View source for Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza

{{Short description|Spanish humanist and fencers fencing master}}
{{Other uses|Carranza (disambiguation){{!}}Carranza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza
| image            = Jerónimo_Sánchez_de_Carranza.jpg
| birth_date       = c. 1539
| birth_place      =
| death_date       = c. 1600
| death_place      =
| occupation       = First in the science of handling weapons
| notableworks     = Founder of the Spanish school of fencing, [[destreza]]
}}

Don '''Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza''', ({{langx|es|link=no|Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza}}), Jerónimo de Carranza, {{langx|pt|Hieronimo de Carança}}; c. 1539 – c. 1600 or 1608) was a Spanish nobleman, [[humanist]], scientist, one of the most famous [[fencing|fencers]], and the creator of the Spanish school of fencing, ''[[destreza]]''. He was the author of the treatise on fencing {{lang|es|De la Filosofía de las Armas y de su Destreza y la Aggression y Defensa Cristiana}} ('The Philosophy of Arms') from 1569, published in 1582. Carranza created the ideal of a poet and a warrior, which became the main guide to life for noblemen.<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98">{{cite journal |last1=Hermoso Rivero |first1=José María |year=2015 |title=Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza (¿1539–1608?), creador de la Verdadera Destreza y gobernador de Honduras |url=https://www.academia.edu/15481790 |periodical=Cartare: Boletín del Centro de Estudios de la Costa Noroeste de Cádiz |language=es |issue=5 |pages=65–98 |access-date=7 July 2018 |via=Academia}}</ref>

His work on fencing is the beginning of the fighting style in Spain, which lasted almost 300 years.

Jerónimo de Carranza, as the founder of destreza, is also called "the pioneer of the science of handling weapons." His work was continued by his followers pupil [[Luis Pacheco de Narváez]], and Dutch master of fencing [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]. It was they who put philosophical, intellectual and moral ideals into the system of combat and continued to develop the school of Spanish fencing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francis |first1=Beaumont |title=The works of Beaumont & Fletcher; the text formed from a new collation of the early editions. With notes and a biographical memoir by the Rev. Alexander Dyce. |date=1843–46 |publisher=E. Moxon |location=London |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001908211}}</ref>

== Biography ==

[[Hidalgo (nobility)|Hidalgo]] Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza was born in Seville around 1539 and educated at the [[University of Seville|universities of Seville]] and [[University of Salamanca|Salamanca]].<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98" />

In the early 1560s he arrived in the city of [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] where he entered the service of [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán]] and [[Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza|de Zúñiga Sotomayor]], the 7th [[Duke of Medina Sidonia]]. Together with the duke, he participated in the invasion of the [[Algarve]], part of the military campaign that eventually led [[Philip II of Spain]] to the [[Portuguese throne]]. For his services to the [[Spanish crown]], Carranza became a [[knight]], and then was appointed commander of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of the Image of Christ]].<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98" />

During this period of his life de Carranza wrote his famous [[treatise]] {{Lang|es|De la Filosofía de las Armas y de su Destreza y la Aggression y Defensa Cristiana}} ('The Philosophy of Arms').

In 1584 he moved to [[Madrid]], where he worked as a judge. Five years later he was appointed governor of the province of [[Honduras]]. In Honduras, he faced the treasurer Gregorio Santiago and [[Gaspar de Andrada]], the [[bishop of Comayagua]], who later was accused of corruption. In 1595, he defeated a group of French [[privateers]] who landed near [[Puerto Caballos]]. At the end of his term as governor in 1596, he moved to the city of [[Santiago de Guatemala]], where he took the vacant position of jurist.<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98" />

He likely died in [[Guatemala]] circa 1608.<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98" />

== Family ==

He had several children with Catalina Perez de Aguilar from Sanlúcar but never married.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hermoso |first=José María |date=2022-07-19 |title=Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza y el origen de la esgrima en España. |url=https://elretohistorico.com/jeronimo-sanchez-de-carranza-y-el-origen-de-la-esgrima-en-espana/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=elretohistorico.com |language=es}}</ref> Two of his sons went with him to Honduras: the eldest son Gil Sanchez de Carranza, who died returning from the [[Philippines]] in 1606, and Geronimo Sancho de Carranza.<ref name="Hermoso Rivero_65—98" />

