View source for Liturgical book

{{Short description|Christian prayer book}}
[[File:EarlyMusicNotation.JPG|upright=1.2|thumb|Manuscript of the [[Introit]] of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] (from [[Psalm 42]]), [[Florence]], Italy.]]
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-AD88306A-B841-11E8-9E3D-BC34FC05B1B6 DS-343 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Excerpt from the missal, a liturgical book, of the Sint-Pieters Abbey (Ghent), from the 13th century. Manuscript preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Missaal van de Sint-Pietersabdij|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:AD88306A-B841-11E8-9E3D-BC34FC05B1B6#?c=&m=&s=&cv=170&xywh=-463,0,8091,4518|access-date=2020-08-26|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]

A '''liturgical book''', or '''service book''', is a book published by the authority of a [[church body]] that contains the text and directions for the [[liturgy]] of its official [[Church service|religious service]]s.

==Christianity==
===Roman Rite===
{{main|Liturgical books of the Roman Rite}}
[[File:Josquin Missa BV Kyrie.jpg|thumb|left|Early 16th century [[choirbook]] with Josquin's ''[[Missa de Beata Virgine (Josquin)|Missa de Beata Virgine]]'' (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS [[Sistine Chapel|Cappella Sistina]] 45, folios 1v–2r.).]]
[[File:F. 1r. Sherbrooke Missal.jpg|thumb|A decorative 14th century Missal of English origin, F. 1r. ''Sherbrooke Missal'']]

In the [[Roman Rite]] of the [[Catholic Church]], the primary liturgical books are the [[Roman Missal]], which contains the texts of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], and the [[Roman Breviary]], which contains the text of the [[Liturgy of the Hours]]. With the [[Mass of Paul VI|1969 reform of the Roman Missal]] by [[Pope Paul VI]], now called the "Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite", the selection of Scriptural readings was expanded considerably and thus required a new book called the [[Lectionary]]. The [[Roman Ritual]] contains the texts for administering some [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] other than the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] such as [[baptism]], the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|sacrament of penance]], the [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|anointing of the sick]], and the [[sacrament of marriage]]. The texts for the sacraments and ceremonies normally reserved to [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]], such as [[Confirmation (Catholic Church)|Confirmation]] and [[Holy Orders]], are contained within the [[Roman Pontifical]]. The ''[[Caeremoniale Episcoporum]]'' (''The Ceremonial of Bishops'')<ref>[http://www.paxbook.com/algorithmiS/servusPrimus?iussum=monstraScriptumEditum&numerus=1267 Caeremoniale Episcoporum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum, auctoritate Pauli Ioannis Pauli II promulgatum] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131091901/http://www.paxbook.com/algorithmiS/servusPrimus?iussum=monstraScriptumEditum&numerus=1267 |date=2013-01-31 }}</ref> describes in greater detail than the ordinary liturgical books the ceremonies involved when a bishop presides over the celebration of Mass, the celebration of the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] or of the Word of God, particular Masses such as [[Candlemas]], [[Palm Sunday]] or the [[Easter Vigil]], the other sacraments, sacramentals, pastoral visitations etc. The [[Roman Martyrology]], meanwhile, gives an account of all the [[saints]] (not only [[martyr]]s) commemorated in the Church each day.

Other Roman-Rite liturgical books include the [[Graduale|Roman Gradual]] and the [[Gospel Book]] or [[Evangeliarium|Evangeliary]].

The Catholic Church is composed of 24 autonomous [[Particular Church|particular churches]], the largest of which is the [[Latin Church]]. The other 23 churches are collectively called the Eastern Catholic Churches; [[Eastern Catholic liturgy]] encompasses the [[Alexandrian Rite]], [[Antiochene Rite]], [[Armenian Rite]], [[Byzantine Rite]], and the [[East Syriac Rite]] among others.

While the [[Roman Rite]] of the Latin Church is by far the most common liturgical rite found within the Latin Church, a number of local [[Latin liturgical rites]] and [[use (liturgy)|use]]s also exist.

