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{{short description|1929 treaty between Italy and the Holy See}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                 = Lateran Treaty
| long_name            = 
| image                = Group of Vatican and Italian government notables posing at the Lateran Palace before the signing of the treaty.jpg
| image_width          = 230px
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = Holy See and Italian delegations prior to signing the treaty
| type                 = Bilateral treaty
| context              = Establishment of [[Vatican City]] on the [[Italian peninsula]]
| date_drafted         = 
| date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1929|2|11}}<ref name="SignDate"/>
| location_signed      = [[Rome]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| date_sealed          = 
| date_effective       = 7 June 1929
| condition_effective  = Ratification by the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy
| date_expiration      = 
| date_expiry          = 
| mediators            = 
| negotiators          = 
| original_signatories = 
| signatories          = {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Holy See usual.svg}} [[Pietro Gasparri]]<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]
| parties              = {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Holy See usual.svg}} [[Holy See]]
<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} 
| depositor            = 
| depositories         = 
| citations            = 
| language             = [[Italian language|Italian]]
| languages            = 
| wikisource           = 
| wikisource1          =
| footnotes            =
}}
{{Politics of Vatican City}}
The '''Lateran Treaty''' ({{langx|it|Patti Lateranensi}}; {{langx|la|Pacta Lateranensia}}) was one component of the '''Lateran Pacts of 1929''', agreements between [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] under [[Victor Emmanuel III]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] and the [[Holy See]] under [[Pope Pius XI]] to settle the long-standing [[Roman question]]. The treaty and associated pacts were named after the [[Lateran Palace]] where they were signed on 11 February 1929,<ref name="SignDate">{{cite web|quote=The world’s smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy|access-date=2 September 2021|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-02/vatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html|website=Vatican News|date=11 February 2020|title=Vatican City turns 91}}</ref> and the [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy|Italian Parliament]] ratified them on 7 June 1929. 

The treaty recognised [[Vatican City]] as an [[independent state]] under the sovereignty of the Holy See. Italy also agreed to give the [[Catholic Church]] financial compensation for the loss of the [[Papal States]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Western Society|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=900|edition=Tenth}}</ref> In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the [[Constitution of Italy]] as regulating the relations between the Italian Republic and the Catholic Church.<ref name="constitution7">[[s:Constitution of Italy|Constitution of Italy, Article 7]].</ref> While the treaty was significantly revised in 1984, ending the status of Catholicism as the sole state religion of Italy, the Vatican remains a distinct sovereign entity to the present day.

==Content==
The Lateran Pacts are often presented as three treaties: a 27-article treaty of conciliation, a three-article financial convention, and a 45-article [[concordat]];<ref>'''Multiple sources:'''
*{{cite web|url=http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm|title=Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929|website=www.aloha.net|url-status=dead|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523023017/http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25656757?uid=3738232&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102833893803 James Brown Scott, "The Treaty between Italy and the Vatican" in Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921–1969), volume 23, (24–27 April 1929), p. 13].
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/holy_see_(vatican_city)/government_profile.html|title=Holy See (Vatican City) Government Profile 2017|website=www.indexmundi.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/|title=CIA Factbook, 'Holy See (Vatican City)&|access-date=26 October 2013}}
*{{cite web|url=http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf|title=La Chiesa cattolica e il fascismo|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191443/http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm|title=Scopri StoriaLive|website=www.pbmstoria.it|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011143546/http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> however, the website of the Holy See presents the financial convention as an annex of the treaty of conciliation, considering the pacts as two documents:<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html Pacts between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, 11 February 1929].</ref>
* A political treaty recognising the full sovereignty of the Holy See in the State of Vatican City, which was thereby established, accompanied by four annexes:
** A map of the territory of Vatican City State
** Maps of buildings with [[Extraterritorial privileges|extraterritorial privilege]] and exemption from [[expropriation]] and taxes (owned by the Holy See but located in Italy and not forming part of Vatican City)
** Maps of buildings with exemption from expropriation and taxes (but without extraterritorial privilege)
** A financial convention agreed on as a definitive settlement of the claims of the Holy See following the [[capture of Rome]] in 1870 of its territories and property{{efn|The Italian state agreed to pay 750&nbsp;million [[Italian lira|Lire]] immediately plus consolidated bearer bonds with a coupon rate of 5% and a nominal value of Lire&nbsp;1,000&nbsp;million. It thus paid less than it would have paid, Lire&nbsp;3.25&nbsp;million ''per annum'', under the 1871 [[Law of Guarantees]], which the Holy See had not accepted.<ref>'''Multiple sources:'''
*{{cite web|url=http://lactualite.tripod.com/|title=End of Roman Question: Lateran Treaty Signed|website=lactualite.tripod.com}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Iyv_hg8DTkYC&pg=PA43 John F. Pollard, ''The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: A Study in Conflict'' (Cambridge University Press 2005] {{ISBN|978-0-52102366-5}}), p. 43.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHgMm6APG_0C&pg=PA77 John Whittam, ''Fascist Italy'' (Manchester University Press 1995] {{ISBN|978-0-71904004-7}}), p. 77.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA1007 Gerhard Robbers, ''Encyclopedia of World Constitutions'' (Infobase Publishing 2006] {{ISBN|978-0-81606078-8}}), p. 1007.
*{{cite web|title=''Law Library Journal'', volume 99:3, p. 590|url=http://www.aallnet.org/main-menu/Publications/llj/LLJ-Archives/Vol-99/pub_llj_v99n03/2007-34.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516020936/http://www.aallnet.org/main-menu/Publications/llj/LLJ-Archives/Vol-99/pub_llj_v99n03/2007-34.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012 }}.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/vatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini "How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 January 2013.</ref>}}
* A concordat regulating relations between the Catholic Church and the Italian state.

