View source for King of Italy

{{Short description|Title of Italian monarchs before 1946}}
{{Infobox monarchy
| royal_title        = King
| realm              = Italy
| native_name        = Re d'Italia
| border             = <!-- Optional. Accepted values: provincial / federal / imperial -->
| coatofarms         = Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg
| coatofarms_article = <!-- Required if {{{coatofarms}}} field is used. -->
| coatofarms_link    = <!-- Optional. If {{{coatofarms}}} field is used. -->
| type               = other
| his/her            = His
| image              =Umberto II, 1944.jpg
| caption            = '''Last to reign<br>[[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]]'''<br />9 May – 12 June 1946
| first_monarch      = [[Odoacer]]
| last_monarch       = [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]]
| formation          = {{Start date and age|4 September 476}} 
| abolition          = {{Start date and age|12 June 1946}} 
| residence          = [[Quirinal Palace]]
| pretender          = Disputed:
* [[Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice|Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice]]
* [[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)|Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]]
}}
[[File:Iron Crown.JPG|thumbnail|260px|For centuries, the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] was used in the [[Coronation]] of the King of Italy.]]

'''King of Italy''' ({{langx|it|Re d'Italia}}; {{langx|la|Rex Italiae}}) was the title given to the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)|Kingdom of Italy]] after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. The first to take the title was [[Odoacer]], a [[barbarian kingdoms|barbarian]] warlord, in the late 5th century, followed by the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic kings]] up to the mid-6th century. With the [[Franks|Frankish]] conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]] assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombardy]].

A [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] was restored from 1805 to 1814 with [[Napoleon]] as its only king, centred in [[Northern Italy]]. It was not until the [[Italian unification]] in the 1860s that an independent Kingdom of Italy covering the entire [[Italian Peninsula]] was restored. From 1861 the [[House of Savoy]] held the title of ''King of Italy'' until the last king, [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was exiled in 1946 when Italy became a republic.

==History==
After the [[Deposition of Romulus Augustulus|deposition of the last Western Emperor]] in 476, [[Heruli]] leader [[Odoacer]] was appointed ''Dux Italiae'' (Duke of Italy) by the reigning [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]. Later, the Germanic ''[[foederati]],'' the [[Scirians]] and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer {{lang|la|Rex Italiae}} ('King of Italy).<ref name=Bury-406>Bury, ''History'', vol. 1 p. 406</ref> In 493, the [[Ostrogoth]]ic king [[Theoderic the Great]] killed Odoacer, and set up [[Amal dynasty|a new dynasty]] of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when [[Gothic War (535–554)|Italy was reconquered]] by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 552.

In 568, the [[Lombards]] entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] and the duchies of [[Duchy of Rome|Rome]], [[Duchy of Venetia|Venetia]], [[Duchy of Naples|Naples]] and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]], who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of [[Charles the Fat]] in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title ''Rex Italicorum'' ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish Empire, [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] added Italy to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and continued the use of the title ''Rex Italicorum''. The last to use this title was [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. They were crowned in [[Pavia]], [[Milan]] and [[Bologna]].

In 1805, [[Napoleon I]] was crowned with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy#Modern uses|Iron Crown of Lombardy]] at the [[Milan Cathedral]]. The next year, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Francis II]] abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the [[Italian Unification]] (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The ''[[Risorgimento]]'' successfully established the [[House of Savoy]] dynasty over the whole peninsula and, uniting the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Two Sicilies]], it formed the modern [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The monarchy was superseded by the [[Italy|Italian Republic]], after a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|constitutional referendum]] was held on 2 June 1946, after [[World War II]].<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year and [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] left the country.

==As "[[Odoacer#Duke of Italy|Kingdom of Odoacer]]"==
Initially named ''Dux Italiae'' (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in [[Constantinople]], he later was recognized as King of Italy by the ''[[foederati]]'' in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the [[Ostrogoths]], who established their own kingdom.

* [[Odoacer]] (476–493)

==[[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] (493–553)==
Theodoric the Great was invited by the emperor Zeno to take Italy from Odoacer and rule it in Zeno's name. He defeated Odoacer in 493, establishing a new kingdom in place of Odoacer's. Officially, the Ostrogothic kings ruled the [[Roman citizens]] in Italy as a viceroy of the Roman emperors, and their own [[Goths|Gothic]] people as their king, though functionally they ran their kingdom entirely independently from the Roman authority in Constantinople. Their greatest extent was during Theodoric's reign; as Roman Emperors from the east began to exert more power and retake control of Roman territory, the last Ostrogothic king fell to the Emperor [[Justinian]] in 553.