===Byzantine Rite===
{{main|Liturgical books of the Byzantine Rite}}
[[File:Jordana4.jpg|thumb|An [[altar server]] holds the ''Chinovnik'' for an Orthodox bishop during divine services.]]

The [[Rite of Constantinople]], observed by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and those [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] which follow the Byzantine Rite, represents one of the most highly developed liturgical traditions in Christendom. While the Roman Catholic [[Liturgy of the Hours]] may be published in a single-volume [[breviary]], this is not feasible for the Byzantine Rite, which requires a large number of books to chant the daily services.

The regular services chanted in the Constantinopolitan liturgical tradition are the [[Canonical Hours]] and the [[Divine Liturgy]]. There are, in addition, occasional services ([[baptism]], [[Confession (religion)|confession]], etc.) and intercessory or devotional services ([[molieben]], [[panikhida]]), which are not chanted on a daily basis, but according to need. The fixed portions of the services are called ''[[acolouthia]]'' ({{langx|el|ἀκολουθίες}}, {{Transliteration|grc|akolouthies}}; {{langx|cu|Последование|Posledovanie}}), into which the ''sequences'' (changeable portions) are inserted.{{sfnp|Kovalchuk|1974|p=12}} The sequences can also be referred to as ''[[propers]]''.

The sequences are governed by the convergence of several liturgical cycles, including the [[Paschal Cycle]] (movable cycle, dependent upon the variable date of [[Easter]]) and the [[Menaion]] (fixed cycle, dependent upon the calendar date).

====Acolouthia====
The fixed portions of the services are found in the following liturgical books:

*'''[[Horologion]]''' ({{langx|el|Ωρολόγιον}}; {{langx|cu|Часослов|Chasoslov}}), or ''Book of Hours'', provides the fixed portions of the services as used by the [[reader (liturgy)|reader]] and the [[Cantor (church)|chanters]]. For the sake of convenience, some small portions of the sequences are often included as well, such as feast day [[troparia]], [[kontakia]], and those portions which change according to the day of the week. The Horologion may also contain some devotional material such as the [[Eucharistic discipline#Eastern Orthodox practice|Prayers Before Communion]], [[Thanksgiving after Communion#Eastern Orthodox|Thanksgiving After Communion]], and Morning and Evening Prayers.
*'''[[Euchologion]]''' ({{langx|el|Ευχολόγιον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Eukhologion}}; {{langx|cu|Служебник|Sluzhebnik}})&mdash;Contains the fixed portions of the services which are said by the priest and deacon, as well as some of the variable portions which the clergy use, such as [[prokeimenon|prokeimena]] and [[dismissal (liturgy)|dismissal]]s. The ''Great Euchologion'' contains the clergy parts of [[Vespers]], [[Matins]], the three Divine Liturgies, [[Compline]] and [[Midnight Office]], the [[Lenten Hours]]. It also contains the complete services (including the parts for reader and chanters) for the [[Sacred Mysteries]] (Sacraments), [[Christian burial|Funeral]], [[Tonsure|Monastic Tonsure]], [[Consecration|Consecration of a Church]], and other occasional services. For convenience, the contents of the Great Euchologion in the Slavic tradition have been divided up as follows:
**'''Litourgicon''' ({{langx|cu|Служебник|Sluzhebnik}})&mdash;contains Vespers, Matins and the three Divine Liturgies
**'''Archieratikon''' ({{langx|cu|Чиновник|Chinovnik}})&mdash;contains the parts of services performed by a [[bishop]]
**'''Euchologion''' ({{langx|cu|Требник|Trebnik}})&mdash;omits the portions contained in the Litourgicon and Archieratikon, and adds other minor acolouthia (such as the blessing of an [[Iconostasis]], Holy Vessels, [[Vestment]]s, etc.){{sfnp|Kovalchuk|1974|p=14}}

====Sequences====
Into this fixed framework, numerous movable parts of the service are inserted. These are taken from a variety of liturgical books:

*'''[[Psalter]]''' ({{langx|el|Ψαλτήριον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Psalterion}}; {{langx|cu|Псалтирь|Psaltir’}}) &ndash; A book containing the 150 [[Psalms]] divided into [[Kathismata]]{{efn|There is also a [[Psalm 151]] included in the Orthodox Psalter, though it is not actually chanted during the Divine Services.}} together with the Biblical [[Canticle]]s which are chanted at Matins.{{efn|Originally, these canticles were chanted in their entirety every day, but they gradually came to be replaced by the [[Canon (hymnography)|Canon]] and are now normally only chanted on weekdays of Great Lent.}} The Psalter is used at [[Vespers]] and [[Matins]],{{efn|During Great Lent, Kathismata are read at the Little Hours also.}} and normally contains tables for determining which Kathismata are to be read at each service, depending upon the day of the week and the liturgical season of the year.
*'''[[Octoechos (liturgy)|Octoechos]]''' ({{langx|el|Παρακλητική}}, {{Transliteration|el|Paraklētikē}}; {{langx|cu|Октоих|Oktoikh}}, or {{lang|cu|Осмогласник}}, {{Transliteration|cu|Osmoglasnik}}) &ndash; Literally, the Book of the "Eight Tones" or [[Musical mode|modes]]. This book contains an eight-week cycle, providing texts to be chanted for every day of the week at Vespers, Matins, Compline and (on Sundays) the Midnight Office. Each week, the hymns are sung in a different liturgical Mode or Tone. The origins of this book go back to compositions by [[John of Damascus|St. John Damascene]].
*'''[[Menaion]]''' ({{langx|el|Μηναίον}}; {{langx|cu|Минея|Mineya}}) &ndash; A twelve-volume set which provides all liturgical texts for each day of the calendar year (including the akrosticha for the [[Irmologion]]).{{efn|On non-leap years, the service for February 29 ([[John Cassian|St. John Cassian]]) may be chanted at Compline on Feb. 28 or some other more convenient day.}} The twelve volumes correspond to the months of the year. The liturgical year begins in September, so the first volume of the Menaion is September.
*'''[[Sticherarion]]''' (Greek: {{lang|grc|Στιχηραριὸν}}, today {{lang|el|Δόξασταριον}}) was called a chant book usually with musical notation. It is subdivided in the stichera for the cycle of the fixed feasts according to the yearly cycle between September and August ([[Menaion]]). The cycle of mobile feast is subdivided into two books. The first called [[Triodion]] contains the stichera sung during Lent and the Holy week, the second called [[Pentecostarion]] contains the post-paschal period between Easter and Pentecost, the weekly cycle after Pentecost until the Sunday of All Saints.
**'''[[Triodion]]''' ({{langx|el|Τριῴδιον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Triodion}}; {{langx|cu|Триодь постная|Triod’ postnaya}}; {{langx|ro|Triodul}})&mdash;Also called the '''Lenten Triodion'''. During [[Great Lent]] the services undergo profound changes. The Lenten Triodion contains propers for:
***the [[Pre-Lenten Season]]
***the Forty Days of Great Lent itself
***[[Lazarus Saturday]] and [[Palm Sunday]]
***[[Holy Week]]
**'''[[Pentecostarion]]''' (Greek: ''Πεντηκοστάριον, Pentekostarion''; {{langx|cu|Триодь цветная|Triod’ tsvetnaya}}, literally "'''Flowery Triodon'''"; Romanian: ''Penticostar'') &ndash; This volume contains the propers for the period from [[Easter|Pascha]] to the Sunday of All Saints. This period can be broken down into the following periods:
***[[Bright Week]] (Easter Week) – The seven days from the [[Easter|Pascha]] (Easter Sunday) through the following Saturday
***Paschal Season – The period from [[Thomas Sunday]] until [[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]]
***Ascension and its [[Afterfeast]]
***Pentecost and its Afterfeast
***[[All Saints Day|All Saints Sunday]] (the Sunday after Pentecost)
*'''[[Synaxarion]]''' ({{langx|el|Συναξάριον}}; {{langx|cu|Синаксарь|Sinaksar’}}: {{langx|ro|Sinaxar}}) &ndash; The [[Synaxarium|Synaxarion]] contains brief lives of the saints for each day of the year, usually read at Matins.
*'''[[Irmologion]]''' ({{langx|el|Ειρμολόγιον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Heirmologion}}; {{langx|cu|Ирмологий|Irmology}}) &ndash; Contains the [[Irmos|Irmoi]] chanted at the [[Canon (hymnography)|Canon]] of Matins and other services.
*'''[[Gospel Book]]''' ({{langx|el|Ευαγγέλιον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Evangelion}}; {{langx|cu|Евангелие|Evangelie}}) &ndash; Book containing the Gospel readings that are used at Matins, Divine Liturgy, and other services. Among the Greeks the {{Transliteration|el|Evangélion}} is laid out in order of the cycle of readings as they occur in the ecclesiastical year, with a section in the back providing the Gospel readings for Matins, [[Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church|Feasts]] and special occasions. In the Slavic usage, the {{Transliteration|cu|Evangélion}} contains the four gospels in canonical order ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], [[Gospel of John|John]]) with annotations in the margin to indicate the beginning and ending of each reading (and an index in the back).
*'''Epistle Book''' ({{langx|el|Απόστολος}}, {{Transliteration|el|Apostolos}}; {{langx|cu|Апостол|Apostol}}) &ndash; Contains the readings from the [[Epistles]] and the [[Acts of the Apostles]] (the [[Book of Revelation|Apocalypse]] is not read during Divine Services in the Orthodox Church). It also contains the [[Prokeimenon]] and [[Alleluia]] verses that are chanted with the readings. The {{Transliteration|cu|Apostól}} is laid out in the same manner as the {{Transliteration|el|Evangélion}}, depending on whether the book was prepared for the Greek or Slavic usage.{{efn|The Slavonic {{Transliteration|cu|Apostól}} will have all of the books of the New Testament (excluding the Gospels and Apocalypse) in their entirety, though not in the same order they are found in most English Bibles ([[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] is placed first, etc.).}}