The treaty defines only part of the [[public funding of the Catholic Church in Italy]].

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2018}}<!--several paragraphs are not cited-->
[[File:Francesco Pacelli.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francesco Pacelli]] was the right-hand man to Pius XI's Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]] during the Lateran Treaty negotiations]]
[[File:Vatican City annex.jpg|thumb|The territory of Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Accords]]
[[File:Vatican City map EN.svg|thumb|A map of Vatican City]]

During the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] in the mid-19th century, the Papal States under [[Pope Pius IX]] resisted incorporation into the new nation, even as almost all the other Italian countries joined it; [[Camillo Cavour]]'s dream of proclaiming the Kingdom of Italy from the steps of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] did not come to pass. The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied [[Romagna]] (the eastern portion of the Papal States) in 1860, leaving only Lazio (''Latium'') in the pope's domains. 

Latium, including Rome itself, [[Capture of Rome|was occupied]] and annexed in 1870. For the following sixty years, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the sovereign rights of the pope became known as the Roman question.

{{cquote|The Popes knew that Rome was irrevocably the capital of Italy. There was nothing they wanted less than to govern it or be burdened with a papal kingdom. What they wished was independence, a foothold on the earth that belonged to no other sovereign.<ref>Vatican Journal, p. 59 (entry dated June 14, 1931).</ref>}}

Under the terms of the [[Law of Guarantees]] of 1871, the Italian government offered to Pius IX and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over, the Vatican and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of 3,250,000 [[Italian lira|Lire]]. The Holy See refused this settlement, on the grounds that the pope's spiritual jurisdiction required clear independence from any political power, and thereafter each pope considered himself a "[[prisoner in the Vatican]]". The Lateran Treaty ended this impasse.

Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman question began in 1926 between the Holy See and the [[Italian fascist]] government led by Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]], and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] by Mussolini and for [[Pope Pius XI]] by Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]],<ref>Kertzer, ''Prisoner of the Vatican'', p. 292</ref> on 11 February 1929.<ref>Rhodes, ''The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators'', p. 46</ref> It was ratified on 7 June 1929.<ref>The National Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 266</ref>

The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the [[Holy See]]. The Pope was pledged to perpetual [[neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in [[international relations]] and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the [[1848 Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy]], that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html|title=Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 - Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> 

The attached financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy from the loss of temporal power over the Papal States in 1870, though the sum agreed to was actually less than Italy had offered in 1871. To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the ''[[Via della Conciliazione]]'' ("Road of the Conciliation"), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome.

=== After 1946 ===
The post-[[World War II]] Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties".<ref name="constitution7"/> In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053313/http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2020|url-status=live|url=http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas&Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf|publisher=The American Society of International Law|title=Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)}}</ref> 

The exclusive state financial support for the Church was ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the ''[[Eight per thousand|otto per mille]]'', to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. {{As of|2013}}, there were ten other religious groups with access.