* [[Theodoric the Great]] (493–526)
* [[Athalaric]] (526–534)
* Queen [[Amalasuintha]] (534–535)
* [[Theodahad]] (534–536)
* [[Witiges]] (536–540)
* [[Ildibad]] (540–541)
* [[Eraric]] (541)
* [[Totila]] (541–552)
* [[Teia]] (552–553)

==Interregnum (553–568)==
Byzantine Roman authority in Italy was briefly re-established under Justinian, though his gains were lost under his successor Justin II, after a new Germanic tribe, the [[Lombards]], invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568.

*[[Justinian I]] (553–565) (as Roman Emperor) 
*[[Justin II]] (565–568) (as Roman Emperor)

==[[Kingdom of the Lombards]] (568–814)==
{{Main|List of kings of the Lombards}}
The Lombards under Alboin established their kingdom in the extreme north of Italy in 568, gradually pushing the Byzantine Romans back from the peninsula until only the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] remained under Roman control. This finally fell in the 750s, with the Lombards gaining control of most of the peninsula. The last Lombard King of Italy, Desiderius, was deposed by his son-in-law Charlemagne, who folded it into the larger [[Carolingian Empire]], which evolved over time into the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

* [[Alboin]] (568–572)
* [[Cleph]] (572–574)
* [[Rule of the dukes]] (ten-year interregnum)
* [[Authari]] (584–590)
* [[Agilulf]] (591 – {{circa|616}})
* [[Adaloald]] ({{circa|616|626}})
* [[Arioald]] ({{circa|626}} – 636)
* [[Rothari]] (636–652)
* [[Rodoald]] (652–653)
* [[Aripert I]] (653–661)
* [[Perctarit]] and [[Godepert]] (661–662)
* [[Grimoald I of Benevento|Grimoald]] (662–671)
* [[Garibald]] (671)
* [[Perctarit]] (671–688), restored from exile
* [[Alahis]] (688–689), rebel
* [[Cunipert|Cunincpert]] (688–700)
* [[Liutpert]] (700–701)
* [[Raginpert]] (701)
* [[Aripert II]] (701–712)
* [[Ansprand]] (712)
* [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] (712–744)
* [[Hildeprand]] (744)
* [[Ratchis]] (744–749)
* [[Aistulf]] (749–756)
* [[Desiderius]] (756–774)

==[[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)#Constituent of the Carolingian Empire|Kingdom of Italy]] (781–962)==

===[[Carolingian Dynasty]] (774–887)===
Charlemagne ruled over northern Italy as [[King of the Lombards]]. In 781, he named his son Pepin as King of Italy, though he still maintained suzerainty over the land. Charlemagne was crowned [[Carolingian Empire|Roman Emperor]] in 800, while the Kingdom of Italy became one of the constituent kingdoms of the Empire. Beginning with Louis the Pious in 818, the Kingdom was ruled directly by the Carolingian Emperor himself.

* [[Charlemagne]] as [[King of the Lombards]] (774–814) and [[Carolingian Empire|Roman Emperor]] (800–814) 
* [[Pepin of Italy|Pepin]] (781–810)
* [[Bernard of Italy|Bernard]] (810–818)
* [[Louis I the Pious|Louis I]] (818–822)
* [[Lothair I]] (822–855)
* [[Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis II]] (844–875)
* [[Charles II the Bald]] (875–877)
* [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]] (877–879)
* [[Charles the Fat|Charles III the Fat]] (879–887)

===Instability (888–962)===
After 887, Italy fell into instability, with many rulers claiming the kingship simultaneously:

* [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] (887–896), vassal of the German King [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], reduced to [[March of Friuli|Friuli]] (889–894), deposed by Arnulf in 896.
* [[Guy III of Spoleto|Guy of Spoleto]] (889–894), opponent of Berengar, ruled most of Italy but was deposed by Arnulf.
* [[Lambert of Spoleto]] (891–896), subking of his father Guy before 894, reduced to [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] (894–895).
* [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] (894–899)<ref>Bryce, James ''The Holy Roman Empire'' (1913), pg. xxxv</ref>
* [[Ratold of Italy|Ratold]], sub-king (896)

