View source for Jungin

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|Korean middle-class caste}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|img=Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg
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|hangul=중인
|hanja=中人
}}
{{Joseon caste system}}
The '''''jungin''''' or '''''chungin''''' ({{korean|hangul=중인|hanja=中人}}) were the [[upper middle class]] of the [[Joseon|Joseon Dynasty]] in medieval and early modern [[Korea|Korean]] society. The name "jungin" directly means "middle people".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_adMWevoEq0C&dq=chungin&pg=PA91 |title=South Korea: A Country Study |publisher=DIANE Publishing |author=Andrea Matles Savada |year=1997 |isbn=0-7881-4619-X |pages=91, 377}}</ref> This privileged class of commoners consisted of a small group of petty [[Bureaucrat|bureaucrats]] and other highly educated skilled workers whose technical and administrative skills enabled the ''[[yangban]]'' and the royal family to rule the lower classes. ''Jungin'' were the lifeblood of the [[Korean Confucianism|Korean Confucian]] agrarian bureaucracy, on whom the upper classes depended on to maintain their vice-like hold on the people. Their traditions and habits are the forerunners of the modern Korean administrative systems in both [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]].<ref name="EncyKorea">{{cite web|url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284482&v=42 |script-title=ko:중인 (中人) |publisher=[[Empas]] / [[EncyKorea]] |language=Korean}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=190054&v=42 |script-title=ko:중인 (中人) |publisher=[[Empas]] / [[Britannica]] |language=Korean}}</ref>

== Professions and roles in the society ==
[[File:Corean man. Middle class.jpg|thumb|Young Korean man of the middle class, 1904]]
In dynastic Korea, particularly during the Joseon period, the ''jungin'' were lower than the ''[[yangban]]'' aristocracy but above the lower middle and working class commoners in social status. They included [[Higher education|highly educated]] government-employed specialists with a status{{emdash}}comparable to modern [[Middle class|white collar workers]]{{emdash}}[[Officer (armed forces)|military officers]] from or had marriage ties to the families producing technical specialists, hereditary government functionaries (both capital and local), and illegitimate children of aristocrats.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hDvzITtfdAC&dq=chungin&pg=PA113 |title=Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences |publisher=JHU Press |author=Ivor Grattan-Guinness |year=2003 |isbn=0-8018-7396-7 |pages=112–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkorea0000kimc |url-access=registration |quote=chungin. |title=The History of Korea |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |author=Chun-gil Kim |year=2005 |isbn=0-313-33296-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofkorea0000kimc/page/95 95]–96–113}}</ref>

In everyday life, the ''jungin'' were below the aristocratic ''yangban'' but superior to the lower middle and working class ''[[sangmin]]''. Their roles were minor technical and administrative officials who supported the structure of the government. The highest-ranking ''jungin'', local functionaries, administratively enabled the ''yangban'' to oppress the lower classes, especially the total control they had over the sangmin. The ''jungin'' functioned as the [[Middle class|middle-class]] and were essentially petty bureaucrats particularly in the rural areas.

Although inferior to the aristocracy in social standing, the highly educated ''jungin'' enjoyed far more privileges and influence than the lower middle and working class commoners. For example, the ''jungin'' were not taxed nor subject to [[Conscription|military conscription]]. Like the ''yangban'', they were allowed to live in the central part of the city, hence the name "middle people". Also, the ''jungin'' tended to marry within their own class as well as into the ''yangban'' class. In addition, since they were eligible to enter the palace as [[Gungnyeo|royal servants]], it was possible for a ''jungin'' girl, if her father had a clean reputation or good connections and she was able to catch the [[List of rulers of Korea|King]] or Queen Dowager's eye, to become a royal consort or even a Royal Noble Consort, the second highest level in the hierarchy of the king's harem, after the Queen. An example is [[Royal Noble Consort Huibin Jang|Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan]], personal name [[Royal Noble Consort Huibin Jang|Jang Ok-jeong]], was a consort of [[King Sukjong of Joseon]] and mother of [[Gyeongjong of Joseon|Gyeongjong]]. She was the Queen of Joseon from 1689 until her deposition, in 1694.

