View source for Mayo Clinic

{{Short description|American academic medical center}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mayo Clinic
| logo = [[File:Mayo Clinic 2023 logo.svg|150px|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founders =  
| foundation = {{start date and age|1864|1|27}}<br>[[Rochester, Minnesota]], U.S.
| location_city = Rochester, Minnesota
| location_country = U.S.<br/>{{Coord|44|1|20|N|92|28|0|W|region:US-MN_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| area_served = {{Tree list}}
* United States
** [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]/[[Scottsdale, Arizona]]
** [[Jacksonville, Florida]]
* United Kingdom
** [[London]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Gianrico Farrugia (CEO)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richert |first1=Catharine |title=Mayo Clinic names Farrugia as new CEO |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/10/mayo-clinic-names-farrugia-ceo |work=Minnesota Public Radio |date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |title=New Mayo Clinic CEO most recently led its Florida operation |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-names-its-next-ceo/490568251/ |work=Star Tribune |date=11 August 2018}}</ref>|
[[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]] (Chairman)}}
| industry = [[Health care]]
| products = 
| services = 
| revenue = {{increase}} US$16.3 billion (2022)<ref name="Mayo Clinic 2018 Consolidated Financial Report">{{cite web |title=Mayo Clinic Year End 2018 Connsolidated Short Form |year=2018 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |url=https://cdn.prod-carehubs.net/n1/802899ec472ea3d8/uploads/2019/02/Mayo-Clinic-Year-End-2018-Consolidated-Short-Form.pdf |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>{{rp|13}}
| assets = {{increase}} US$20.305 billion (2021)<ref name="Mayo Clinic 2018 Consolidated Financial Report">{{cite web |title=Mayo Clinic Year End 2018 Connsolidated Short Form |year=2018 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |url=https://cdn.prod-carehubs.net/n1/802899ec472ea3d8/uploads/2019/02/Mayo-Clinic-Year-End-2018-Consolidated-Short-Form.pdf |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>{{rp|13}}
| num_employees = 76,000
| parent = 
| divisions = {{unbulleted list|[[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science]]|[[Mayo Clinic Health System]]|Mayo Clinic Laboratories}}
| subsid = 
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mayo Clinic''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|j|oʊ}}<!--Clinic name pronunciation with long ā per numerous videos at Mayo Clinic's own official YouTube channel, spoken by physicians who work at the clinic, regardless of however the Mayo family surname may formerly have been pronounced-->) is a [[Nonprofit organization|private]] American [[Academic health science centre|academic]] [[Medical centers in the United States|medical center]] focused on integrated [[health care|healthcare]], [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science|education]], and [[research]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us – Mayo Clinic Value Statements|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/mission-values|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> It maintains three major campuses in [[Rochester, Minnesota]]; [[Jacksonville, Florida]]; and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]/[[Scottsdale, Arizona]].

Mayo Clinic employs over 7,300 [[physician]]s and [[scientist]]s, along with another 66,000 administrative and [[allied health]] staff.<ref name="Highlights" /><ref>Mayo Clinic Website. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/facts-statistics]. Accessed March 11, 2013.</ref><ref name="mayoinfo">{{cite web |date=December 2018 |title=Mayo Clinic Facts |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/about/facts.html |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through [[Health care#Tertiary care|tertiary care]] and [[Medical tourism#United States|destination medicine]]. It is home to the top-15 ranked [[Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine]] in addition to many of the highest regarded residency education programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Mayo Clinic School of Medicine – Best Medical School|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/mayo-medical-school-04053|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (Rochester) |url=https://residency.doximity.com/programs/3-mayo-clinic-college-of-medicine-and-science-rochester-internal-medicine |website=Doximity Residency Navigator |publisher=Doximity |access-date=4 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Castellucci |first1=Maria |title=Medical students play a high-stakes game to match into residency programs |url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20180721/NEWS/180719881 |access-date=4 February 2019 |work=Modern Healthcare |date=21 July 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref> It spends over $660 million a year on research and has more than 3,000 full-time research personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayo.edu/research/about/facts-funding|title=About Mayo Clinic Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKinney|first1=Matt|title=Mayo Clinic unveils plans for expanded research space|url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-unveils-plans-for-expanded-research-space/382176681/|access-date=August 25, 2016|work=Star Tribune|date=June 8, 2016|archive-date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155011/http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-unveils-plans-for-expanded-research-space/382176681/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[William Worrall Mayo]] settled his family in Rochester in 1864 and opened a [[sole proprietorship]] medical practice that evolved under his sons, [[William James Mayo|Will]] and [[Charles Horace Mayo|Charlie Mayo]], along with practice partners [[Augustus Stinchfield|Stinchfield]], Graham, [[Henry Stanley Plummer|Plummer]], Millet, Judd, and [[Donald Balfour|Balfour]], into Mayo Clinic. Today, in addition to [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)|the hospital at Rochester]], Mayo Clinic has major campuses in [[Arizona]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/patient-visitor-guide/arizona |title= Mayo Clinic's Campus in Arizona |work= Mayo Clinic |access-date= 21 October 2018}}</ref> and [[Mayo Clinic Florida|Florida]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-health/2018/09/05/mayo-clinic-nearly-double-size-phoenix-campus-five-year-project/1163500002/ |title=Mayo Clinic to nearly double size of Phoenix campus in five-year, $648 million project |newspaper= [[The Arizona Republic]] |author= Stephanie Innes |date= September 5, 2018 |access-date= 21 October 2018}}</ref> Most recently, in 2020, the Mayo Clinic bought a facility in central [[London]], UK.<ref name="beckershospitalreview.com">{{Cite web|title=Mayo Clinic buys out partner, takes control of 6-story London facility|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-transactions-and-valuation/mayo-clinic-buys-out-partner-takes-control-of-6-story-london-facility.html|website=Beckers Hospital Review|date=July 23, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mayoclinic.org">{{Cite web|title=Frequently asked questions: Where is Mayo Clinic located? How do I get there?|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/united-kingdom/faq|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Mayo Clinic Health System]] also operates affiliated facilities throughout [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations|title=Locations – Mayo Clinic Health System|publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic has been ranked number one in the United States for seven consecutive years in ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''{{'s}} Best Hospitals Honor Roll,<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2022 |title=America's Best Hospitals: the 2022-2023 Honor Roll and Overview |url=https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview}}</ref> maintaining a position at or near the top for more than 35 years.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals |title=Top American Hospitals – US News Best Hospitals |journal=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref> It has been on the list of "[[100 Best Companies to Work For]]" published by [[Fortune (magazine)|'' Fortune'']] magazine for fourteen consecutive years and has continued to achieve this ranking through 2017.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/snapshots/61.html |title=100 Best Companies to Work For 2011: Mayo Clinic |date=February 7, 2011 |journal=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=January 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/best-companies/mayo-clinic|title=100 Best Companies to Work For 2017|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> Drawing in patients from around the globe, Mayo Clinic performs near the highest number of transplants in the country, including both solid organ and hematologic transplantation.