In 896, Arnulf and Ratold lost control of Italy, which was divided between Berengar and Lambert:
* [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] (896–924), seized Lambert's portion upon the latter's death in 898.
* [[Lambert of Spoleto]] (896–898)
* [[Louis the Blind|Louis III of Provence]] (900–905), opposed Berengar in 900–902 and 905.
* [[Rudolph II of Burgundy]] (922–933), defeated Berengar but fled Italy in 926.
* [[Hugh of Italy|Hugh of Arles]] (926–947), elected by Berengar's partisans in 925, resigned to Provence after 945.
* [[Lothair II of Italy|Lothair II of Arles]] (945–950)
* [[Berengar II of Italy|Berengar II of Ivrea]], jointly with his son [[Adalbert of Italy|Adalbert of Ivrea]] (950–961)

In 951 [[Otto the Great|Otto I]] invaded Italy and was crowned with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]]. In 952, Berengar and Adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by Otto.

==Holy Roman Empire (962–1556)==
{{see|Holy Roman Emperors|King of the Romans|List of German monarchs#Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806}}

Otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Papal States]] captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time. After [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], the emperors stopped being crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trent and South Tyrol]] until the [[Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire|dissolution of the Empire]] in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the [[Normans|Norman]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]] (later the [[Kingdom of Naples]]) took control of the area in the 11th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the [[Papal States]], under the direct personal rule of the pope. The [[Duke of Savoy]] was ''[[de jure]]'' a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor, with the Duke being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.

===[[Ottonian dynasty]] (962–1024)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Otto the Great.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]
| align="center"| 23 November 912 – 7 May 973
| align="center"| 962<ref name="Muratori">[[Lodovico Antonio Muratori]], Giuseppe Oggeri Vincenti, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8IAAAAQAAJ Annali d'Italia]'', 1788, pp. 78–81.</ref>
| align="center"| 7 May 973
|-
| [[File:Otton2.JPG|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]]
| align="center"| 955 – 7 December 983
| align="center"| {{circa|October 980}}<ref>According to Sismondi, ''History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages'' (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned [[King of the Romans]] in 961 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at [[Pavia]] in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at [[Ravenna]].</ref>
| align="center"| 7 December 983
|-
| [[File:Clm 4453 fol 24r Detail Herrscherbild.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]
| align="center"| 980 – 23 January 1002
| align="center"| {{circa|February 996}}<ref>Although Otto III was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at [[Milan]] prior to the death of [[Pope John XV]] in early March 996 – see Comyn, ''History of the Western Empire'', Vol. 1, pg. 123</ref>
| align="center"| 23 January 1002
|-
| [[File:Arduino d'ivrea (2).jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Arduin of Ivrea|Arduin]]
| align="center"| 955–1015
| align="center"| 1002<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 1014
|-
| [[File:Ubf Richard-Wagner-Platz Mosaik Heinrich II.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]<br /><ref>enumerated as successor of [[Henry I the Fowler|Henry I]] who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.</ref>
| align="center"| 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024
| align="center"| 1004<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 13 July 1024
|-
|}

===[[Salian dynasty]] (1027–1125)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Konrád2.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad I]]<br /><ref>enumerated as successor of [[Conrad I of Germany|Conrad I]] who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor</ref>
| align="center"| 990 – 4 June 1039
| align="center"| 1026<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 4 June 1039
|-
| [[File:Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]]
| align="center"| 29 October 1017 – 5 October 1056
| align="center"| 1039<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 5 October 1056
|-
| [[File:Jindra4Salsky.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]
| align="center"| 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106
| align="center"| 1056<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| December 1105
|-
| [[File:Conrad II of Italy.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Conrad II of Italy]]
| align="center"| 1074–1101
| align="center"| 1093<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 1101
|-
| [[File:Jindra5Salsky.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]<br /><ref>
{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY6VmGuAaCkC|title=The Origins of Modern Germany
|first=Geoffrey
|last=Barraclough
|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company
|year=1984
|isbn=0-393-30153-2
}}
</ref>
| align="center"| 8 November 1086 – 23 May 1125
| align="center"| 1106<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 23 May 1125
|-
|}

===[[Süpplingenburg dynasty]] (1125–1137)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| align="center"| [[File:Siegel Lothar III.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]]
| align="center"| 9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137
| align="center"| 1125<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 4 December 1137
|-
|}

===[[House of Hohenstaufen]] (1128–1197)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Konrad III Miniatur 13 Jahrhundert.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]
| align="center"| 1093 – 15 February 1152
| align="center"| 1138<ref name="Muratori" /><br>(also crowned in 1128 in opposition to Lothair<ref>Comyn, Robert. ''History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V'', Vol. I. 1851, p. 191.</ref>)
| align="center"| 1152
|-
| [[File:Wgt Stifterbüchlein 43r.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]]
| align="center"| 1122 – 10 June 1190
| align="center"| 1154
| align="center"| 1186
|-
| [[File:JindrichVIStauf trun.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]
| align="center"| November 1165 – 28 September 1197
| align="center"| 1186<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 28 September 1197
|-
|}

