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{{Short description|Body of Medieval literature associated with the history of France}}

{{Medieval and Renaissance literature}}
{{National Literary "Matters"}}
The '''Matter of France''' ({{langx|fr|matière de France}}), also known as the '''Carolingian cycle''', is a body of [[medieval literature]] and [[legend|legendary]] material associated with the history of [[France]], in particular involving [[Charlemagne]] and the [[Paladin]]s. The cycle springs from the [[Old French]] ''[[chanson de geste|chansons de geste]]'', and was later adapted into a variety of art forms, including [[Renaissance]] epics and [[opera]]s. It was one of the great European [[literary cycle]]s that figured repeatedly in [[medieval literature]].

==Three Matters==
The Matter of France was one of the "Three Matters" repeatedly recalled in [[medieval literature]], the others being the [[Matter of Britain]], relating to the legends of [[Great Britain]] and [[Brittany]], and the [[Matter of Rome]] which represented the medieval poets' interpretations of [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Roman|Roman]] mythology and history.<ref name="Classen, 2015">{{cite book|editor1-last=Classen|editor1-first=Albrecht|title=Handbook of Medieval Culture: Fundamental Aspects and Conditions of the European Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh5pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA893|access-date=17 July 2016|volume=2|year=2015|publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-11-037763-7|page=893}}</ref> The three names were first used by the twelfth-century French poet [[Jean Bodel]], author of the ''[[Chanson de Saisnes]]'', a ''[[chanson de geste]]'' in which he wrote:
{{verse translation|lang=fr
|Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant,<br />De France et de Bretaigne, et de Rome la grant.
|"With only three [[literature cycle|matters]] should man concern himself:<br />Of France, and of Britain, and of Rome the great."<ref name="Janin & Carlson, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|last2=Carlson|first2=Ursula|title=Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fwQAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|access-date=17 July 2016|year=2013|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC, USA|isbn=978-1-4766-1207-2|page=32}}</ref>
}}

==Description==
About 1215 [[Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube]], in the introductory lines to his [[Girart de Roussillon|''Girart de Vienne'']], set out a subdivision of the Matter of France into three cycles, which have been adopted by many modern critics as a useful means of grouping the ''chansons de geste''. These are his words:

{{blockquote|
At Saint-Denis, in the great abbey, we find it written (I don't doubt) in a book of noble lineage that there have been only three gestes in well-defended France (I think no-one will argue with me now).

The lordliest is that of the kings of France.

The next, it is right to say, was of Doon of the white beard, he of Mainz who had many lands. In his lineage were fierce and rugged people; they would have had the lordship of all of France, its power, its knighthood, but they were proud and jealous. Of that lineage, so full of treachery, was Ganelon who by his treason caused great sorrow in well-defended France when he committed in Spain the great felony that caused the death in pagan land of the Twelve Peers of France. You have heard tell in many a song that from the geste that came from Ganelon many a great knight was descended, fierce and bold and of very great fame. They would have been lords of the whole realm of France, but there was pride and treason in them. Through pride (we tell you truly) many a high-placed man has been thrown to earth, as were the angels in heaven (we know it in truth) who, for their crime, were thrown into the prison of hell where they will feel nothing but eternal pain. They lost the holy mansion of heaven by their pride and folly. Just so were Ganelon's kin, who would have been so powerful and famous if they had not been so full of treason. Of this lineage, which did nothing but evil, was the second geste.

The third geste, which was much to be praised, was that of Garin de Monglane of the fierce countenance. In his lineage I can well testify that there was not a single coward or good-for-nothing or traitor or vile flatterer; rather they were wise and bold knights and good fighters and noble warriors. Not once did they wish to betray a king of France; they strove to help their true lord and to advance his honour everywhere. They promoted Christendom and destroyed and confounded Saracens. This Garin of the fierce countenance had four sons; never were there bolder knights, I think, so that in a whole day one could not describe their prowess. The first son (I will not lie to you) was the fierce Hernaut of Beaulande. The second, as I have heard tell, was the praiseworthy Milon of Apulia. The third was Renier of Geneva, and the fourth was lord Girart the warrior. 
|(''Girart de Vienne'' lines 8–67; translation after J. J. Duggan)}}

The cycles can be outlined as follows:<ref name=Ross>[https://books.google.com/books?id=75e5RRqIhMQC&dq=Durendal&pg=PA126 Ross, D.J.A., "Old French", ''Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry''], ([[Arthur Thomas Hatto]] ed.), Modern Humanities Research Association, 1980 {{ISBN|9780900547720}}</ref>

* The ''Geste du roi'', whose chief character is Charlemagne, seen as champion of Christianity.  This cycle contains the best known of the ''chansons'', the {{lang|fr|[[Chanson de Roland]]}}.
* ''[[La Geste de Garin de Monglane]]'', whose central character was [[William of Gellone|Guillaume d'Orange]], identifiable with William, Count of Toulouse.  These dealt with knights who were typically younger sons, not [[heir]]s, and who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidels. The twenty-four poems of this ''geste'' belong to the generation after Charlemagne, during the reign of an ineffectual Louis. The ''Chanson de Guillaume'' is one of the oldest poems of this ''geste''.
* The ''Geste de [[Doon de Mayence]]'', in which the hero, as in the ''Geste de Guillaume'', often suffers from royal injustice, but is goaded into rebellion.