== Operations ==
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit hospital system with campuses in [[Rochester, Minnesota]]; [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona]]; and [[Jacksonville, Florida]].<ref name=Stubbe14>{{cite news |title=John Noseworthy, Mayo Clinic |last1=Stubbe |first1=Glen |url=http://www.startribune.com/john-noseworthy-mayo-clinic/238644571/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=January 5, 2014 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Expand>{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic will spend about $800 million to expand in Arizona and Florida |last1=DePass |first1=Dee |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-to-expand-florida-campus-with-144-million-project/492505491/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=September 6, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic employs 76,000 people, including more than 7,300 physicians and clinical residents and over 66,000 allied health staff, as of 2022.<ref name="Highlights">{{cite web |title=2022 Mayo Clinic Highlights |url=https://mcforms.mayo.edu/mc7300-mc7399/mc7360.pdf |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> In addition, Mayo Clinic partially owns and operates the Mayo Clinic Health System, which consists of more than 70 hospitals and clinics across [[Minnesota]], [[Iowa]], and [[Wisconsin]].<ref name="Advisory14">{{cite news |title=System aims to reach 200 million patients by 2020 |url=https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2014/12/10/mayo-clinic-has-expanded-in-18-states?wt.mc_id=email%7Cdaily+briefing+headline%7Cdba%7Cdb%7Cdec-10-2014%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C |work=Advisory.com |date=December 10, 2014 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic also operates the [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science]], a nonprofit college dedicated to training medical and allied health professionals at Mayo Hospitals in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida.<ref name="USNWR-2018">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic School of Medicine |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/mayo-medical-school-04053 |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=2018 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

The clinic created an independent business subsidiary in London in partnership with Oxford University Clinic, a collaboration between the [[University of Oxford]] and [[Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust]] to operate a clinic starting in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayo Clinic, Oxford to collaborate on research and innovation|url=http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/mayo-clinic-oxford-collaborate-research-and-innovation|access-date=December 23, 2017|publisher=Healthcare IT news|date=October 5, 2017}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic is led by president and CEO Gianrico Farrugia, M.D.<ref name="Karnowski-081018">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names head of Florida campus as new CEO |last1=Karnowski |first1=Steve |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/mayo-clinic-names-head-florida-campus-ceo-57135221 |work=ABC News |date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> [[John H. Noseworthy]], M.D., retired as president and CEO in December 2018; his predecessor, Denis A. Cortese, M.D., retired in November 2009.<ref name="Newmarker">{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Newmarker |title=Noseworthy Named New Mayo Clinic CEO |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2009/05/04/daily43.html |work=[[American City Business Journals|Minneapolis-St. Paul Business Journal]] |date=May 8, 2009 |access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> [[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]], former chair of the [[Federal Communications Commission]], is chair of Mayo's governing board of trustees.<ref name="Chair">{{cite news |last1=Pyrek |first1=Emily Pyrek |title=Mayo Clinic ranked one of Forbes' Best Large Employers, new Mayo Board of Trustees chair named |url=https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-ranked-one-of-forbes-best-large-employers-new-mayo-board-of-trustees-chair/article_3f557564-dcf0-5145-aa99-76a7e9f8446e.html |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=La Crosse Tribune |date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221052006/https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-ranked-one-of-forbes-best-large-employers-new-mayo-board-of-trustees-chair/article_3f557564-dcf0-5145-aa99-76a7e9f8446e.html |archive-date=21 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Clinical practice ===
In 2022, more than 1.3 million different patients from all 50 states and 138 countries were seen at Mayo Clinic facilities.<ref name="Highlights"/>

=== Research ===
Mayo Clinic researchers contribute to understanding disease processes, best clinical practices, and translating findings from the laboratory to clinical practice. {{asof|2022|post=,}} research personnel included about 5,500 physicians and scientists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brownell |first1=Andy|title=Mayo Clinic 2022 Expenses up $1 Billion - Net Income Dropped 53% |url=https://krocnews.com/mayo-clinic-2022-expenses-up-1-billion-net-income-dropped-53/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |publisher=News Talk 1340 KROC-AM |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Mayo Clinic's 2022 research funding exceeded $1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brownell |first1=Andy|title=Mayo Clinic 2022 Expenses up $1 Billion – Net Income Dropped 53% |url=https://krocnews.com/mayo-clinic-2022-expenses-up-1-billion-net-income-dropped-53/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |publisher=News Talk 1340 KROC-AM |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> These research initiatives led to 9,275 research publications and review articles in peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="mayoinfo"/>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science}}

The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (MCCMS), established in 1915,<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts and Statistics|publisher=Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science|url=https://college.mayo.edu/about/college-profile/facts-and-statistics/}}</ref> offers educational programs embedded in Mayo Clinic's clinical practice and biomedical research activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science |url=https://college.mayo.edu/ |publisher=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> MCCMS consists of five accredited schools:

* [[Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine]] provides training for medical students seeking a medical degree (M.D.).
* [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science#Graduate Medical Education|Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education]], established in 1915, offers more than 300 [[Graduate medical education|residences and fellowships]] in all medical and surgical specialties with 1,791 active trainees.<ref name=mcfacts>{{cite web|title=Mayo Clinic Facts|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/facts-statistics|publisher=Mayo Clinic|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education|url=http://www.mayo.edu/mayo-clinic-school-of-graduate-medical-education}}</ref><ref name=boes>{{cite journal|last1=Boes|first1=CJ|last2=Long|first2=TR|last3=Rose|first3=SH|last4=Fye|first4=WB|title=The founding of the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education.|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|date=February 2015|volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=252–63 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.008 |doi-access=free |pmid=25659241}}</ref>
* [[Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences]] provides training in 60 health sciences career fields.
* [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science#Continuous Professional Development|Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development]] provides continuing education for practicing medical professionals.
* [[Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences]] is for graduate students (master's degree, M.D.-Ph.D., or Ph.D.) pursuing biomedical research training.

