View source for List of obelisks in Rome

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[[File:Roman Obelisks.jpg|thumb|19th century collage of the twelve obelisks in Rome at the time (the Dogali obelisk was found later). Note the photos of 10 and 11 are incorrectly swapped.]]
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

The city of [[Rome]] harbours thirteen ancient [[obelisk]]s, the most in the world. There are eight [[ancient Egypt]]ian and five [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] '''obelisks in Rome''', together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also until 2005 an [[Kingdom of Aksum|ancient Ethiopian]] obelisk in Rome.

The Romans used special heavy cargo carriers called [[obelisk ships]] to transport the monuments down the [[Nile]]{{clarify|reason=This implies that all Roman obelisks, i.e. NOT the looted Egyptian ones, were commissioned in Egypt. Were they?! Further down it says no, some were made in Rome - then please add here the specification "those created in [Upper??] Egypt".|date=February 2021}} to [[Alexandria]] and from there across the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to Rome. On site, large [[Crane (machine)#Roman Empire|Roman cranes]] were employed to erect the monoliths.

==Ancient Egyptian obelisks==
{{see also|List of Egyptian obelisks}}
At least eight obelisks created in antiquity by the Egyptians were taken from Egypt after the [[Roman conquest of Egypt|Roman conquest]] and brought to Rome.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name 
! Original Commissioner
! Location 
! Height <br>(with base)
! Description
! Image 
|-
| ''[[Lateran Obelisk|Lateranense]]''  
| [[Tuthmosis III]] / [[Tuthmosis IV]] 
| [[Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano]]<br><br>{{coord|41|53|12.6|N|12|30|17.2|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Lateranense}}
| {{0|(}}32.18&nbsp;m <br>(45.70&nbsp;m)
| Tallest obelisk in Rome, and the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, originally weighing around 455&nbsp;[[ton]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/raising/rome.html|title = NOVA Online &#124; Mysteries of the Nile &#124; A World of Obelisks: Rome| website=[[PBS]] }}</ref> From the temple of [[Amun]] in [[Karnak]],{{ref|map 1|map}} and brought to [[Alexandria]] with [[Obelisk of Theodosius|another obelisk]] by [[Constantius II]], and brought on its own from there to Rome in 357 to decorate the ''[[spina (Roman circus)|spina]]'' of the [[Circus Maximus]].{{ref|map 2|map}} Found in three pieces in 1587, restored approximately 4&nbsp;m shorter by [[Pope Sixtus V]], and erected near the [[Lateran Palace]] and [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] in 1588 in the place of the [[Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius|equestrian statue]] of [[Marcus Aurelius]], which was moved to the [[Capitoline Hill]]. Current version weighs around 330 tons.<ref name="ancient-wisdom.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/menhirs.htm|title = Menhir's, Obelisks and Standing stones}}</ref>
| [[File:Lateran Obelisk HD.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Vatican obelisk|Vaticano]]''
| Unknown
| [[St. Peter's Square]]<br><br>{{coord|41|54|8.1|N|12|27|26.1|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Vaticano}}
| {{0|(}}25.5&nbsp;m <br>(41&nbsp;m)<ref group="A">Supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the [[House of Chigi|Chigi]] arms in bronze, in all 41&nbsp;m to the cross on its top</ref> 
|| [[File:Old St Peter's Basilica, Rome, about the year 1450 restored from ancient authorities.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] with the obelisk at the left in its original place.]] Originally raised in the Forum Iulium in Alexandria{{ref|map 4|map}} by the prefect [[Cornelius Gallus]] on Augustus' orders around 30–28 BC. No hieroglyphs. Brought to Rome by [[Caligula]] in 40 for the ''spina'' of the [[Vatican Circus]].{{ref|map 5|map}} Relocated by [[Pope Sixtus V]] in 1586 using a method devised by [[Domenico Fontana]]; the first monumental obelisk raised in the modern period, it is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since Roman times. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball on top of the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>Touring Club Italiano, ''Roma e Dintorni''.</ref><ref name="Tafur">''[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch3 Travels and Adventures]'', Chapter 3, [[Pero Tafur]], digitized from [[The Broadway Travellers]] series, edited by Sir [[E. Denison Ross]] and [[Eileen Power]], translated and edited with an introduction by [[Malcolm Letts]] (New York, London: Harper & brothers 1926): {{quote|On the other side of it is a high tower made of one piece of stone, like a three-cornered diamond raised upon three brazen feet; and many, taking it for a holy thing, creep between the ground and the base of that tower. This was a work undertaken in honour of [[Julius Caesar]] and assigned for his burial, and on the top of it are three large gilt apples in which is the dust of the Emperor {{sic}} Julius Caesar, and certainly it is a noble edifice and marvellously ordered and very strange. It is called Caesar's needle, and in the middle and at the base, and even at the top, are a few ancient letters carved in the stone which now cannot well be read, but in fact they record that the body of Julius Caesar was buried there.}}</ref> Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Rome museum, that stood atop the obelisk and found only dust. [[Pedro Tafur]] in his ''Andanças''<ref name="Tafur" /><ref name="DCECH">[[Pedro Tafur]]'s ''[[Andanças]]'' (1874 edition) referenced in the ''[[Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico]]'', [[Joan Corominas]], [[José Antonio Pascual]], 1987, Editorial Gredos, Tome I, {{ISBN|84-249-1361-2}}, entry ''carnicol'', page 880.</ref> ({{Circa|1440}}) mentions that many passed between the ground and the "tower" base "thinking it a saintly thing".