Central figures of the Matter of France include [[Charlemagne]] and his [[paladin]]s, especially [[Roland]], hero of ''[[The Song of Roland]]'', and his companion [[Oliver (paladin)|Oliver]], who was frequently cast in conflict with the [[Islam|Muslim]] champion [[Fierabras]]. Originally, the Matter of France contained tales of war and martial valour, being focused on the conflict between the [[Franks]] and [[Saracen]]s or [[Moors]] during the period of [[Charles Martel]] and Charlemagne. The ''Chanson de Roland'', for example, is about the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]] during the Moorish invasion of southern France.  As the genre matured, elements of [[fantasy]] and [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] tended to accrue to the tales.  The magic horse [[Bayard (legend)|Bayard]], for example, is a recurring figure in many of the tales.

The fundamental character of the "Matter of France" is feudal and Christian (in a crusading form). Although viewed as idolators, the Saracens were not necessarily depicted as un-chivalrous. The earliest ''gestes'' were likely sung by a ''[[jongleur]]'', accompanied by a fiddle. It is apparent that the authors were ignorant of the fact that Islam is monotheistic.<ref name=Ross/> D. J. A. Ross says that people of the Middle Ages appear to have regarded the ''gestes'' as generally historical.

Einhard's ''Vita Caroli'' describes the Basque ambush at Roncevaux as driving the Frankish rearguard down the valley. The poet who wrote the ''Chanson de Roland'' did not hesitate to update the military tactics to a set-piece cavalry charge on the part of the Saracens, although retaining a landscape unsuitable for couched lances.<ref name=Ross/>

==List of works==

For a list of ''chansons'' that can be attached to each of these cycles, see {{Lang|fro|[[Chanson de geste]]}}.

==In later literature==
After the period of the ''chanson de geste'', the Matter of France lived on. Its most well known survival is in the [[Italian language|Italian]] [[Epic poetry|epic]]s by [[Matteo Maria Boiardo]], [[Ludovico Ariosto]], and a number of lesser authors who worked the material; their tales of ''[[Orlando innamorato]]'' ("Roland in Love")'' and [[Orlando furioso]]'' ("Roland Gone Mad") were inspired by the ''chansons de geste''. These works, in turn, inspired [[Torquato Tasso]]'s ''[[Gerusalemme liberata]]'' and [[Edmund Spenser]]'s ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'',<ref>[http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/tag/matter-of-france/ Giardina, Henry. "Mad with Desire (Kind Of)", ''The Paris Review'', June 24, 2014]</ref> although these latter works have been separated from the Matter of France and put in the respective settings of the [[First Crusade]] and an imaginary faerie land.

Tales of the Matter of France were also found in [[Old Norse]], where the ''[[Karlamagnus Saga]]'' was written in the thirteenth century in [[Norway]];<ref>[http://bartleby.com/211/1306.html Ker, W.P., "Metrical Romances, 1200–1500", ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature'' Vol. I, (1907–21)]</ref> it contains a synopsis of the main stories of the cycle. Indeed, until a major revival in the 19th century breathed new life into the Arthurian cycle, the Matter of France had enjoyed similar renown to the Matter of Britain.

Modern fantasy literature has used the Matter of France far less than the Matter of Britain, although [[L. Sprague de Camp]] and [[Fletcher Pratt]] set one of their [[Harold Shea]] stories (''[[The Castle of Iron]]'') in the world of the Matter of France, and [[Poul Anderson]]'s ''[[Three Hearts and Three Lions]]'' references the Matter of France. Through Anderson's book, the Matter of France also had some influence on the popular ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' game. [[Italo Calvino]]'s fantasy novel ''[[The Nonexistent Knight]]'' also takes place in this world.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.panix.com/~alexx/orlin.html ''The Matter of France''] by Alexx Kay
* [http://www.bestoflegends.org/paladins/index.html ''Legends: Paladins and Princes''] by Paula Kate Marmor
* [http://www.kellscraft.com/oliverfierabras.html ''How Oliver Fought for France and the Faith''] by Agnes Grozier Herbertson
* [http://www.kellscraft.com/keepingpasses.html ''The Keeping of the Passes''] by Agnes Grozier Herbertson

{{Matter of France}}

[[Category:Matter of France| ]]
[[Category:Medieval literature]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:History of literature]]
[[Category:Romance (genre)]]
[[Category:Metanarratives]]