== History ==
[[File:William Worrall Mayo.jpg|thumb|[[William Worrall Mayo]], founder of Mayo Clinic]]

=== Early years ===
[[File:1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mary's Hospital in 1910]]

Mayo Clinic originated with the medical practice of [[William Worrall Mayo]], M.D. (1819–1911).<ref name="Clapesattle">{{cite book |last=Clapesattle |first=Helen |title=The Doctors Mayo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63952 |publisher=The University of Minnesota Press |year=1941}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Born near [[Manchester, England]], he was mentored by the eminent British scientist [[John Dalton]]<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|11–13}} and immigrated to the United States in 1846.<ref name="Burns">{{cite book |last1=Blistein |first1=David |last2=Burns |first2=Ken |date=2018 |title=The Mayo Clinic: Faith—Hope—Science |publisher=Florentine Books |isbn=978-1948122290}}</ref>{{rp|29}} He worked his way west, earning two medical degrees at a time when formal education for physicians was limited.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|20–21, 31}} Mayo settled in Indiana, and he married Louise Abigail Wright in 1851.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|25}} They moved to Minnesota Territory in 1854, seeking a more healthful climate.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|32–33}} The family relocated within Minnesota several times until Mayo's appointment as an examining surgeon for the [[Union Army]] military draft board during the [[American Civil War]] brought them to Rochester.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|78}} On January 27, 1864,  Mayo advertised in the ''Rochester City Post'' the opening of a private medical practice "over the Union Drug Store on Third Street" with "all calls answered by day or night".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/special_report/fight-for-the-union-hope-grows-for-war-s-end/article_4f76d8e3-fa28-513e-9291-3331a8779fa3.html|title=Fight for the Union, 1864: Hope grows for war's end|last=Furst|first=Jay|date=2014|work=Post-Bulletin (Rochester, Minn.), Sept. 6, 2014}}</ref>

Both of W. W. Mayo's sons, [[William James Mayo]] (1861–1939) and [[Charles Horace Mayo]] (1865–1939), who became known as Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie, grew up in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] and attended medical school. William graduated in 1883 and joined his father's practice, with Charles joining in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schlup|first1=Leonard|last2=Ryan|first2=James G.|title=Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age|date=2003|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, N.Y.|isbn=9780765621061|page=299}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayo, Charles Horace (1865 - 1939)|url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E004673b.htm|website=Royal College of Surgeons|access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>
On August 21, 1883, a [[1883 Rochester tornado|tornado]] struck Rochester, causing at least 37 deaths and over 200 injuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rochester, MN Tornado of 1883|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|url=http://www.weather.gov/arx/aug211883tornadoes|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> One-third of the town was destroyed, but the Mayo family escaped serious harm. Relief efforts began immediately in a variety of makeshift facilities. Mayo was placed in charge of organizing medical care for the wounded survivors. Needing nurses, he reached out to [[Mother Alfred Moes]], the founder of the [[Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota]] (a teaching order).<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|244}}

After the crisis subsided, Mother Alfred approached W. W. Mayo with a proposal: The Sisters of St. Francis would raise funds to build a hospital in Rochester if he and his sons provided medical and surgical care.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|246–247}} The agreement was made over a handshake.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|51}} On September 30, 1889, [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)|Saint Mary's Hospital]] was opened by the Sisters with the three Mayo physicians on staff.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|11–22}}

=== Group practice ===
The growing specialization of medicine and the expanding use of railroads, automobiles, and mass communications provided context for the development of integrated multi-specialty practice.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|481–485, 497}}<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|134}}<ref name="Fye">{{cite book |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |year=2015 |title=Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|28–30}}

Starting in the 1890s, the Mayo brothers welcomed other physicians to join them. W. W. Mayo's solo practice had evolved into a family practice with his sons' participation which then became a group practice with other medical colleagues.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|359}} Mayo Clinic's first partners were physicians  [[Augustus Stinchfield|Augustus W. Stinchfield]],<ref name="Lennon11">{{cite news |title=A medical institution of honourable beginnings |last=Lennon |first=Troy |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]] |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=536B-5931-JD3N-51MJ&csi=8422&oc=00240&perma=true |date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> Christopher Graham,<ref name="Nelson-Graham">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]] |date=June 1993 |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=522 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60366-8}}</ref> Melvin C. Millet,<ref name="Nelson-Millet">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=July 1993 |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=626 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60596-5}}</ref> Henry Plummer,<ref name="Nelson-Plummer">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=August 1993 |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=730 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60627-2}}</ref> E. Star Judd,<ref name="Nelson-Judd">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Clark W. |title=Historical Profiles of Mayo |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=September 1993 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=834 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60689-2|pmid=8371600 }}</ref> and Donald Balfour.<ref name="GastroJournal-Balfour">{{cite journal |title=In Memoriam |journal=Gastroenterology |date=June 1993 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=207 |doi=10.1016/S0016-5085(64)80060-3|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Preeminent among the early physicians who joined the practice was Henry Stanley Plummer, M.D. A specialist in thyroid disease, he made contributions to the treatment of goiter.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|632, 634–636}} In terms of organizational development, he collaborated with the Mayo brothers in coordinating the introduction of specialties that expanded the scope of the Mayo practice beyond its origins in surgery.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|19}} A polymath whose interests included architecture, engineering, and art, Plummer also created many of the systems and procedures that remain central to Mayo Clinic today, such as the integrated "dossier" medical record.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|37}}

=== Growth and national expansion ===
[[File:DrsMayoStamp.jpg|thumb|Mayo Brothers U.S. Commemorative Stamp issued 1964]]

The Mayo brothers both served as president of the [[List of presidents of the American Medical Association|American Medical Association]] and achieved recognition as surgeons.<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|23–25}} In 1919, the brothers and their wives donated the assets of the medical practice including land, buildings, and equipment, as well as the majority of their life savings, to transform the private partnership into a not-for-profit organization.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|105}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berry |first1=Leonard |last2=Seltman |first2=Kent |editor1-last=Schneider |editor1-first=Benjamin |editor2-last=Barbera |editor2-first=Karen |title=The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Climate and Culture |date=January 1, 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199860715 |pages=611–612 |chapter=Chapter 31: The Mayo Clinic Way: A Story of Cultural Strength and Sustainability |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Danilov |first1=Victor |title=Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials |date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810891852 |page=135 |edition=1 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=medicinehistory>{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Karen |title=Medicine and Healers Through History |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=9781615304059 |page=200 |quote=}}</ref>