====Other====
*'''[[Typicon]]''' ({{langx|el|Τυπικόν}}, {{Transliteration|el|Typikon}}; {{langx|cu|Типикон, сиесть Устав|Tipikon, siest’ Ustav}})&mdash;The book which ties all of the above together. It contains all of the [[rubric]]s, i.e., the rules for the performance of the Divine Services, giving directions for every possible combination of the materials from the other liturgical books into the Daily Cycle of Services. Many churches also publish annual [[liturgical calendar]]s which give detailed instructions from the Typicon which are specific to the concurrence of sequences for that particular year.
*'''[[Anthologion]]''' ({{langx|el|Ανθολόγιον}}, {{Transliteration|el|Anthologion}}; {{langx|cu|Сборник|Sbornik}})&mdash;There are numerous smaller anthologies available, taking portions from the books mentioned above, or from other sources. For instance, the ''Festal Menaion'' contains only those portions of the ''Menaion'' that have to do with the [[Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church|Great Feasts]]; and the ''General Menaion'' contains propers for each class of saints (with blank spaces for the name of the saint) which may be employed when one does not have the propers for that particular saint; etc.

There are many different editions of these books which have been published over the years in a variety of [[liturgical language]]s. In Greek the Orthodox books are published at the Phœnix Press (formerly located in [[Venice]], now at [[Patras]]), the Eastern Catholic Churches (Byzantine rite) books are published by the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]. Each national Church has further its own editions in its liturgical language. There are also books of all kinds which collect and arrange materials from the list of books above into compendiums by various editors.