However, to become a ''jungin'', passing the ''[[Gwageo|chapkwa]]'' examination, which tested their practical knowledge of certain skills, was usually required. The ''jungin'' besides being known as a section of the middle-class, they were the smallest social class in dynastic Korea.

The Korean ''jungin'', as a social class, were roughly analogous to the middle-class in [[Europe]]. Local functionaries in the rural areas were basically equal to petty bureaucrats.

== Culture impact on Korean literature ==
''Jungin'' were highly educated like yangbans, and though they were never regarded the same level or social status, they would receive help from the yangban people who enjoyed their poems to get them published. Moreover,  from being less acknowledged than the yangban class, they were discriminated against as well. As ''jungin'' were being unfairly treated for their status in society,  they wanted more acknowledgement in society and created a poetry group; heir work can be seen in the ancient books, “Okgyeiseungcheop” and “Okgyecheongyucheop.” Alongside, They would go on to publish their first collection of poems, “Sodaepungyo,” and would continue to release a new collection every 60 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-01 |title=Joseon's middle class key to development of literature, culture |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2024/04/690_91986.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=koreatimes |language=en}}</ref> 

A literature collection, ''Recitation of Miscellanies'' by Six Poets, talks about the level of the poet’s literary talents compared to their place in society. Despite their differences, development of The Songsogwon Poetry Society led to a closer interaction between the yangban and jungin societal classes. During the late seventeenth century many Jungin gained a bit of popularity by writing poetry. They would write poetry about their lives as poets and sometimes the people in the higher society would spread their poetry among the others. Even though they shared these poems and were liked by others, it still did not allow them to gain more favor in society and they remained as ''jungin''. Remaining Pearls of Korea was a set of poems put together by a ''jungin'' who was encouraged by a yangban to get it together.

A notable Sijo author during the Joseon dynasty, Kim Cheon Taek, was a Pogyo constable during the reign of King Sukjong. Kim Cheon Taek compiled Cheonguyeongeon and was known for memorizing hundreds of works from Sigyeong. Kim was a highly skilled singer with great knowledge in arts who touched the nation's people to tears with his singing. As a member of the ''jungin'' class during his period, he was not able to advance in society therefore choose to live with nature. Kim knew this because of the social stratification in the Joseon Dynasty, and settled to live amongst what nature had to offer most ''jungin'' people. In his sijo’s, Kim incorporated elements of nature; in his sijo about a white seagull (english translation below) he expresses that as a member of the ''jungin'' class, he will be live with nature: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Hwisang |date=2020 |title=Literary Powerhouse from the Social Margins |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society|language=en |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.4.0821 |issn=2169-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Korea |first=L. T. I. |title=Korean Literature Now - KLN > Strings > Inkstone > Gagaek: The Idols of Premodern Korea |url=https://www.kln.or.kr/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Korean Literature Now - KLN |language=ko}}</ref>

''White seagull, let me ask you something. Don’t be alarmed.''

''Where are all the famed places, splendid lands that have been abandoned?''

''If you tell me in detail, we can go and spend time together there.''

- Kim Cheon Taek

== Famous ''jungin'' ==
''Jungin'' were prominent especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when they tended to welcome Western institutions and ideas for modernizing Korea.
* [[Yu Daechi|Yu Dae-chi]] (a.k.a. Yu Hong-gi)
* [[Oh Gyeong-sok]] and his son, [[Oh Se-chang]]
* [[Byeon Su]]
* [[Kim Kyu-sik]]
* [[Choe Nam-seon]]

== See also ==
* [[Baekjeong]]
* [[Cheonmin]]
* [[Daeryeong Suksu]]
* [[Sangmin]]
* [[Yangban]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007113711/http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~mss1/chungin.html ''infoKorea'']
{{Joseon dynasty}}

[[Category:Korean caste system]]
[[Category:Social class in Asia]]
[[Category:Society of Joseon]]