== ''The Philosophy of Arms'' ==
[[File:Трактат «Философия оружия», Иеронимо де Карранза.jpg|thumb|A Treatise on ''"The Philosophy of Arms"'', Jerónimo de Carranza (''"Compendio de la filosofia de las armas de Geronimo de Carrança"'')]]

Sánchez de Carranza wrote his treatise {{Lang|es|De la Filosofía de las Armas}} ('The Philosophy of Arms'), during the service at the court of the Duke of Medina Sidonia. The only publication of the book took place in 1582 in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the court of the Dukes of [[Medina Sidonia]] was located. The work is a humanistic dialogue dedicated to the presentation of the new art of fencing. ''The philosophy of weapons and the art of fencing'' is precisely the title the author gave to his work because he does not simply describe the new system of fencing, but does so with an emphasis on philosophy (the treatise is written with references to Plato, [[Aristotle]], [[Llull]], [[Ficino]], and others). In his treatise Carranza also touches on medicine, [[mathematics]], [[geometry]], ethics, and created the concept of philosophical fencing {{Lang|es|esgrima filosófica}}, or combat philosophy, unique in European [[martial arts]] history.{{sfn|Ershova|2014}}

Participants in the dialogue, following [[Plato]] and his [[Renaissance]] followers, including [[Baldassare Castiglione|Castiglione]], also borrowed a number of dialogues. There are four in the treatise, where conversations are held about the true art of fencing. The fictitious names of the interlocutors are Carranza himself, the [[Fernando de Herrera|poet Fernando de Herrera]], the [[Juan de Mal Lara|humanist Juan de Mal Lara]] and the doctor Pedro de Peramato (their names were given in his account of Carranza's science by his disciple and follower [[Luis Pacheco de Narváez]], 1600).

{{Quote|text=To my great regret, the knights, whose main distinction should be a mighty spirit, now more and more resemble women or, better said, dressed up in substances that are neither suitable for peacetime support nor for defense in times of war; and it even seems that some of them were born only to represent in comedy dressed up silent figures ...<ref>"Y es lastima grandissima, q(ue) los Caualleros q(ue) deuian ser adornados de Animo Varonil, se hazen Effeminados, ò por mejor dezir Statuas vestidas, que ni valen, para aconsejar en tiempo de Paz, ni para defender en tiempo de Guerra, si no que solamente paresce, que nascieron algunos en el Mundo, solo para representar Personas Mudas vestidas en Comedia…" (Prólogo).</ref>|author=Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza|title=''The Philosophy of Arms''}}

Sánchez de Carranza puts a certain medieval meaning into the formation of the ideal of the warrior, the master. The [[man of letters]] is a scientist, a knowledgeable, well-read person capable of applying science, describing his sphere of knowledge with the help of an extensive scientific and intellectual apparatus, comparing its scope with that of other sciences, and framing it literarily in an entertaining form. This is undoubtedly consistent not only with the humanistic goals of the era, but with all the desire of Carranza and his readers to build the philosophy and science of the new system of fencing.{{sfn|Ershova|2014}}

As mentioned by D. Gómez Arias de Porres, master of the Spanish school of fencing and follower of Pacheco de Narváez, in his treatise {{Lang|es|Resumen de la verdadera destreza en el manejo de la espada}} ('Summary of true swordsmanship skills'):

{{Quote|text=I would also like to mention my colleague Jerónimo de Carranza, because thanks to his enormous efforts, it was possible to strengthen the strength of the spirit of many men, primarily in the world and in war ...|author=|title={{lang|es|Resumen de la verdadera destreza en el manejo de la espada}}}}

