View source for Military order (religious society)

{{short description|One of a variety of Christian societies of knights}}
[[File:Ritterorden-Outremer-bis-1291.png|thumb|Indications of presence of military orders associated with the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and the [[Holy Land]] during the [[Crusades]] (in [[German language|German]]).]]
[[File:Spain Reconquista cities.png|thumb|[[Reconquista]] of the main towns (per year) (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]).]]
[[File:Teutonic_Order_1410.png|thumb|Extent of the [[Teutonic Order]] in 1410.]]

A '''military order''' ({{langx|la|militaris ordo}}) is a [[Christianity|Christian]] religious society of [[Knight|knights]]. The original military orders were the [[Knights Templar]], the [[Knights Hospitaller]], the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], the [[Order of Santiago|Order of Saint James]], the [[Order of Calatrava]], and the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]]. They arose in the [[Middle Ages]] in association with the [[Crusades]] - in the [[Holy Land]], the [[Baltic states|Baltics]], and the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian peninsula]]; their members being initially dedicated to the protection of [[Christians |Christian]] [[pilgrim]]s, and eventually to the defence of the [[Crusader states]] and the conquest of non-Christian or even non-[[Western Christianity |Catholic]] lands. They are the predecessors of [[Order of chivalry|chivalric orders]].

Most members of military orders were [[Laity|laymen]] who took [[religious vows]], such as of [[Evangelical counsels|poverty, chastity, and obedience]], according to [[Monasticism|monastic]] ideals. The orders owned houses called [[Commandery|commanderies]] all across Europe and had a hierarchical structure of leadership with the [[grand master (order)|grand master]] at the top.

The Knights Templar, the largest and most influential of the military orders, was suppressed in the early fourteenth century; only a handful of orders were established and recognized afterwards. However, some persisted longer in their original functions, such as the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] and the [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Order of Saint John]], the respective Catholic and Protestant successors of the Knights Hospitaller,<ref name="McCreery2008">{{cite book |last1=McCreery |first1=Christopher |title=The Maple Leaf and the White Cross: A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada |date=2008 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=9781770702806 |page=187 |language=English|quote=there are only five legitimate and mutually recognized Orders of St. John that continue to carry on the historic work of the Knights Hospitaller. These are the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (The Order of Malta), Die Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, commonly known as the Johanniter Orden (Germany), Johanniter Orde in Nederland (Netherland), Johanniterorden I Sverige (Sweden), and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Order of St. John, sometimes referred to as the Most Venerable Order). In 1961, an alliance was formed between the Most Venerable Order, the Johanniter ORden, Johanniter Orde in Nederland, and Johanniterorden I Sverige; these four orders compromise the Alliance of the Orders of St. John.}}</ref> alongside the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], which remains active under the Pope's sovereignty. Those military orders that survive today have evolved into purely honorific or ceremonial orders or else into charitable foundations.

==History==
[[File:Soultz Commanderie 07.JPG|thumb|300px|The Hospitallers in the 13th century]]
In 1053, for the [[Battle of Civitate]], the Knights of Saint Peter ({{lang|la|Milites Sancti Petri}}) was founded as a [[militia]] by [[Pope Leo IX]] to counter the [[Normans]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Les Templiers. Une chevalerie chrétienne au Moyen Age|first=Alain|last=Demurger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTNxKm6ioqMC|date=2005|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions du Seuil|isbn=9782021008340|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411210110/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTNxKm6ioqMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to the [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic conquests]] of the former [[Byzantine Empire]], numerous Catholic military orders were set up following the [[First Crusade]]. The founding of such orders suited the Catholic church's plan of channeling the devotion of the European [[nobility]] toward achieving the Church's temporal goals, and it also complemented the [[Peace and Truce of God]].<ref name="orb">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Crawford |title=The Military Orders: Introduction |website=The ORB: On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies |url=http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milintro.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006035349/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milintro.html |archivedate=6 October 2014 |year=1996}}</ref> The foundation of the [[Knights Templar]] in 1118 provided the first in a series of tightly organized military forces for the purpose of opposing [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic conquests]] in the [[Holy Land]] and in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] — see the [[Reconquista]] — as well as Islamic invaders and [[Paganism|pagan]] tribes in [[Eastern Europe]] which were perceived as threats to the Church's supremacy.