| [[File:Vatican Piazza San Pietro Obelisk slim.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Flaminio Obelisk|Flaminio]]''
| [[Seti I]] / [[Ramses II]] 
| [[Piazza del Popolo]]<br><br>{{coord|41|54|38.6|N|12|28|34.8|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Flaminio}}
| {{0|(}}24&nbsp;m <br>(36.50&nbsp;m) 
| Originally from [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].{{ref|map 7|map}} Brought to Rome by [[Augustus]] in 10 BC with the ''[[Solare (obelisk)|Solare]]'' obelisk and erected on the ''spina'' of the [[Circus Maximus]].{{ref|map 8|map}} Found with the ''Lateranense'' obelisk in 1587 in two pieces and erected by [[Pope Sixtus V]] in 1589. Sculptures with lion fountains were added to the base in 1818. Weighs around 235 tons.<ref name="ancient-wisdom.com" />
| [[File:Obelisk-popolo.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Solare (obelisk)|Solare]]'' 
| [[Psammetichus II]] 
| [[Piazza di Montecitorio]]<br><br>{{coord|41|54|2.5|N|12|28|43.2|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Solare}}
| {{0|(}}21.79&nbsp;m <br>(33.97&nbsp;m) 
| Originally from [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].{{ref|map 10|map}} Brought to Rome by [[Augustus]] in 10 BC with the ''Flaminio'' obelisk to form the [[gnomon]] of the ''[[Solarium Augusti]]'' in the ''[[Campus Martius]]''.{{ref|map 11|map}} Found in the 16th century but reburied. Rediscovered and erected by [[Pope Pius VI]] in front of the [[Palazzo Montecitorio]] in 1792.
| [[File:SolareObelisk cropped.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Pantheon obelisk|Macuteo]]''
| [[Ramses II]] 
| [[Piazza della Rotonda]]<br><br>{{coord|41|53|57.6|N|12|28|36.3|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Macuteo}}
| {{0|(2}}6.34&nbsp;m <br>(14.52&nbsp;m) 
| Originally one of a pair at the Temple of [[Ra]] in [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], the other being the now much shorter ''Matteiano''. Moved to the Temple of [[Isis]] near [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]. Found in 1373 near [[Church of San Macuto|San Macuto]] and erected in Piazza Macuta. Moved to the front of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] by [[Pope Clement XI]] in 1711 over a fountain by [[Filippo Barigioni]].
| [[File:obelisk in piazza della rotonda rome arp.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''[[Elephant and Obelisk|Minerveo]]''  
| [[Apries]] 
| [[Piazza della Minerva]]<br><br>{{coord|41|53|52.7|N|12|28|39.2|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Minerveo}}
| {{0|(2}}5.47&nbsp;m <br>(12.69&nbsp;m) 
| Originally one of a pair from [[Sais]]. Brought to Rome by [[Diocletian]] for the nearby Temple of [[Isis]]. Found in 1655 and erected in 1667 by [[Pope Alexander VII]] on an [[Elephant and Obelisk|Elephant]] base by [[Bernini]], behind the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in [[Piazza della Minerva]]. The other of the pair is in [[Urbino]].
This is the smallest obelisk in Rome, with a height of 5.47 meters.<ref>L'Italia. Roma (guida rossa), Touring Club Italiano, Milano 2004</ref>{{contradiction inline|reason=The section on the Matteiano below says that's the smallest|date=May 2022}}
| [[File:Roma Elephant Obelisk 2007-05-19 13-51-58 BW.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Dogali''  
| [[Ramses II]] 
| [[Baths of Diocletian]]<br><br>{{coord|41|54|7.8|N|12|29|50.9|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Dogali}}
| {{0|(2}}? <br>(6.34&nbsp;m) 
| Originally one of a pair from [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], the other now in the [[Boboli Gardens]] in [[Florence]]. Moved to the Temple of Isis in Rome. Found in 1883 by [[Rodolfo Lanciani]] near [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]. Now commemorates the [[Battle of Dogali]], originally in front of Near [[Termini Station (Rome)|Termini Station]] and moved to its present site in 1924.
| [[File:Dogali-obelisk.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Matteiano'' 
| [[Ramses II]] 
| [[Villa Celimontana]]<br><br>{{coord|41|53|0.2|N|12|29|43.2|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Matteiano}}
| {{0|(2}}2.68&nbsp;m <br>(12.23&nbsp;m) 
| Originally one of a pair at the Temple of [[Ra]] in [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], the other being the ''Macuteo'' which retains much more of its original height. Moved to the Temple of Isis near [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]. Found in the 14th century and erected east of [[Santa Maria in Aracoeli]] on the [[Capitoline]]. Moved to Villa Celimontana after [[Michelangelo]] redesigned the square in the late 16th century. Lost again; fragments rediscovered and re-erected in 1820. Smallest obelisk in Rome.{{contradiction inline|reason=The section on the Minerveo above says that's the smallest|date=May 2022}}
*[http://highskyblue.web.fc2.com/celimontana.htm Further details]
| [[File:Villa Celimontana Obelisk.JPG|125px|center]]
|-
|}