Following World War II, Mayo Clinic continued to expand in Rochester, Minnesota. In 1972, the Mayo Medical School (now [[Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine]]) opened.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713">{{cite news |title=History of Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/history-of-mayo-clinic/article_7e94f986-e6d8-5163-98c3-f9e4562277f4.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1986, Mayo Clinic formally united with Saint Marys Hospital and Rochester Methodist Hospital.<ref name="PostBulletin-Timeline">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic timeline |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-timeline/article_dc5d488f-3005-54fb-ae08-1d45fe3decdb.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=May 9, 2014 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> That same year, Mayo Clinic expanded to Florida partly because of a donation of 400 acres of land in Jacksonville from the Davis family.<ref name="FloridaPatients">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic in race for Florida patients |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-in-race-for-florida-patients/378367141/ |work=[[The Star Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2016 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón-Otero |first1=G |title=Out of the woods, a Mayo Clinic emerges: a commentary on the history of Mayo Clinic in Florida. |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=May 2014 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=583–8 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.03.008 |pmid=24797641|doi-access=free }}</ref> This was followed by expansion to Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1987;<ref name="AZHospitals">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix among top 20 in national ranking |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/health/2017/08/08/mayo-clinic-hospital-phoenix-ranking-us-news-world-report/547725001/ |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> the Phoenix, Arizona, campus opened in 1998.<ref name="AZHospitals"/> In 1992, Mayo Clinic Health System began as a network of community-based medical services in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<ref name="USNWR-Best">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/mn/mayo-clinic-6610451 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=2018 |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> In 2011, Mayo Clinic launched the Mayo Clinic Care Network, a collection of facilities with access to Mayo Clinic protocols and experts.<ref name="CareNetwork">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic Care Network reaches into California |last1=Hansel |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/mayo-clinic-care-network-reaches-into-california/article_86d5b8e4-10af-504b-a0e6-ccfc8b92fcc5.html |work=The Post-Bulletin |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Mayo Clinic, in a joint partnership with [[Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates#Emirate of Abu Dhabi|SEHA Abu Dhabi Health Services Co]], invested $50 million into a 741-bed hospital in the [[United Arab Emirates]] for a 25% stake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scott |first=Paul John |title=Mayo announces first hospital outside of US|url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/healthcare/4783617-Mayo-announces-first-hospital-outside-of-US|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Duluth News Tribune|date=November 24, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo invests $50M in 741-bed hospital in United Arab Emirates, acquires 25% stake|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-transactions-and-valuation/mayo-invests-50m-in-741-bed-hospital-in-united-arab-emirates-acquires-25-stake.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.beckershospitalreview.com|date=August 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo invests $50 million in UAE hospital project|url=https://www.medcitybeat.com/news-blog/2020/mayo-invests-50-million-abu-dhabi-hospital|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Med City Beat|date=August 21, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the beginning of 2020, the Mayo Clinic opened a health clinic in central [[London]], in partnership with [[Oxford University]] Clinic. It was officially named Mayo Clinic Healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals Mayo Clinic, Cerner grow U.K. presence with new central London clinic in partnership with Oxford|url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals-health-systems/mayo-clinic-opens-first-u-k-facility-central-london-through-oxford|website=Fierce Healthcare|date=September 5, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayo Clinic, London About|url=https://www.mayoclinichealthcare.co.uk/about|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2020 it was reported that the Mayo Clinic had bought Oxford University Clinic's share of the facility, to become the sole owner and its first overseas clinic operated as a Mayo Clinic entity.<ref name="beckershospitalreview.com"/><ref name="mayoclinic.org"/>

=== Contributions to medicine and science ===
In the early 20th century, Henry Plummer developed Mayo Clinic's multi-specialty [[Group medical practice in the United States|group practice]] model and an integrated medical record system.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017">{{cite news |title=Mayo rolls out big health record project |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-rolls-out-big-health-record-project/444757193/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=September 15, 2017 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Plummer's system allowed physicians to share patient information better.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Before Plummer's system, physicians worked solo. They shared patient information when necessary, either verbally or by letter.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Plummer also helped design and fabricate building systems innovations, such as steam sterilization rooms, metal surgical tools and equipment, pneumatic tube systems, and knee operated sinks.<ref name="Campbell-082817">{{cite news |title=Little known characters in America: Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer |last1=Campbell |first1=Cal |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5PBT-98H1-JBCN-41VC&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Journal Gazette/Times-Courier |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Grayson-042519">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names $1B tech project after big-thinking doc |last1=Grayson |first1=Katharine |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2016/04/25/mayo-clinic-names-1b-tech-project-after-big.html |newspaper=Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal |date=April 25, 2016 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> In 1905, Mayo Clinic advanced a technique of using frozen [[tissue (biology)|tissue]] during surgery to determine if a patient had cancer while the patient was still in the operating room.<ref name="Hansel-070514">{{cite news |title=A century-old technique prevents extra tumor surgeries at Mayo |last1=Hansel |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/a-century-old-technique-prevents-extra-tumor-surgeries-at-mayo/article_99141a13-cc77-5d6a-be93-1d1a46517630.html |newspaper=The Post Bulletin |date=July 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Becker's-091214">{{cite news |title=10 Mayo Clinic innovations you probably don't know about |url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/10-mayo-clinic-innovations-you-probably-don-t-know-about.html |newspaper=Becker's Hospital Review |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic offered the first graduate medical education program in 1915 and the first nonprofit practice aligned with medical education and research.<ref name="Becker's-091214"/> In the 1920s, [[Albert Compton Broders]] of the Mayo Clinic created the first index to grade tumors.<ref name="APLM-12">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=James R. |year=2012 |title=Albert C. Broders' Paradigm Shifts Involving the Prognostication and Definition of Cancer |journal=Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine |volume=136 |issue=11 |pages=1437–46 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2011-0567-HP |pmid=23106590 |s2cid=29502909 |issn=0003-9985 |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5JJY-J2S1-DY0W-41CW&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |access-date=4 October 2018|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mayo Clinic opened the first hospital-based blood bank in Rochester in 1935.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/> Early in Mayo Clinic's history, the hospital designed the one-legged mobile instrument stand known as the Mayo stand.<ref name="Meals2010">{{cite journal |last1=Meals |first1=Clifton |last2=Wang |first2=Jeffrey |date=June 2010 |title=Origins of Eponymous Orthopaedic Equipment |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=468 |issue=6 |pages=1682–1692 |doi=10.1007/s11999-009-1221-z |pmid=20069394 |pmc=2865605 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1930s, Mayo Clinic associates Walter M. Boothby, Randolph Lovelace, and [[Arthur H. Bulbulian]] developed a high-altitude oxygen therapy mask known as the BLB flight mask.<ref name="Dill54">{{cite journal |last1=Dill |first1=D. B. |date=October 29, 1954 |title=Walter M. Boothby, Pioneer in Aviation Medicine |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=120 |issue=3122 |page=688 |doi=10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |pmid=13205212 |bibcode=1954Sci...120..688D |access-date=July 17, 2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the U.S. Army tasked Mayo Clinic with finding a solution for dying pilots after suffering blackouts. Mayo Clinic hired a team of physicians to research and define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit">{{cite news |title=Remembrance – Wood was G-suit inventor, Mayo doctor |last=Hansel |first=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/remembrance----wood-was-g-suit-inventor-mayo/article_778e2984-32a9-5a6e-a990-dc27679aac9a.html |work=The Post Bulletin |date=March 21, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> [[Physiologist]]s [[Earl Wood|Earl H. Wood]], Edward Baldes, Charles Code, and [[Edward H. Lambert]] developed the [[G-suit]] with air bladders that prevented blood from pooling in pilots' legs.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit"/> The suit was worn by U.S. pilots toward the end of World War II.<ref>{{Multiref2
|1={{Cite journal |vauthors=Wood EH, Lambert EH |title=The effect of anti-blackout suits on blood pressure changes produced on the human centrifuge |journal=Fed Proc |volume=5 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=115 |date=1946 |pmid=21066536 }}
|2={{Cite journal |vauthors=Wood EH |title=Contributions of aeromedical research to flight and biomedical science |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |volume=57 |issue=10 Pt 2 |pages=A13–23 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3778400 }}
|3={{Cite journal |vauthors=Wood EH |title=Development of methods for prevention of acceleration induced blackout and unconsciousness in World War II fighter pilots. Limitations: present and future |journal=Physiologist |volume=30 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S27–30 |date=February 1987 |pmid=3550843 }}
}}</ref>