The first secularized military order was the [[Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)|Order of Saint George]], founded in 1326 by King [[Charles I of Hungary]], through which he made all the [[Hungarian nobility]] swear loyalty to him. Shortly thereafter, the Order of the "[[Order of the Band|Knights of the Band]]" was founded in 1332 by King [[Alfonso XI of Castile]]. Both orders existed only for about a century.<ref>Michael Jones ed., ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: c. 1300 - c. 1415,'' (Cambridge, 1998), p. 209.</ref>

==Purpose==
The original features of the military orders were the combination of [[Consecrated life|religious]] and military ways of life. Some of them, like the [[Knights Hospitaller]], the [[Knights of Saint Thomas]], and the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] also had charitable purposes and cared for the sick and poor. However, they were not purely male institutions, as [[Nun|nuns]] could attach themselves as [[Convent|convents]] of the orders. One significant feature of the military orders was that [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|clerical]] brothers could be subordinate to non-ordained brethren.

In 1818, orientalist [[Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall|Joseph von Hammer]] compared the Catholic military orders, in particular the [[Knights Templar]], to certain Islamic models such as the [[Shia Islam|Muslim]] sect of [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]]. In 1820, [[José Antonio Conde]] suggested they were modeled on the [[ribat]], a fortified religious institution which brought together a religious or hospital way of life with fighting the enemies of Islam. However popular such views may have become, others have criticized this view, suggesting there were no such ribats around [[Crusader states|Outremer]] until after the military orders had been founded.

The role and function of the military orders extended beyond their military exploits in the [[Holy Land]], [[Old Prussians|Prussia]], and the Baltics. In fact, they had extensive holdings and staff throughout Western Europe. The majority were laymen. They provided a conduit for cultural and technical innovation, such as the introduction of [[fulling]] into England by the Knights Hospitaller, and the banking facilities of the Knights Templar.

===Northern crusades===
{{Main|Northern crusades}}

[[File:Deutscher Orden in Europa 1300.png|thumb|upright=2|Map of the branches of the [[Teutonic Order]] in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory, Grand Master HQ in Venice is highlighted|alt=Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300 showing sovereign territory in the Baltic and the Grand Master's HQ in Venice]]In 1147 Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded Pope Eugenius III that the Germans' and Danes' conflict with the pagan [[Wends]] was a holy war analogous to the Reconquista; he urged a crusade until all heathens were baptised or killed. The new crusaders' motivation was primarily economic: the acquisition of new arable lands and serfs; the control of Baltic trade routes; and the abolishment of the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodian]] merchants' monopoly of the fur trade.{{sfn|Jotischky|2004|pp=199–205}} From the early 13th{{nbsp}}century the military orders provided garrisons in [[Terra Mariana|Old Livonia]] and defended the German commercial centre, [[Riga]]. The [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] and the [[Order of Dobrzyń]] were established by local bishops. The Sword Brothers were notorious for cruelty to "[[Paganism|pagans]]" and converts alike. The Teutonic Knights were founded during the 1190s in Palestine, but their strong links to Germany diverted efforts from the Holy Land to the Baltic. Between 1229 and 1290, the Teutonic Knights absorbed both the Brothers of the Sword and the Order of Dobrzyń, subjugated most of the Baltic tribes and established a ruthless and exploitative [[State of the Teutonic Order|monastic state]].{{sfn|Jotischky|2004|pp=202–203}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|pp=315–327}} The Knights invited foreign nobility to join their regular ''Reisen'', or raids, against the last unconquered Baltic people, the [[Lithuanians]]. These were fashionable events of chivalric entertainment among young aristocrats. [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Jogaila]], [[List of Lithuanian monarchs#Grand Duke|Grand Duke of Lithuania]], converted to Catholicism and married Queen [[Jadwiga of Poland]] resulting in a united Polish–Lithuanian army routing the Knights at [[Battle of Grunwald|Tannenberg]] in 1410. The Knights' state survived, [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|from 1466]] under Polish suzerainty. Prussia was transformed into a [[Duchy of Prussia|secular duchy]] in 1525, and [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia|Livonia in 1562]].{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|pp=328–333}}

==List of military orders==
These are military orders listed chronologically according to their dates of foundation and extinction, sometimes approximate due to scarce sources, and/or repeated suppressions by Papal or royal authorities. Presently active institutions are listed in consideration with their legitimacy according to the [[International Commission for Orders of Chivalry|International Commission on Orders of Chivalry]].