===[[House of Welf]] (1208–1212)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=8% | Coat of Arms
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg|center|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]
| align="center"| 1175 or 1176 – 19 May 1218
| align="center"| 1209<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 1212
|-
|}

===[[House of Hohenstaufen]] (1212–1254)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
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! width=8% | Life
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|-
| [[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<br><small>(Friedrich II)</small>
| align="center"| 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250
| align="center"| 5 December 1212
| align="center"| 13 December 1250
|-
| [[File:Jindra7.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry]]<br><small>(Heinrich (VII))</small>
| align="center"| 1211 – 12 February 1242
| align="center"| 23 April 1220
| align="center"| 12 February 1242
|-
|[[File:Conrad IV of Germany.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]<br><small>(Konrad IV)</small>
| align="center"| 25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254
| align="center"| May 1237
| align="center"| 21 May 1254
|}

===[[House of Luxembourg]] (1311–1313)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
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! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Henry7Luc.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Armoiries Henri VII de Luxembourg.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]]
| align="center"| 1275<ref>Kleinhenz, Christopher, ''Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1'', Routledge, 2004, pg. 494</ref> – 24 August 1313
| align="center"| 6 January 1311<ref>Jones, Michael, ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 533</ref>
| align="center"| 24 August 1313
|-
|}

===[[House of Wittelsbach]] (1327–1347)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
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! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Ludwig der Bayer.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Arms of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]]
| align="center"| 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347
| align="center"| 1327
| align="center"| 11 October 1347
|-
|}

===[[House of Luxembourg]] (1355–1437)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
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|-
| [[File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Arms of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]
| align="center"| 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378
| align="center"| 1355<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 29 November 1378
|-
| [[File:Zikmund Zhořelecka radnice.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| align="center"| 14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437
| align="center"| 1431<ref name="Muratori" />
| align="center"| 9 December 1437
|-
|}

===[[House of Habsburg]] (1437–1801)===
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
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! width=15% | Name
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|-
| [[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:CoA Frederick III of Habsburg.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]
| align="center"| 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493
| align="center"| 16 March 1452
| align="center"| 19 August 1493
|-
| [[File:Charles I of Spain.jpg|100px|center]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain-Or shield variant.svg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]
| align="center"| 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558
| align="center"| 24 February 1530<ref name="Argenti">Philip Pandely Argenti, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dpk3AAAAIAAJ Chius Vincta]'', 1941, p. xvii.</ref>
| align="center"| 16 January 1556
|-
|}

Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned king of Italy or to officially use the title.<ref name="Muratori"/> The Habsburg emperors claimed the Italian crown until 1801. The empire continued to include Italian territories until its dissolution in 1806.
{{anchor|Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy}}

==[[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy as a client state of France]], [[House of Bonaparte]] (1805–1814)==
In 1805, [[Napoleon]] established a client state in northern Italy, named the Kingdom of Italy. He established himself as King of Italy, in personal union with his role as [[Emperor of the French]]. This client state did not survive the end of the Napoleonic era; in its place, the [[Congress of Vienna]] established a number of independent duchies and kingdoms in the region.

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=8% | Coat of Arms
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Coronation
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg|100px|centre]]
| [[File:Great Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic).svg|100px|centre]]
| align="center"| [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]]
| align="center"| 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821
| align="center"| 17 March 1805
| align="center"| 11 April 1814
|}

===Full title===
This title is present in Italian laws proclaimed by Napoleon I:

[Name], [[by the Grace of God]] and the Constitutions, Emperor of the French and King of Italy.

==[[Kingdom of Italy]], [[House of Savoy]] (1861–1946)==
During and after the [[Revolutions of 1848]], sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with northern Italy since the early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive [[Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]] regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly republican leader in southern Italy, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], made common cause with the [[House of Savoy]] to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the [[Unification of Italy]]. This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of [[World War II]], when the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]] ended the monarchy.