Two Mayo Clinic physicians were among three people awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in medicine]] in 1950 for the discovery of [[cortisone]].<ref name="Hilchey080696">{{cite news |title=Tadeus Reichstein, 99, Dies; Won Nobel for Cortisone Work |last1=Hilchey |first1=Tim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/world/tadeus-reichstein-99-dies-won-nobel-for-cortisone-work.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 6, 1996 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Professor [[Edward C. Kendall]], Ph.D., and [[Philip S. Hench]] of Mayo Clinic were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine alongside [[Tadeus Reichstein]], a Swiss chemist who conducted independent research, for the discovery.<ref name="Hilchey080696"/> They separated and identified compounds from the adrenal cortex that produced cortisone and [[hydrocortisone]].<ref name="NYT-05051972">{{cite news |title=Dr. Kendall Dies; Nobel Laureate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/05/archives/dr-kendall-dies-nobel-laureate-pioneer-in-the-discovery-of.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 5, 1972 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> Later in the decade, Mayo Clinic began using and refining the Gibbon heart–lung machine in cardiac surgery. It is now known as the Mayo–Gibbon heart–lung machine.<ref name="NMAH-Mayo-Gibbon">{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1213038 |title=Mayo-Gibbon Heart-Lung Machine |department=The National Museum of American History |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic associates Edward Howard Lambert, Lealdes (Lee) McKendree Eaton, and Edward Douglas Rooke were the first physicians to substantially describe the clinic and electrophysiological findings of what is known as [[Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] in 1956.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2738|Lambert-Eaton-Rooke syndrome}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert EH, Eaton LM, Rooke ED | title=Defect of neuromuscular conduction associated with malignant neoplasms  | journal=Am. J. Physiol. | year=1956 | volume=187 | pages=612–3}}</ref> In 1972, the clustering of LEMS with other autoimmune diseases led to the hypothesis that it was caused by autoimmunity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gutmann L, Crosby TW, Takamori M, Martin JD |title=The Eaton–Lambert syndrome and autoimmune disorders |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=354–6 |date=September 1972 |pmid=4115499 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90179-9}}</ref>

In 1969, Mayo Clinic doctors performed the first [[Food and Drug Administration]]-approved hip replacement in the United States.<ref name="Hansel-031007">{{cite news |title=Mayo is a hip place for surgery |last1=Hansel |first1= Jeff|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/mayo-is-a-hip-place-for-surgery/article_388acbe7-6876-54c4-af30-ce9ceaf27f87.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> In 1973, Mayo Clinic bought the first [[CT scanner]] in the U.S.<ref name="LAT-090708">{{cite news |title=The high cost of precision |last1=Zarembo |first1=Alan |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4TCY-KGX0-TW84-N1JM&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic and Roche Molecular Biochemicals developed a rapid [[DNA]] test in 2001 to detect anthrax in humans and in the environment.<ref name="CNN-110501">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic touts new test to detect anthrax quickly |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/05/mayo.anthrax.test/index.html |work=CNN |date=November 5, 2001 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

The [[Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation]], was established in 2008 and has since worked on over 270 projects.<ref name="Bhatti-030218">{{cite news |title=Putting Humans at the Center of Health Care Innovation |last1=Bhatti |first1=Yasser |last2=del Castillo |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Olson |first3=Kristian |last4=Darzi |first4=Ara |url=https://hbr.org/2018/03/putting-humans-at-the-center-of-health-care-innovation |newspaper=Harvard Business Review |date=March 2, 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Silvis-111615">{{cite news |title=Using Service Design to Understand, Improve Patient Experience |last1=Silvis |first1=Jennifer |url=https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/news/awards-events/using-service-design-understand-improve-patient-experience/ |newspaper=Healthcare Design Magazine |date=November 16, 2015 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, Mayo Clinic specialists in regenerative medicine began the "first-in-human study," whereby patient cells are used to attempt to heal heart damage.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/>