===Assyrian===
The books of the [[Church of the East]], all in [[Syriac language|Syriac]], are:<ref>The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' cites Badger, "The Nestorians and their Rituals", London, 1852, II, pp. 16–25</ref>
* the Liturgy (containing their three liturgies)
* the Gospel (Evangelion), Apostle (Shlicha), and Lessons (Kariane)
* the "Turgama" (Interpretation), containing hymns sung by deacons at the liturgy (corresponding to the Graduals and Sequences of the Roman Rite)
* the David (Dawidha = Psalter)
* the "Khudhra" (= "cycle", containing [[antiphon]]s, responsories, hymns, and collects for all Sundays)
* the "Kash Kõl" (= "Collection of all"; the same chants for week-days)
* the "Kdham u-Wathar" (= "Before and after"; certain prayers, psalms, and collects most often used, from the other books)
* the "Gezza" ("Treasury", services for feast-days)
* the Abu-Halim (the name of the compiler, containing collects for the end of the Nocturns on Sundays)
* the "Bautha d'Ninwaie" (= "Prayer of the Ninevites", a collection of hymns ascribed to [[Ephrem the Syrian]], used in [[Lent]]). 
* the Baptism Office ("Taksa d'Amadha") (generally bound up with the Liturgies)
* the "Taksa d'Siamidha" (containing ordination services)
* the "Taksa d'Husaia" (containing the office for [[Penance]])
* the "Kthawa d'Burrakha" (containing the marriage service)
* the "Kahneita" (containing the burial of clergy)
* the "Annidha" (containing the burial of laypeople)
* the "Khamis" (a collection of hymns)
* the "Warda" (a collection of hymns). 
Naturally not every church possesses this varied collection of books. The most necessary ones are printed by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] missionaries at Urmi for the "[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]]" Christians. The [[Chaldean Catholic]] books are printed, some at Propaganda, some by the Dominicans at Mosul ("Missale chaldaicum", 1845; "Manuale Sacerdotum", 1858; "Breviarium chaldaicum", 1865). A Chaldean "Breviary" was published in three volumes at Paris in 1886–1887, edited by Paul Bedgan, a missionary of the Congrégation des Missions. The Malabar Christians use the traditional books of the Church of the East, and the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] have books revised by the [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599). The [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Malabar]] Catholic "[[Missal]]" was published at Rome in 1774, the "Ordo rituum et lectionum" in 1775.

===Coptic===
The Coptic Books (in [[Coptic language|Coptic]] with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[rubric]]s, and generally with the text transliterated in Arabic characters too) are the Euchologion (''Kitãb al-Khulagi almuqaddas''), very often (but quite wrongly) called Missal. This corresponds to the Byzantine Euchologion. The Coptic equivalent of the Horologion is the ''[[Agpeya]]''. Then the Lectionary called ''Katamãrus''; the ''Synaksãr'', containing legends of saints; the "Deacon's Manual"; an [[Antiphonary]] (called ''Difnãri''); the Psalter, Theotokia (containing offices of the Virgin Mary); Doxologia; collections of hymns for the choir and a number of smaller books for the various other offices.

The [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] has a very sumptuously printed set of their books, edited by Gladios Labib, published at Cairo (''Katamãrus'', 1900–1902; ''Euchologion'', 1904; ''Funeral Service'', 1905).

These books were first grouped and arranged for the [[Coptic Catholic Church]] by Raphael Tuki, and printed at Rome in the eighteenth century. Their arrangement is obviously an imitation of that of the Latin service-books (''Missale coptice et arabice'', 1736; ''Diurnum alexandrinum copto-arabicum'', 1750; ''Pontificale et Euchologium'', 1761, 1762; ''Rituale coptice et arabice'', 1763; ''Theotokia'', 1764). [[Kyrillos Makarios]], the [[Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria]], published a "missal", "ritual", and "Holy Week book" (Cairo, 1898–1902).

===Ethiopian===
The Ethiopian service books are, with the exception of the Eucharistic Liturgy (the Missal), the least known of any. Hardly anything of them has been published, and no one seems yet to have made a systematic investigation of liturgical manuscripts in Abyssinia. Since the [[Ethiopic Rite|Ethiopic or Ge'ez Rite]] is derived from the Coptic, their books correspond more or less to the Coptic books.

[[Peter the Ethiopian]] (Petrus Ethyops) published the Liturgy with the baptism service and some blessings at the end of his edition of the Ethiopic New Testament (Tasfa Sion, Rome, 1548). Various students have published fragments of the Rite in Europe (cf. Chaine, "Grammaire éthiopienne", Beirut, 1907; bibliography, p.&nbsp;269), but these can hardly be called service-books.

===Syriac Orthodox/Catholic===
The Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite) and Catholic liturgical books have never been published as a whole. A fragment of the liturgy was published in Syriac and Latin at Antwerp (1572) by [[Fabricius Boderianus]] (D. Seven alexandrini ... de ritibus baptismi et sacræ Synaxis).