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=8% | Coat of Arms
! width=15% | Name
! width=8% | Life
! width=8% | Became King
! width=8% | Ceased to be King
|-
| [[File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg|center|151x151px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1870-1890).svg|center|128x128px]]
| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel II]]
| align="center"| 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878
| align="center"| 17 March 1861
| align="center"| 9 January 1878
|-
| [[File:Umberto I di Savoia.jpg|100px|centre]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg|100px|centre]]
| align="center"| [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]]
| align="center"| 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900
| align="center"| 9 January 1878
| align="center"| 29 July 1900
|-
| [[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|100px|centre]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg|100px|centre]]
| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel III]]
| align="center"| 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947
| align="center"| 29 July 1900
| align="center"| 9 May 1946
|-
| [[File:Umberto II, 1944.jpg|100px|centre]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg|100px|centre]]
| align="center"| [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]]
| align="center"| 15 September 1904 – 18 March 1983
| align="center"| 9 May 1946
| align="center"| 12 June 1946
|}

=== Full title ===
Up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full titles of the Kings of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] (1861–1946) were:

{{Quote|[Name], [[by the Grace of God]] and the will of the Nation, King of Italy, [[King of Sardinia]], [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[King of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenia]], [[Duchy of Savoy|Duke of Savoy]], [[count of Maurienne]], Marquis (of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) in Italy; Prince of [[Piedmont]], [[Carignano, Piedmont|Carignano]], [[Oneglia]], [[Poirino]], [[Trino, Piedmont|Trino]]; Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of [[Carmagnola]], [[Montmélian]] with [[Arbin, Savoie|Arbin]] and [[Francin]], Prince [[bailiff]] of the Duchy of [[Aosta]], [[Prince]] of [[Chieri]], [[Dronero]], [[Crescentino]], [[Riva presso Chieri|Riva di Chieri]] and [[Banna, Italy|Banna]], [[Busca, Piedmont|Busca]], [[Bene Vagienna|Bene]], [[Bra, Italy|Bra]], [[Duke of Genoa]], [[Rulers of Montferrat|Monferrat]], [[Aosta]], Duke of [[Chablais]], [[Genevois (province)|Genevois]], Duke of [[Piacenza]], [[Marquis]] of [[Saluzzo]] (Saluces), [[Ivrea]], [[Marquis of Susa|Susa]], of [[Castelnovo ne' Monti|Maro]], [[Oristano]], [[Cesana Torinese|Cesana]], [[Savona]], [[Moûtiers|Tarantasia]], [[Borgomanero]] and [[Cureggio]], [[Caselle Torinese|Caselle]], [[Rivoli, Piedmont|Rivoli]], [[Pianezza]], [[Govone]], [[Salussola]], [[Racconigi]] over [[Tegerone]], [[Migliabruna]] and [[Motturone]], [[Cavallermaggiore]], [[Marene]], [[Modane]] and [[Lanslebourg]], [[Livorno Ferraris]], [[Santhià]], [[Agliè]], [[Centallo]] and [[Demonte]], [[Desana]], [[Ghemme]], [[Vigone]], Count of [[Barge, Piedmont|Barge]], [[Villafranca Piemonte|Villafranca]], [[Geneva|Ginevra]], [[Nice|Nizza]], [[Tende|Tenda]], [[Romont]], [[Asti]], [[Alessandria]], [[Count of Goceano|of Goceano]], [[Novara]], [[Tortona]], [[Bobbio]], [[Soissons]], [[Sant'Antioco]], [[Pollenzo]], [[Roccabruna]], [[Tricerro]], [[Bairo]], [[Ozegna]], delle Apertole, [[Baron]] of [[Vaud]] and of [[Faucigny|Faucigni]], [[Lord]] of [[Vercelli]], [[Pinerolo]], of [[Lomellina]], of [[Valsesia|Valle Sesia]], of the Marquisate of [[Ceva]], Overlord of [[Monaco]], [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roccabruna]] and eleven-twelfths of [[Menton]], [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|Noble Patrician]] of [[Venice]], Patrician of [[Ferrara]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[King of Jerusalem]]
* [[List of kings of the Lombards]]
* [[List of monarchs of Naples]]
* [[List of monarchs of Sardinia]]
* [[List of Sicilian monarchs]]
* [[List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]
* [[List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]
* [[List of rulers of Tuscany]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[List of viceroys of Naples]]
* [[List of viceroys of Sicily]]
* [[List of Italian queens]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Antique Kings of Italy}}
{{Kings of Italy (1861–1946)}}
{{Pretenders to the Italian throne}}
{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}}
{{Italian royal titles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King of Italy}}
[[Category:Political history of Italy]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Italy]]
[[Category:Lists of Italian nobility|Italy]]
[[Category:Kings of Italy| ]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Italy]]