After several years of using Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers and mobile devices for patient care and test results, Mayo partnered with Apple in 2014 to develop the Apple Health and HealthKit apps as a central location for personal health information.<ref name="Ungerleider-060514">{{cite news |title=Inside Apple & The Mayo Clinic's New Partnership |last1=Ungerleider |first1=Neal |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3031385/inside-apple-the-mayo-clinics-new-partnership |work=Fast Company |date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic and Delos Living launched the [[Well Living Lab]] in September 2015. This research facility is designed to simulate real-world, non-hospital environments, allowing Mayo Clinic researchers to study the interaction between indoor spaces and human health.<ref name="Stinson">{{cite news| url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/mayo-clinic-modeled-new-lab-stuffy-office/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |title=Why the Mayo Clinic Modeled Its New Lab on a Stuffy Office |first=Liz |last=Stinson |date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic's Advanced Care at Home Model of Care launched in 2020 and assists patients in their own homes through virtual care.<ref name="Launches">{{cite news |last1=Smits |first1=Garry |title=Coronavirus: Mayo Clinic launches advanced care at home in July |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/local/2020/06/25/coronavirus-mayo-clinic-launches-advanced-care-at-home-in-july/41745487/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=The Florida Times-Union}}</ref>

In 2020, Mayo Clinic began running a federally sponsored Expanded Access Program for Convalescent Plasma to treat hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States.<ref name="Convalescent">{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |title=FDA Authorizes Convalescent Plasma As Emergency Treatment For COVID-19 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/23/905277083/fda-authorizes-convalescent-plasma-as-emergency-treatment-for-covid-19 |access-date=7 September 2023 |agency=NPR |date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA used spinal cord stimulation and physical therapy that allowed a man paralyzed since 2013 to briefly regain his ability to stand and walk with assistance. The patient was able to walk 111 yards for a total of 16 minutes when given artificial electrical stimulation, although he was unable to continue that mobility once the artificial stimulation was removed. The results were published in the journal Nature Medicine.<ref name="Paralyzed">{{cite news |last1=Eileen |first1=Drage O'Reilly |title=Paralyzed man able to walk with assistance in clinical trial |url=https://www.axios.com/2018/09/24/paralyzed-man-able-to-walk-in-clinical-trials |access-date=29 September 2023 |agency=Axios}}</ref>

As of 2023, Mayo Clinic had treated more than 10,000 patients with [[Proton therapy|proton beam therapy]] across two of its facilities. According to [[Post-Bulletin]] reporting, proton beam therapy is limited in the U.S., with only 2 percent of radiation patients being treated with the technology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dené |first1=Dryden |title=With expansion on the way, Mayo Clinic's proton beam therapy program aims to treat as many patients as possible |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Rochester Post Bulletin |date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928041119/https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |archive-date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Plummer Building]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]]]]

=== Architecture and art collection ===
As the practice grew in the 20th century, it required additional space. Saint Mary's Hospital underwent frequent expansion. Rochester business leader John Kahler built innovative hotel-hospital facilities that served Mayo Clinic patients.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|501–502}} In 1914, Mayo Clinic opened the world's first building expressly designed for multispecialty group practice, known as the 1914 "red brick" building.<ref name="Lens">{{cite news |title=Lens on history: The first Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/lens-on-history-the-first-mayo-clinic/article_d74c3e68-47f4-585f-81a2-d74c7fa7bb8a.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|544}} It facilitated ease of movement for patients and staff among specialty areas, brought research and education functions into proximity with clinical practice, and patient amenities.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|544}}<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|38–41}} This approach was replicated and enhanced with the adjoining 1928 Mayo Clinic building, later named for Plummer,<ref name="Fye"/>{{rp|77–80}} its principal designer, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="Clapesattle"/>{{rp|697–698}}<ref name="HistoricPlaces">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/16000278.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203094628/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/16000278.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|date=April 8, 2016 |work=National Park Service |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soapask.com/general-hospital/|title= General Hospital |last=Toulas|first=Bill|date=2019-04-27|website=soapask|language=en-US|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The [[General hospital]] features bronze entry doors designed by artist Charles Brioschi. Each 16-foot high, 5.25-inch thick door weighs 4,000 pounds and features ornamental panels. The doors are closed to memorialize important historical events and influential people, such as the deaths of the Mayo brothers, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.<ref name="PlummerDoors">{{cite web |url=https://www.downtownrochestermn.com/art/plummer-building-doors |title=Plummer Building Doors |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=downtownrochestermn.com |publisher=Rochester Downtown Alliance |access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> The 1914 "red brick" building, a National Historic Landmark, was demolished by Mayo Clinic in the 1980s to make way for the [[Siebens Building]] (completed in 1989).<ref name="Lens"/><ref>{{cite web|archive-date=March 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324165441/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/127951/siebens-building-rochester-mn-usa|title=Siebens Building, Rochester – 127951 – EMPORIS|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127951/siebens-building-rochester-mn-usa|url-status=usurped|website=[[Emporis]]}}</ref> Mayo Clinic's campus has undergone expansion over the years.<ref name="Baier">{{cite news |last1=Baier |first1=Elizabeth |title=Growth continues at Mayo Clinic's three campuses |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2013/05/08/business/mayo-clinic-florida-arizona-minnesota-campuses |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]x |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

Other notable Mayo Clinic buildings include the [[Mayo Building (Rochester, Minnesota)]] (construction completed in 1955), [[Guggenheim Building]] (1974), [[Gonda Building]] (2001), [[Opus Imaging Research Building]] (2007) and a recent addition in 2019 – Discovery Square building.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
Image:Mayo Clinic Rochester Gonda w trees 3890p.jpg|Gonda Building entrance
Image:Mayo Clinic-Gonda atrium-20060705.jpg|Gonda Building atrium
Image:Mayo Clinic Gonda building 3997.jpg|Patient cafeteria dome
Image:MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG|Opus Imaging Research Building
Image:MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG|Guggenheim Building
</gallery>

Mayo Clinic's humanities program was founded on the belief that the arts and healing are linked.<ref name="Richert16">{{cite news |title=Photos: A walk through Mayo Clinic's healing art |last=Richert |first=Catharine |work=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/10/24/mayo-clinic-art-collection-healing-medicine- |date=October 24, 2016 |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> Over the decades, Mayo Clinic has established an extensive [[art collection]], including these works on display across all campuses:

* ''Endangered Species'' by [[Andy Warhol]]
* ''[[Jean d'Aire|John D'Aire]]'' by [[Auguste Rodin]]
* ''Fish'' by [[Alexander Calder]]
* ''Man and Freedom'' by [[Ivan Meštrović]]
* Untitled by [[Dale Chihuly]]
* ''Four Houses'' by [[Jennifer Bartlett]]
* ''The Archer'' by [[Joan Miró]]
* ''My Brother and I'' by [[Tuck Langland]]
* ''Constellation Earth'' by [[Paul Granlund]]