== Bibliography ==
* (unpublished) {{cite book |title=Discurso sobre una pregunta que el Duque de Medina Sidonia hizo al Comendador Gerónimo de Carranza sobre la Ley de las injurias |date=1560–1598|location=Sanlucar de Barrameda |pages=12 h |url=http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000170892&page=1 |access-date=7 July 2018}}
* (unpublished) {{cite book |title= Discurso del comendador Gerónimo de Carranza sobre el honor, dirigido al rey [Felipe II]|date=1560–1598|location=Sanlucar de Barrameda|pages=9 h|url=http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000171538&page=1|access-date=7 July 2018}}
* {{cite book |title=Libro de Hieronimo de Carança natural de Sevilla. Que trata de la Philosophia de las Armas|location= Sanlucar de Barrameda|pages= [34], 9–280, [14] h., [2] en bl., [1] h. de grab|url=http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000195093&page=1|publisher=en casa del mesmo autor|date=1582|access-date=7 July 2018}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/CompleteSearch.do?field=todos&text=Carranza%2c+Jer%C3%B3nimo+de&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&pageSize=1&pageSizeAbrv=30&pageNumber=4 ''«Compendio de la Filosofia y destreza de las armas de Geronimo de Carranza por don Luis Pacheco de Naruaez …»''] Author Carranza, Jerónimo de, 1612
* [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/biblioteca/Libro%20de%20las%20grandezas%20de%20la%20espada,%20%20:%20%20en%20que%20se%20declaran%20muchos%20secretos%20del%20que%20compuso%20el%20Commendador%20Geronimo%20de%20Carran%C3%A7a%20:%20en%20el%20qual%20cada%20vno%20se%20podra%20licionar%20y%20deprender%20a%20solas%20sin%20tener%20necesidad%20de%20maestro%20que%20le%20ense%C3%B1e%20...%20/qls/Pacheco%20de%20Narv%C3%A1ez,%20Luis/qls/bdh0000134471;jsessionid=4801342A2243E10F38F2EB7A2307F0E0/ ''«Libro de las grandezas de la espada»''] Luis Pacheco de Narváez, 1600
* [[iarchive:world 201708|«Академия меча» Жерар Тибо]], 2017{{in lang|ru}}
* {{Cite newsletter |last=De Merich |first=Stefano |issue=Fall 2007–2008 |title=La presencia del libro de filosofía de la armas en el quijote. 1615 |magazine=Bulletin of the Cervantes Society |language=es |pages=155–180}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dill Curtis |first1=Mary |title=In the service of Mars. Proceedings from the Western Martial Arts Workshop 1999–2009 |last2=Mele |first2=Gregory D. |publisher=Freelance Academy Press |year=2010 |volume=I |location=Wheaton, Ill. |chapter=Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza: a man of arms and letters}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hermoso Rivero |first=José María |title=Sanlúcar señorial y Atlántica. III y IV Jornadas de investigación y patrimonio histórico artístico (2013–2014) |publisher=Ed. Ayuntamiento de Sanlúcar |year=2016 |isbn=978-84-617-7303-9 |editor-last=Cruz Isidoro |editor-first=Fernando |pages=21–42 |language=es |chapter=El tratado de esgrima de Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza (1582). Una obra humanística en la corte del VII duque de Medina Sidonia |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37186479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hermoso Rivero |first=José María |title=In Medio Orbe: Sanlúcar de Barrameda y la I Vuelta al Mundo: Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre la I Vuelta al Mundo, celebrado en Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz) los días 26 y 27 de septiembre de 2016 |publisher=Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura |year=2017 |isbn=978-84-9959-231-2 |editor-last=Parodi Álvarez |editor-first=Manuel Jesús |location=Seville |pages=161–177 |language=es |chapter=Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza: un humanista en la Sanlúcar del siglo XVI |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34580633}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
 | author = Castle
 | title=Schools and masters of fence
 | publisher =
 | year =
 | pages =
 | ref = Egerton Castle
|first=Egerton|author-link=Egerton Castle}}
* {{cite book
  | author     = Thibault
  | title=The Academy of the Sword
  | publisher  = Aeon Books
  | isbn       = 978-1-904658-84-9
  | year       = 2017
  | pages      =
  | ref        = Sword Academy
|first=Gérard|location=London}}
* {{cite book
  | author         = Aylward
  | title      = The English master of arms from the twelfth to the twentieth century
  | publisher  = Routledge & Paul
  | year           = 1956
  | page       = 87
  | ref           = The English master of arms
|first=James DeVine|oclc=220950693}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ershova |first=Irina V. |date=2014 |title=«ФИЛОСОФИЯ ОРУЖИЯ» КАК ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ОДНОЙ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ИДЕИ. Карранса и Сервантес |trans-title="The philosophy of arms" as a transformation of one cultural idea. Carranza and Cervantes |journal=Новый филологический вестник [New Philological Bulletin] |language=ru |location=Moscow |issn=2072-9316 |oclc=896258091}}

[[Category:Spanish male fencers]]