==Ancient Roman obelisks==
{{GeoGroupTemplate|section=Ancient_Roman_obelisks}}
At least five obelisks were manufactured in [[Roman Egypt|Egypt in the Roman period]] at the request of the wealthy Romans, or made in Rome as copies of ancient Egyptian originals.
{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Name 
! Location 
! Height <br>(with base) 
! Description
! Image 
|-
| ''Agonalis''
''(Pamphilius)''
| [[Piazza Navona]]<br /><br />{{coord|41|53|56.3|N|12|28|23.1|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Agonalis}}
| {{0|(}}16.53&nbsp;m <br>(30+&nbsp;m) 
| A copy commissioned by [[Domitian]] and erected at the Temple of [[Serapis]]. Moved to the [[Circus of Maxentius]] by [[Maxentius]]. The Earl of Arundel paid a deposit and attempted to ship the four pieces to London in the late 1630s but Urban VIII disallowed its export.<ref>[[Edward Chaney]], "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in ''Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome'', eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147-70.</ref>
Erected on top of the [[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]] by [[Bernini]] in 1651.
| [[File:Vierstroemebrunnen Piazza Navona Rom.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Quirinale''
| [[Piazza del Quirinale]]<br /><br />{{coord|41|53|56.7|N|12|29|11.9|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Quirinale}}
| {{0|(}}14.63&nbsp;m <br>(28.94&nbsp;m) 
| Originally erected on the eastern flank of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], paired with the ''Esquiline'' obelisk. Found in 1527. Erected by [[Pope Pius VI]] in 1786 on the [[Quirinal Hill]] next to statues of the [[Dioscuri]] (called the '[[Horse Tamers]]') from the [[Baths of Constantine (Rome)|Baths of Constantine]].
| [[File:RomaObeliscoQuirinale.JPG|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Esquiline'' 
| [[Piazza dell'Esquilino]]<br /><br />{{coord|41|53|53.4|N|12|29|51|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Esquiline}}
| {{0|(}}14.75&nbsp;m <br>(25.53&nbsp;m)
| Originally erected on the western flank of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], paired with the ''Quirinale'' obelisk. Found in 1527 and erected in 1587 by [[Pope Sixtus V]] behind [[Santa Maria Maggiore]].
| [[File:Maggiore-obelisk.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Sallustiano''
| [[Trinità dei Monti]]<br /><br />{{coord|41|54|22.1|N|12|28|59.6|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Sallustiano}}
| {{0|(}}13.91&nbsp;m <br>(30.45&nbsp;m)
| Above the [[Spanish Steps]]. An [[Aurelian]] copy, although smaller, of the ''Flaminio'' obelisk of Ramses II in the [[Piazza del Popolo]], for the [[Gardens of Sallust]]. Found by the [[Ludovisi (family)|Ludovisi]] and moved to the [[Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano]] in 1734, but kept horizontal. Erected in 1789 by [[Pope Pius VI]].
| [[File:RomaObeliscoSallustiano.JPG|125px|center]]
|-
| ''Pinciano'' 
| [[Pincian Hill]]<br /><br />{{coord|41|54|38.9|N|12|28|47.1|E|dim:100_region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Pinciano}}
| {{0|(1}}9.24&nbsp;m <br>(17.26&nbsp;m) 
| Commissioned by [[Hadrian]] and  erected in Tivoli for the tomb of [[Antinous]]. Moved to Rome by [[Elagabalus]] to decorate the ''spina'' of the [[Circus Varianus]]. Found in the 16th century near the [[Porta Maggiore]]. Moved to the [[Palazzo Barberini]], then moved to the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] by [[Pope Clement XIV]]; finally erected on the Pincian by [[Pope Pius VII]] in 1822.
| [[File:Antinous obelisk Rome.jpg|125px|center]]
|-
|}