The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which the state accords legal recognition to church marriages and to ecclesiastical [[declaration of nullity|declarations of nullity]] of marriages.<ref>Article 8 of the revised concordat</ref> The agreement also ended state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See,<ref>Articles 41–42 of the 1929 concordat</ref> the right of the state to request ecclesiastical honours for those chosen to perform religious functions for the state or the royal household,<ref>Article 15 of the 1929 concordat</ref> and the right of the state to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops.<ref>Article 19 of the 1929 concordat</ref> In 2008, it was announced that the Vatican would no longer immediately adopt all Italian laws, citing conflict over right-to-life issues following the [[trial and ruling of the Eluana Englaro case]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231|title=Vatican ends automatic adoption of Italian law |last=Elgood |first=Giles |date=2008-12-31|work=[[Reuters]]|quote=The Vatican will no longer automatically adopt new Italian laws as its own, a top Vatican official said, citing the vast number of laws Italy churns out, many of which are in odds with Catholic doctrine. |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173133/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The article only speculates the Vatican's decision was because of the Englaro case, citing more speculation from an Italian official.|date=September 2021}}

==Violations==
The [[Italian racial laws]] of 1938 prohibited marriages between Jews and non-Jews, including Catholics: the Vatican viewed this as a violation of the Concordat, which gave the church the sole right to regulate marriages involving Catholics.<ref>Zuccotti, 2000, p. 37.</ref> Article 34 of the Concordat specified that marriages performed by the Catholic Church would always be considered valid by civil authorities.<ref name=Zuccotti>Zuccotti, 2000, p. 48.</ref> The Holy See understood this to apply to all marriages in Italy celebrated by Roman Catholic clergy, regardless of the faiths of those being married.<ref name=Zuccotti/>

==See also==
* [[List of sovereigns of the Vatican City State]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
* [[Properties of the Holy See]]
*[[Public funding of the Catholic Church in Italy]]
* [[Reichskonkordat]], treaty between the Holy See and Nazi Germany
* [[Religion in Italy]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kertzer |first=David I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoEgzlz5iPgC |title=Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes' Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-618-22442-5 |location=Boston}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kertzer |first=David I. |author-link=David Kertzer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ |title=The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-871616-7 |location=Oxford |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Latourette |first=Kenneth Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinre0004lato |title=Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century |date=1958 |publisher=Harper |volume=4: The 20th Century in Europe |location=New York |pages=32–35, 153, 156, 371}}
* {{Cite book |last=McCormick |first=Anne O'Hare |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticanjournal1900mcco/ |title=Vatican Journal: 1921–1954 |date=1957 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Cudahy]] |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=John Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iyv_hg8DTkYC |title=The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929-32: A Study in Conflict |date=1985 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-02366-5 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxnVBAAAQBAJ |title=The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914-1958 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-920856-2 |series=Oxford history of the Christian Church |location=Oxford; New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Anthony Richard Ewart |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticaninageof00rhod |title=The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945 |publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-03-007736-4 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Riccards |first=Michael P. |title=Vicars of Christ: Popes, Power, and Politics in the Modern World |publisher=Crossroad |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8245-1694-9 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |title=The National Encyclopedia |title-link=Collier's Encyclopedia |publisher=P.F. Collier & Son Corporation |year=1935 |editor-last=Suzzallo |editor-first=Henry |volume=10 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zuccotti |first=Susan |title=Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy |title-link=Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-09310-0 |series=Yale nota bene |location=New Haven, Conn.}}
{{refend}}

'''Archival sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Jacuzio |first1 = Raffaele |last2 = Alfredo Rocco |first2 = Alfredo |author2-link = Alfredo Rocco | url = http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/ | title = Commento della nuova legislazione in materia ecclesiastica | location = Turin | publisher = Unione tipografica editori torinese | language = it | year = 1932 | pages = viii, 693 | oclc = 250715403 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190618000557/http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/ | archive-date = 18 June 2019 | access-date = 27 August 2019 | url-status = dead }} Via [https://archive.today/20190827202117/https://www.worldcat.org/title/commento-della-nuova-legislazione-in-materia-ecclesiastica/oclc/250715403&referer=brief_results]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lateran Treaty}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010175158/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf Text of the Lateran Treaty] (English translation)
* [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html Text of the Lateran Pacts, including the financial convention and the concordat] (original Italian)
* [https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1929-05-27;810 Italian law executing the Lateran Pacts, with the text and annexed maps] (original Italian)

{{Clear}}
{{Vatican City topics}}
{{Foreign relations of the Holy See}}
{{Holy See}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
{{Portal bar|Vatican City|Italy|History}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1929 in Italy]]
[[Category:Modern history of Italy]]
[[Category:Government of Vatican City]]
[[Category:Political history of Vatican City]]
[[Category:History of Catholicism in Italy]]
[[Category:History of Rome]]
[[Category:Holy See–Italy relations]]
[[Category:Italy–Vatican City border]]
[[Category:Pope Pius XI]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1929]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1929]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Holy See (1870–1929)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]
[[Category:Law of Vatican City]]
[[Category:1929 in Vatican City]]
[[Category:1920s in Rome]]
[[Category:February 1929 in Europe]]
[[Category:Interwar-period treaties]]
[[Category:Legal history of Vatican City]]
[[Category:Victor Emmanuel III]]
[[Category:Benito Mussolini]]