=== Educational programs ===
{{Main|Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science#History}}

The first medical, educational programs at Mayo Clinic were developed in 1915 with the assistance of the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref name=kennedylab>{{cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=William |title=History of Medicine in the St. Paul-Minneapolis Metropolitan area |url=http://kennedylab.med.umn.edu/neurology-dept-history/history-medicine-twin-city-area |website=Kennedy Laboratory at the University of Minnesota |publisher=University of Minnesota Neurology Department |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=medicinehistory/> Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research were established in 1915.<ref name=boes/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Sketch of the History of the Mayo Clinic and the Mayo Foundation |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=February 1, 1928 |volume=2 |issue=63 |pages=105–106 |pmc=5235446 }}</ref> MFMER was established as a department of the University of Minnesota with a $1.5 million donation to offer graduate programs at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Louis B. |last2=Sanford |first2=A. H. |title=The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |journal=Sigma Xi Quarterly |date=September 1920 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=52–58 |jstor=27824137 }}</ref> The Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education is part of the [[Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science]], which is divided into five schools.<ref name=porter>{{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Barbara L. |last2=Grande |first2=Joseph P. |title=Mayo Medical School |journal=Academic Medicine |date=2010 |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=S300-4 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181e9155c |pmid=20736572 |issn=1040-2446|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=MA |title=You trained at Mayo Clinic? Wow! |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=March 2014 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=284–90 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.09.017 |pmid=24582187|doi-access=free }}</ref> Those schools include Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, and Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.<ref name="Burns"/>{{rp|131}}

In 2011, the foundation that oversees the Mayo Clinic went before the Supreme Court to argue that medical residents should remain exempt from [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] deductions. In ''[[Mayo Foundation v. United States]]'', the court sided with the [[Social Security Administration]] and required [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|FICA]] to be deducted going forward.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lowes|first1=Robert|title=Residents Are Workers, Not Students, for Tax Purposes, Says High Court|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/735725|website=Medscape|access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

=== Current practice ===
Mayo Clinic rules mandate that its CEOs must be physicians and come from within Mayo Clinic.<ref name="MayoCEOs">{{cite news |title=Gianrico Farrugia selected to lead Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.medcitybeat.com/news-blog/2018/mayo-clinic-names-gianrico-farrugia-ceo |work=The Med City Beat |date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref> John H. Noseworthy, M.D., served as president and CEO from 2009 to 2019.<ref name="Newmarker"/> Under his leadership, Mayo Clinic was reorganized into a single operating company with a unified strategy and business plan, which helped the system expand.<ref name=Karnowski-081018/> This included the launch of the Destination Medical Center, a 20-year economic growth plan in Rochester.<ref name=Karnowski-081018/> During this time, annual revenue reached nearly $12 billion, and Mayo Clinic added 7,200 employees.<ref name="StarTribune-Snowbeck-200218">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic's CEO to retire at year's end |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-clinic-s-ceo-to-retire-at-year-s-end/474592633/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Mayo Clinic announced that Gianrico Farrugia, M.D., a Mayo Clinic physician for more than 30 years, would replace Noseworthy as CEO.<ref name=ABC-NewCEO>{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names head of Florida campus as new CEO |last1=Karnowski |first1=Steve |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/mayo-clinic-names-head-florida-campus-ceo-57135221 |work=[[The Associated Press]] |date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Farrugia had served as CEO of Mayo Clinic in Florida since 2015.<ref name=Karnowski-081018 /> The replacement adhered to Mayo Clinic's tradition of leadership changes, where a new president or CEO is named every seven to ten years.<ref name="ModernHealthcare-Noseworthy">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic CEO Noseworthy to retire |last1=Kacik |first1=Alex |url=http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20180220/NEWS/180229996 |work=Modern Healthcare |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> By 2018, Mayo Clinic doctors saw approximately 1.3 million patients annually.<ref name=ABC-NewCEO />

== Criticism ==
=== Opposition to the "Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act" ===
In May 2023, Mayo Clinic lobbied against two statewide health care bills, the Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act (KNABA) and the Health Care Affordability Board, threatening to pull over 4 billion dollars in investments into new facilities and infrastructure in the Mayo Clinic Rochester campus unless the Affordability Board bill was scrapped and the KNABA was amended to exempt Mayo Clinic from any staffing mandates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Mayo Clinic threatens to kill billions in state investment, if two health care bills pass |url=https://www.twincities.com/2023/05/05/mayo-clinic-threatens-to-kill-billions-in-state-investment-if-two-health-care-bills-pass/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BringMeTheNews |date=2023-05-09 |title=Nurses' union, lawmakers criticize Mayo Clinic over attempts to gut staffing standards bill |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/nurses-union-lawmakers-criticize-mayo-clinic-over-attempts-to-gut-staffing-standards-bill |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Bring Me The News |language=en}}</ref> The KNABA required hospitals to create committees that allowed nurses and other staff to evaluate staffing workloads in order to address a so-called "care crisis" and a shortage in hospital staff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Minnesota lawmakers introduce bill to keep nurses from leaving profession - CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/legislators-reintroduce-bill-aimed-at-ameliorating-nursing-staff-shortages/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The Health Care Affordability Board would allow hospitals, doctors, and insurers to be fined for failing to lower costs or allowing costs to run out of control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Messerly |first=Megan |date=2023-05-30 |title=Minnesota wanted to curb health spending. Mayo Clinic had other ideas. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/30/minnesota-health-spending-mayo-clinic-00098460 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Jeremy Olson Star |title=Minnesota lawmakers weigh fines, oversight of expensive medical providers |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-lawmakers-weigh-fines-oversight-of-expensive-medical-providers/600269285/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref> The Minnesota Nurses Association spoke out against Mayo's demands, characterizing them as "unethical" and "attempt(s) to override democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Nurses' union pushes back against Mayo Clinic's plan to pull Minnesota investments if proposals at Capitol pass - CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/nurses-union-pushes-back-against-mayo-clinics-plan-to-pull-minnesota-investments-if-proposals-at-capitol-pass/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> These lobbying attempts were successful, with the mandated nurse staffing levels scrapped,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title="My heart breaks for the patients of Minnesota": Nurses speak out as legislators scrap mandated staff levels - CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/my-heart-breaks-for-the-patients-of-minnesota-nurses-speak-out-as-legislators-scrap-mandated-staff-levels/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and the Health Care Affordability Board legislation being changed from a board empowered to levy fines to a bill that "requires state health officials to review health care cost growth but gives them no authority to set targets".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Messerly |first=Megan |date=2023-05-30 |title=Minnesota wanted to curb health spending. Mayo Clinic had other ideas. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/30/minnesota-health-spending-mayo-clinic-00098460 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> Minnesota state senator [[Erin Murphy (Minnesota politician)|Erin Murphy]] called Mayo's efforts to gut the bill "corporate hijacking" in an op-ed published in the ''[[Star Tribune]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Erin |title=OPINION EXCHANGE {{!}} Counterpoint: Disney is right; Mayo is wrong |url=https://www.startribune.com/counterpoint-disney-is-right-mayo-is-wrong/600280131/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref>