They are divided into international and national according to their adherence, mission, and enrollment, disregarding the extent of eventual gradual geographical distribution outside of their region of concern.

===International===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Symbol
! Name
! Founded
! Founder
! Origin
! Recognition
! Protection
! Extinction
! Notes
|-
| [[File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg|75px]]
| [[Knights Hospitaller]]<br>(''[[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]'' and the ''[[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Order of Saint John]]'')
| {{circa|1099}}
| [[Gerard Thom]]
| [[Jerusalem]], [[Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| 1113 by [[Pope Paschal II]]
| [[List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] (1113-),<br>[[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Prince]] (1607-),<br>[[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] (1630-)
|
|One of the oldest institutions of Western and Christian civilisation, founded in Jerusalem in the 11th century, with a long history of service to the vulnerable and the sick. Since 1834 the Order of Malta's government seat has been in Rome, where it is guaranteed extraterritorial rights. A lay religious order of the Catholic Church since 1113 and a subject of international law, the Sovereign Order of Malta has diplomatic relations with over 100 states and the European Union, and permanent observer status at the United Nations. Recognizes a Protestant successor, the [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Order of Saint John]]. There are only five legitimate and mutually recognized Orders of St. John that continue to carry on the historic work of the Knights Hospitaller. These are the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (The Order of Malta), Die Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, commonly known as the Johanniter Orden (Germany), Johanniter Orde in Nederland (Netherland), Johanniterorden I Sverige (Sweden), and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Order of St. John, sometimes referred to as the Most Venerable Order). In 1961, an alliance was formed between the Most Venerable Order, the Johanniter ORden, Johanniter Orde in Nederland, and Johanniterorden I Sverige; these four orders compromise the Alliance of the Orders of St. John.
|-
| [[File:Croix de l Ordre du Saint-Sepulcre.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]<br>([[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Militi Sancti Sepulcri]])
| {{circa|1099}}
| [[Godfrey of Bouillon]]
| [[Jerusalem]], [[Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| 1103 by [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]]<br>1113 by [[Pope Paschal II]]
|[[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] to 1291,<br>[[Custos of the Holy Land]]: 1230–1489,<br>[[Pope]]: 1489-
|
|Originally an "association" of knights who guarded the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] under the jurisdiction of the [[King of Jerusalem|kings of Jerusalem]]. In 1113, they became consubstantial with the [[Canons of the Holy Sepulchre]] after their recognition by [[Pope Paschal II]], as a military branch, ''Militi Sancti Sepulcri''; after 1291, the Knighthood was awarded to prominent pilgrims by the [[Custos of the Holy Land]].<ref>D'Assemani, Michael H Abraham,''The Cross on the Sword, A History of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem'' ,1944.</ref> Reorganised as ''Sacred and Military Order of the Holy Sepulchre'' in 1496 by [[Pope Alexander VI]]. Reorganised by [[Pope Pius IX]] with the residential restoration of the [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] in 1847.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/oessh/en/subindex_en.html|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118044436/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/oessh/en/subindex_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Known as the ''Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem'' since 1931.
|-