The Syriac Catholics have a Euchologion (Syriac and Karshuni), published at Rome in 1843 (Missale Syriacum), and a "Book of clerks used in the ecclesiastical ministries" (Liber ministerii, Syriac only, Beirut, 1888). The Divine Office, collected like a Breviary, was published at Mosul in seven volumes (1886–96), the ferial office alone at Rome in 1853, and at Sharfi in the Lebanon (1898). A Ritual – "Book of Ceremony" – for the [[Syriac Catholic Church]] was issued by the Jesuits at Beirut.

===Maronite===
The Maronites have an abundance of liturgical books for their divine liturgy. The [[Lebanese Council of 1736|Maronite Synod at Deir al-Luweize]] (1736) committed a uniform preparation of all their books to the patriarch (Part II, Sess. I, xiii, etc.) These books are all referred to in Western or Latin terms (Missal, Ritual, Pontifical, etc.). The Missal (in this case the name is not incorrect) was published at Rome in 1592 and 1716, since then repeatedly, in whole or in part, at Beirut. Little books containing the Ordinary of the Liturgy with the Anaphora commonly used are issued by many Catholic booksellers at Beirut. The "Book of the Minister" (containing the deacon's and other ministers' parts of the Liturgy) was published at Rome in 1596 and at Beirut in 1888. The "Ferial Office", called Fard, "Burden" or "Duty" (the only one commonly used by the clergy), was issued at Rome in 1890, at Beirut in 1900. The whole Divine Office began to be published at Rome in 1666, but only two volumes of the summer part appeared. A Ritual with various additional prayers was issued at Rome in 1839. All Maronite books are in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Karshuni]].

===Armenian===
[[Image:Manuscript Kilikia 13AD.jpg|thumb|Armenian liturgical manuscript, 13th century, [[Kilikia]].]]

The Armenian Liturgical Books are quite definitely drawn up, arranged, and authorized. They are the only other set among Eastern Churches whose arrangement can be compared to those of the Byzantines. There are eight official Armenian service-books:
#the Directory, or Calendar, corresponding to the Byzantine Typikon,
#the Manual of Mysteries of the Sacred Oblation (= a Euchologion),
#the Book of Ordinations, often bound up with the former,
#the Lectionary,
#the Hymn-book (containing the variable hymns of the Liturgy),
#the Book of Hours (containing the Divine Office and, generally, the deacon's part of the Liturgy),
#the Book of Canticles (containing the hymns of the Office),
#the Mashdotz, or Ritual (containing the rites of the sacraments).

The books of both the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] (Oriental-Orthodox) and [[Armenian Catholic Church]] have been published a great number of times; the latest Orthodox editions are those of Constantinople and Jerusalem, the Catholic ones have been issued at Rome, Vienna, and especially Venice (at the Monastery of San Lazaro). There are many extracts from them, especially from the Liturgy.

===Lutheran===
{{Main|Agenda (liturgy)}}
[[Martin Luther]] was in favor of preserving the Mass of the Church and, other than translating it into the [[vernacular]] language of the people, he made very few changes to the liturgy. Over the centuries since the days of the Reformation, the many diverging branches of Lutheran denominations – despite developing a wide swath of differing core beliefs, have maintained and cherished the liturgy and its ancient roots. Owing to its widespread diaspora of branches, and especially because of the wide variety of regional languages, customs, and beliefs, there have been many different books of Worship prepared and used by congregations worldwide.<ref name="lutheranforum.org">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-16 |title=Reforming the Daily Office: Examining Two New Lutheran Books – Lutheran Forum |url=http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/reforming-the-daily-office-examining-two-new-lutheran-books/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516192237/http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/reforming-the-daily-office-examining-two-new-lutheran-books/ |archive-date=2008-05-16 }}</ref>

Besides the formal liturgy itself, Lutheran worship books usually contain the orders for the minor services during the week, such as [[Vespers]], Morning Prayer, and [[Compline]], along with large sections of hymns, Psalms, and prayers and other needed information for the correct following of the [[liturgical calendar]].