== Innovation ==
Mayo Clinic has adopted more than 15,000 mobile devices from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] for patient care, including the [[iPad]], [[iPad Mini]], and [[iPhone]]. Mayo Clinic then created an app for these devices called Synthesis Mobile, which integrated hundreds of their health systems. More apps were created for Mayo Clinic Care Network members to help patients see their medical records or ask clinicians for assistance.<ref>{{cite web| title=Mayo Clinic| url=https://www.apple.com/ipad/business/profiles/mayo-clinic/| publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]| access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Mayo Clinic was developing an app for [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[HealthKit]] to help users maintain healthy lifestyles and warn of certain health signs that need attention.<ref>{{cite press release| last1=Sparks| first1=Dana| title=Apple Highlights New Mayo Clinic App During Worldwide Developers Keynote| url=http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/apple-highlights-new-mayo-clinic-app-during-worldwide-developers-keynote| publisher=Mayo Clinic| access-date=October 5, 2015| date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation]] was established in 2008. It has since worked on over 270 projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centerforinnovation.mayo.edu/|title=Mayo Clinic CFI|access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref>

In March 2018, Mayo Clinic and Mytonomy, a healthcare education system company, partnered to provide video content for cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/mayo-clinic-partners-cloud-startup-mytonomy-give-cancer-patients-critical-data|title=Mayo Clinic partners with cloud startup Mytonomy to give cancer patients critical data|date=2018-03-22|work=Healthcare IT News|access-date=2018-03-23|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2019, Mayo Clinic entered into a partnership with Google for health care innovation and cloud computing, and [[Google]] planned to open its facility in [[Rochester, Minnesota]] for Mayo Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2019/09/10/google-mayo-clinic-partnership-patient-data/|title=Google, Mayo Clinic strike sweeping partnership on patient data|date=2019-09-10|website=STAT|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

In January 2020, Mayo Clinic and NTT Venture Capital joined a $60 million financing for biomedical software startup inference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xconomy.com/boston/2020/01/16/mayo-clinic-joins-60m-financing-for-biomedical-software-firm-nference-2/|title=Xconomy: Mayo Clinic Joins $60M Financing for Biomedical Software Firm nference|date=2020-01-16|website=Xconomy|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

In March 2023, Mayo Clinic disclosed that they are using AI technology to write content. The AI content is used to write in plain language, choose words that are inclusive, and optimize content for search applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Information Policy |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/health-information-policy |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
Since 2016 the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, has been ranked as the #1 overall hospital in the [[United States]] by ''U.S. News & World Report''. Almost 5,000 hospitals were considered and ranked in 16 specialties, from cancer and heart disease to respiratory disorders and urology; 153 (just over three percent of the total) were ranked in at least one of the 16 specialties. Of the 153 hospitals ranked in one or more specialties, 20 qualified for the Honor Roll, earning high scores in at least six specialties. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked in the top 10 in all but one of 16 specialties, in the top 4 in 13 specialties, and was the #1 ranked hospital in 8 of the 12 data-driven specialties. This year U.S. News expanded its common procedures and conditions list to 9 individual measures. Mayo was one of fewer than 70 hospitals to score High Performing in every category.<ref name="Browning">{{cite news|url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/mn/mayo-clinic-6610451|title=US News / Healthcare / Best Hospitals / Mayo Clinic|date=August 3, 2016|access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>  Additionally, Mayo was the only hospital on the 2016–2017 honor roll also to receive 5 stars from [[Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|CMS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/how-did-cms-rate-us-news-20-honor-roll-hospitals.html|title=How did CMS rate US News' 20 Honor Roll hospitals?|last=Punke|first=Heather|website=beckershospitalreview.com|date=August 2, 2016 |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>  Every Mayo Clinic hospital received an "A" safety rating from Leapfrog in its April 2017 report.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/see-which-hospitals-earned-leapfrog|title=See which hospitals earned an 'A' from Leapfrog|website=Healthcare Finance News|language=en|access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> In 2021–22, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked again as the #1 overall hospital in the [[United States]] by ''U.S. News & World Report''.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Ranked 1st'''
* [[Diabetes]] and [[Endocrinology]]
* [[Gastroenterology]]
* [[Geriatrics]]
* [[Gynecology]]
* [[Nephrology]]
* [[Neurology]] and [[Neurosurgery]]
* [[Pulmonology]]
* [[Urology]]

{{Col-break}}

'''Ranked 2nd'''
* [[Cardiology]] and [[Heart Surgery]]
* [[Ear, Nose and Throat]]
* [[Orthopedics]]

{{Col-break}}

'''Ranked 3rd–6th'''
* [[Cancer]] (3rd)
* [[Rheumatology]] (4th)
* [[Psychiatry]] (5th)
* [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|Rehabilitation]] (6th)

{{Col-break}}

'''High-Performing'''
* [[Ophthalmology]]
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Mayo Clinic Arizona]]
* [[Mayo Clinic Cancer Center]]
* [[Mayo Clinic Florida]]
* [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)]], [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)#Saint Marys Campus|Saint Marys Campus]], [[Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)#Methodist Campus|Methodist Campus]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Berry |first1=Leonard L. |author-link=Leonard Berry (professor) |last2=Seltman |first2=Kent D. |date=31 May 2008 |title=Management Lessons from Mayo Clinic: Inside One of the World's Most Admired Service Organizations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcpCrGTqUx0C |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=9780071590747 |oclc=243796306}}
* Salamensky, Shelley (September 26, 2018). [https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/09/26/inside-the-mayo-clinic/ "Inside the Mayo Clinic"]. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.mayoclinic.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Mayo Clinic| ]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rochester, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1864]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Medical and health organizations based in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1889]]
[[Category:Webby Award winners]]