== Obelisk of Axum ==
[[File:2 giugno 2002-Axum.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Obelisk of Axum]] in Rome in 2002]]

There was also an Ethiopian obelisk in Rome, the [[Obelisk of Axum]], 24&nbsp;m, placed in the Piazza di [[Porta Capena]]. It had been taken from [[Axum]] by the [[Italian Army]] during the [[Second Italo&ndash;Abyssinian War|Italian occupation of Ethiopia]] in 1937. It was struck by [[lightning]] in May 2002. After being restored, it was returned to [[Ethiopia]] in April 2005.

== Modern obelisks ==
[[File:Roma - EUR - Obelisco EUR.jpg|right|thumb|The Marconi obelisk, in the centre of the [[EUR district]]]]

There are five well-known modern obelisks in Rome:
* [[Villa Medici]], 19th century copy of the original, found in the gardens and taken to [[Florence]].
* Two obelisks in the [[Villa Torlonia (Rome)|Villa Torlonia]], 1842, [[Baveno]] [[granite]]
* [[Foro Italico]], 1932, 17.5&nbsp;m, [[Carrara marble]], originally dedicated to [[Benito Mussolini]], and inscribed ''Mussolini Dux''
* [[Marconi Obelisk|Marconi]], 1959, 45&nbsp;m, in the centre of the [[EUR district]], dedicated to [[Guglielmo Marconi]], built for the [[1960 Summer Olympics]]. 92 panels in white marble contain illustrations of Marconi's career and allegorical scenes.