One particular Lutheran hymnal, used by the Moderate/Liberal [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], the largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S., is [[Evangelical Lutheran Worship]]. The ELW (as it is called) is also used by a few smaller denominations as well, but is mostly frowned upon by more conservative Lutheran bodies, which use their own versions.<ref name="lutheranforum.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evangelical-Lutheran Liturgical Congregations – Helping Lutherans find Liturgical Congregations |url=https://www.lutheranliturgy.org/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.lutheranliturgy.org}}</ref>

===Anglican===
[[File:The Book of Common Prayer 1662.png|thumb|right|The [[Book of Common Prayer (1662)|1662 ''Book of Common Prayer'']], the most widely used Anglican liturgy]]
{{main|Book of Common Prayer}}

In the wake of the [[English Reformation]], a reformed liturgy was introduced into the [[Church of England]]. The first liturgical book published for general use throughout the church was the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' (BCP) of 1549, edited by [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].

The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to contain the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English and to do so within a single volume; it included [[Morning Prayer (Anglican)|morning prayer]], [[Evening Prayer (Anglican)|evening prayer]], the [[Litany]], and [[Holy Communion]]. The book included the other occasional services in full: the orders for [[baptism]], [[confirmation]], [[marriage]], '[[Anointing of the Sick|prayers to be said with the sick]]' and a [[funeral]] service. It set out in full the [[Epistle]] and [[Gospel]] readings for the Sunday Communion Service. Set [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]] readings for daily prayer were specified in tabular format as were the set [[Psalms]]; and [[canticles]], mostly biblical, that were provided to be sung between the readings.<ref>Careless, Sue, ''Discovering the Book of Common Prayer: A hands-on approach'' (Volume 1:Daily Prayer), Toronto, Canada: Anglican Book Center Publishing, {{ISBN|1-55126-398-X}}</ref> Numerous editions have followed, and currently throughout the [[Anglican Communion]], various Books of Common Prayer are published by the different Anglican provinces.

Other official books are published by the member churches for the official use of their churches, such as the [[Lectionary]], ''Book of Occasional Services'', etc.

====Anglo-Catholic====
In the late 1800s, as part of the [[Anglo-Catholic]] movement, the [[Anglican Missal]] was published, to provide a particular way, drawn from the [[Sarum Rite|Sarum Use]], of celebrating the Eucharist according to [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] liturgical tradition. Many Anglo-Catholic parishes use the ''Anglican Missal'', or some variation of it such as the [[English Missal]], for the celebration of the Eucharist. Variations include the ''[[Anglican Service Book]]'' and ''A Manual of Anglo-Catholic Devotion'', and the directive books ''A Priest's Handbook'' by Dennis Michno and ''Ceremonies of the Eucharist'' by Howard E. Galley. All of these books (with the exception of ''Manual'') are intended primarily for celebration of the [[Eucharist]]. They contain meditations for the presiding celebrant(s) during the liturgy, and other material such as the rite for the blessing of palms on [[Palm Sunday]], propers for special feast days, and instructions for proper ceremonial order. These books are used as a more expansively [[Catholicism|Catholic]] context in which to celebrate the liturgical use found in the BCP and related liturgical books.

===Methodist===
[[John Wesley]], the Anglican priest who was a principal leader of the early [[Methodism|Methodist]] revival, wrote that {{cquote|there is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural, rational piety, than the Common Prayer of the Church of England.<ref>Works of John Wesley, vol. XVI, page 304</ref>}} When the [[History of Methodism in the United States|Methodists in America]] were separated from the [[Church of England]] because of the American Revolution, John Wesley himself provided a revised version of the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' called the ''[[The Sunday Service of the Methodists|Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America]]''. Wesley's ''Sunday Service'' has shaped the official liturgies of the Methodists ever since. For this reason, Methodist liturgy is decidedly Anglican in its character, though Methodists have generally allowed for more flexibility and freedom in how the liturgy is celebrated than is typical of Anglican churches.

