAAAYAAJ
}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.cin.org/kc87-3.html |title=Catholic Home Study Service Biography}}

===Movie footage===
*[http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/trmp/4154.mpg Conversation with Theodore Roosevelt at Liberty Loan Drive (MPEG 8 mb.)]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/trmp/4147.mov Another angle on the same event at Sagamore Hill (QuickTime 3mb)]

===Photographs===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060907201401/http://libraries.cua.edu/achrcua/Knights/pic_gibbons.htm James Cardinal Gibbons (Catholic University Archives)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312075000/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-00855.jpg Cardinal Gibbons (Maryland Historical Society)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312075011/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-00302.jpg Cardinal Gibbons Day October 16, 1911 (MHS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312075021/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-00854.jpg Cardinal Gibbons & Theodore Roosevelt (MHS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313131334/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01616.jpg Golden Jubilee Celebration at Basilica of the Assumption (MHS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313154831/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01617.jpg Service in progress at Basilica (MHS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313131315/http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-00772.jpg Cardinal Gibbons' Cortege passes Washington Monument (MHS)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box |
    title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh|Vicar Apostolic of North Carolina]] |
    before=Erected |
    after=Stanislao Marco Gross |
    years=March 3, 1868 – May 20, 1877 }}
{{succession box |
    title=Titular Bishop of Adramyttium |
    before=Vincenzo Cima|
    after=Louis-Taurin Cahagne, [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|O.F.M.Cap.]] |
    years=March 3, 1868 – July 30, 1872}}
{{succession box |
    title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond|Bishop of Richmond]] |
    before=[[John McGill (bishop)|John McGill]] |
    after=[[John Joseph Keane]] |
    years=July 30, 1872 – May 20, 1877 }}
{{succession box |
    title=Titular Bishop of Ionopolis |
    before=Wincenty Lipski |
    after=[[Francis Xavier Leray]] |
    years=May 29 – October 3, 1877 }}
{{succession box |
    title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]] |
    before=[[James Roosevelt Bayley]] |
    after=[[Michael Joseph Curley]] |
    years=October 3, 1877 – March 24, 1921 }}
{{succession box |
    title=[[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]] |
    before=[[Lorenzo Nina]] |
    after=[[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]] |
    years=March 17, 1887 – March 24, 1921 }}
{{s-end}}

{{RC Archdiocese of Baltimore}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbons, James}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:19th-century American cardinals]]
[[Category:20th-century American cardinals]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Baltimore]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Richmond]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America people]]
[[Category:Pope Leo XIII]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:St. Charles College (Maryland) alumni]]
[[Category:St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni]]
[[Category:American military chaplains]]
[[Category:Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia]]
[[Category:People from Ballinrobe]]
[[Category:20th-century American Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:19th-century American Roman Catholic priests]]