== Former locations of some obelisks ==
* {{note|map 1}} ''Lateranense'' at Karnak, Egypt: {{coord|25|43|7.46|N|32|39|26.64|E|region:EG_type:landmark|name=Lateranense_Karnak}}
* {{note|map 2}} ''Lateranense'' at Circus Maximus in Rome: {{Coord|41|53|6.31|N|12|29|14.45|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Lateranense_Circus_Maximus}}
<!-- * {{note|map 3}} ''Lateranense'' on Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome: {{coord|41|53|12.70|N|12|30|17.21|E|type:landmark|name=Lateranense_Lateran_Palace}} -->
* {{note|map 4}} ''Vaticano'' at Forum Iulium in Alexandria, Egypt: {{Coord|31|11|52.8|N|29|55|9.12|E|type:city|name=Vaticano_Alexandria}}
* {{note|map 5}} ''Vaticano'' at Vatican Circus in Rome: {{coord|41|54|5.82|N|12|27|14.94|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Vaticano_Circus_of_Nero}}
<!-- * {{note|map 6}} ''Vaticano'' on Saint Peter's Square in Rome: {{coord|41|54|8.07|N|12|27|26.14|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Vaticano_Saint_Peter's_Square}} -->
* {{note|map 7}} ''Flaminio'' at Heliopolis, Egypt: {{coord|30|07|46.3|N|31|17|20|E|type:landmark|name=Flaminio_Heliopolis}}
* {{note|map 8}} ''Flaminio'' at Circus Maximus in Rome: {{Coord|41|53|12.73|N|12|29|3.4|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Flaminio_Circus_Maximus}}
<!-- * {{note|map 9}} ''Flaminio'' on Piazza del Popolo in Rome: {{coord|41|54|38|N|12|28|35|E|type:landmark|name=Flaminio_Piazza_del_Popolo}} -->
* {{note|map 10}} ''Solare'' at Heliopolis, Egypt: {{coord|30|07|46.3|N|31|17|20|E|type:landmark|name=Solare_Heliopolis}}
* {{note|map 11}} ''Solare'' at Campus Martius in Rome: {{Coord|41.902842|N|12.477733|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Solare_Campus_Martius}}
<!-- * {{note|map 12}} ''Solare'' on Piazza di Montecitorio in Rome: {{Coord|41.900682|N|12.478666|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Solare_Piazza_Montecitorio}} -->

== See also ==
* [[List of Egyptian obelisks]]
* [[List of modern obelisks]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Rome]]

'''Monoliths'''
* [[Cleopatra's Needle (London)|Cleopatra's Needle]]
* [[List of Roman monoliths]]
* [[List of largest monoliths in the world]]

'''Roman triumphal monuments'''
* [[List of Roman triumphal arches]]
* [[List of Roman victory columns]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="A"}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Citation
 | last = D'Onofrio
 | first = Cesare
 | title = Gli obelischi di Roma
  | year = 1967
}}
*{{Citation
 | last = Wirsching
 | first = Armin
 | title = How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships
 | journal = [[The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology]]
 | volume = 29
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 273–283
 | year = 2000
 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x
| s2cid = 162710923
 }}
*{{Citation
 | last = Wirsching
 | first = Armin
 | title = Supplementary Remarks on the Roman Obelisk-Ships
 | journal = The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
 | volume = 32
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 121–123
 | year = 2003
 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2003.tb01438.x
| s2cid = 233246649
 }}
*{{Citation
 | last = Wirsching
 | first = Armin
 | title = Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom
 | isbn=978-3-8334-8513-8
 | year = 2013| publisher = BoD – Books on Demand
 |edition=3rd
}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&ll=41.911683,12.479267&spn=0.003633,0.010568&t=h&z=17&msid=208576267977920593772.00049c696b52a8709faed A Google map showing the location of all the obelisks in Rome]
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020214120438/http://www.geocities.com/mp_pollett/roma-co1.htm Obelisks in Rome] (Andrea Pollett)
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/obelisci.html Obelisks of Rome] (series of articles in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)
* [http://www.romaspqr.it/ROMA/Obelischi.htm Obelischi di Roma]
*[http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/altar/related-material/obelisk-1/  Obelisk of Psametik II and Augustus, erected by Pope Pius VI in Piazza Montecitorio]
<!-- only little information *[http://www.initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm Obelisks in Italy]-->
* Romeartlover.it: [http://www.romeartlover.it/Obelisks.html Obelisks of Rome]
<!-- German * [http://www.antinous.wai-lung.com/antinous_de_obelisk.htm The Obelisk of Antinous] -->
<!--*[http://roma.freewebpages.org/roma-co1.htm private page]-->

{{Rome landmarks|state=collapsed}}
{{Ancient Roman architecture lists|state=collapsed}}


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