Today, the primary liturgical books of the [[United Methodist Church]] are ''The United Methodist Hymnal'' and ''The United Methodist Book of Worship'', along with their non-English counterparts. The [[British Methodist Church]] uses ''The Methodist Worship Book''. These service books contain written liturgy that is generally derived from Wesley's ''Sunday Service'' and from the 20th Century liturgical renewal movement. They also contain the hymnody of the Methodist Church, which has always been an important part of Methodist worship.

===Presbyterian===
{{main|Book of Common Order}}Presbyterianism's first liturgical book is the ''Book of Common Order'', which was written by the denomination's founder, [[John Knox]]. The book was published first in Geneva in 1556 under the title ''Forme of Prayers'' and was written for use by that city's English Reformed congregation. In 1562 it was adopted by the [[Church of Scotland]], which had been founded two years earlier, and in 1567 was translated into Scottish Gaelic as ''Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh'' for use in the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] by [[Séon Carsuel]] (John Carswell).

In 1645, the Church of Scotland adopted the ''[[Directory for Public Worship]]'', which was written by the [[Westminster Assembly]] and intended for use in England, Scotland, and Ireland. It was never translated into Scottish Gaelic.

Since 1906, most Presbyterians in the United States have used their own liturgical book, the ''[[Liturgical books of the Presbyterian Church (USA)|Book of Common Worship]]''. Its most recent edition was published in 1993.

==Other religions==
; [[Confucianism]]
* The ''[[Book of Rites]]'' ({{lang-zh|s=礼记|t=禮記}}, "Liji")
* The ''[[Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial]]'' ({{lang-zh|s=仪礼|t=儀禮}}, "Yili")
; [[Shinto]]
* The {{Nihongo|''[[Engishiki]]''|延喜式||extra="The Procedures of the Engi Era"}} is a book about laws and customs, including liturgical texts
; [[Tenrikyo]]
* The ''[[Mikagura-uta]]'' ({{langx|ja|みかぐらうた}}, "The Songs for the Service")

==See also==
{{Columnslist|colwidth=20em|
*''[[Alternative Service Book]]'', Anglican
*[[Anglican Missal]]
*[[Antiphonary]]
*''[[Book of Alternative Services]]'', [[Anglican Church of Canada]]
*''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', [[Anglican Communion]]
*[[Breviary]]
*[[Christian liturgy]]
*''[[Common Worship]]'', Anglican
*''[[Euchologion]]'' – Eastern Christianity
*[[Evangeliarium]]
*[[Gelasian Sacramentary]]
*[[Hymnal]]
*''[[Irmologion]]'' – Eastern Christianity
*[[Liturgical Movement]]
*[[Missal]]
*[[Missal of Arbuthnott]]
*[[Octavarium Romanum]]
*''[[Octoechos (liturgy)]]'' – Eastern Christianity
*[[Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications]]
*''[[Pentecostarion]]'' ([[Byzantine Rite]])
*[[Roman Missal]]
*[[Roman Pontifical]]
*[[Roman Processional]]
*[[Roman Ritual]]
*[[The Book of Common Worship of 1906]]
*[[The Book of Common Worship of 1932]]
*[[The Book of Common Worship of 1946]]
*[[The Book of Common Worship of 1993]]
*The [[Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965)]], Methodist
*[[The Worshipbook of 1970]]
*[[Siddur]] (Judaism)
*[[Tonary]]
*''[[Triodion]]'' – Eastern Christianity
*''[[Typikon]]'' – Eastern Christianity
*[[Verona Orational]]
}}
{{Portal|Reformed Christianity}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Liturgical Books}}
* {{Citation
 | last =Kovalchuk
 | first =[[Archpriest]] Feodor S.
 | year =1974
 | publication-date=1985
 | title =Abridged Typicon
 | edition=2nd
 | place =South Cannna PA
 | publisher =St. Tikhon's Seminary Press
 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09296a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article]

{{Eastern Orthodox liturgical books}}
{{CatholicMass|collapsed}}
{{Lutheran Divine Service}}
{{Books}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books by type]]
[[Category:Prayer books]]
[[Category:Christian religious objects]]
[[Category:Catholic liturgical books]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian liturgical objects]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical books|*]]
[[Category:Lutheran liturgy and worship]]