| [[File:Knights Templar Cross.svg|75px]]
| [[Knights Templar]]<br>(''[[Supreme Order of Christ]]'')<br>(''[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order Of Christ]]'')
| {{circa|1118|1312}}
| [[Bernard of Clairvaux]],<br>[[Hugues de Payens]]
| [[Jerusalem]], [[Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| 1129 by [[Pope Honorius II]]<br>until 1312 by [[Pope Clement V]]
| [[Pope]]: 1129–1312
| 1312
|The [[Knights Templar]] order was reconstituted in [[Portugal]] after the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312 by the [[papal bull]], ''[[Vox in excelso]]'', issued by [[Pope Clement V]].<ref name="Ferguson2011">{{cite book|author=Robert Ferguson|title=The Knights Templar and Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDI7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date=26 August 2011|publisher=History Press Limited|isbn=978-0-7524-6977-5|page=39}}</ref><ref name="BurgtorfCrawford2013">{{cite book|author1=Jochen Burgtorf|author2=Paul F. Crawford|author3=Helen J. Nicholson|title=The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NSybdmlStsC&pg=PA298|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8102-7|page=298}}</ref> King [[Dinis I of Portugal]] created the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)]] in 1317 for those knights who survived their trials throughout Europe and was officially founded in 1319,<ref name=CathEncy>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Order of the Knights of Christ}}</ref><ref name="FitzsimonsBécarud1969">{{cite book |author1=[[Matthew Anthony Fitzsimons]] |url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchto00fitz |title=The Catholic Church today: Western Europe |author2=Jean Bécarud |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |year=1969 |page=[https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchto00fitz/page/159 159] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Nicholson2004">{{cite book|author=Helen J. Nicholson|title=The Crusades|url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nich|url-access=registration|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32685-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/crusades00nich/page/98 98]}}</ref> The property of the Templars was transferred to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] except in the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. In effect, causing the dissolution of the Templars by the rival order.<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080506100231/http://jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html José Vicente de Bragança, The Military Order of Christ and the Papal Croce di Cristo]</ref><ref>Martin, pp. 140–142.</ref>

Thus when being recognized, the Pope allowing only the "[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order Of Christ]]" a Portuguese order and
its Papal branch [[Supreme Order of Christ]] can claim to have any descent from the Templars, which is now used for Honorary State merits in Portugal and preserved as such.<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name=Vatican16Oct2012>{{cite web|title=Note of Clarification from the Secretariat of State|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat|work=news.va|publisher=Pontifical Council for Social Communication|access-date=27 November 2012|date=16 October 2012|quote=Vatican City,(VIS)-|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161018232302/http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Noonan, Jr. | first=James-Charles | title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church | year=1996 | publisher=Viking | isbn=0-670-86745-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196 196] | url=https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Lazarus cross.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint Lazarus]]<br>(''[[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]'')
| {{circa|1118|1608}}
| 
| [[Jerusalem]], [[Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| 1255 by [[Pope Alexander IV]]<br>until 1489 by [[Pope Innocent VIII]]
| King [[Fulk of Jerusalem]]: 1142<br>[[Pope]]: {{Circa|1255}}-1572<br>[[House of Savoy]]: 1572-<br>[[House of France]]: 1609–1830.
| 1489,<br>1572,<br>1609,<br>1830<br>(1856)
| Italian branch merged 1572 with the [[Order of Saint Maurice]] to form the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] under the Royal [[House of Savoy]], still extant.

In 1609, King [[Henry IV of France]] linked it in France administratively to the [[Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] to form the [[Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united]], which remained listed as of royal protection in the French [[Royal Almanac]] until 1830.<ref name=Moeller>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10304d.htm Moeller, Charles. "The Military Orders." The Catholic Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715222153/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10304d.htm |date=2017-07-15 }} Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 22 Jun. 2015</ref>
|-
| [[File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg|75px]]
| [[Teutonic Knights]]
| {{circa|1192}}
| 
| [[Acre, Israel|Acre]],<br />[[Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
|
|
|
| The main stem of the Teutonic Knights converted into a purely [[Catholic religious order]] in 1929.<br/> The [[Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order]] separated from the Roman Catholic mainstem during the time of the [[Reformation]] and continues as a Protestant chivalric order.<ref name="Riley-Smith1999">{{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan Simon Christopher|title=The Oxford History of the Crusades|year=1999|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=English |isbn=9780192853646|quote=Teutonic knights are still to be found only in another interesting survival, Ridderlijke Duitse Orde Balije van Utrecht (The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order). Like the Hospitaller Bailiwick of Brandenburg, this commandery turned itself into a noble Protestant confraternity at the time of the Reformation.}}</ref>
|}

===National===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Symbol
! Name
! Founded
! Founder
! Origin
! Recognition
! Protection
! Extinction
! Notes
|-
| [[File:Cross of the Order of Saint James of Altopascio.png|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint James of Altopascio]]
| 1075<br>(1084)
| [[Matilda of Tuscany]]
| [[Altopascio]], [[Tuscany]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| 1239–1459,<br>but ''mentioned'' in a [[Papal bull]] 1198 of [[Pope Innocent III]]
| ''Properties'' of the [[hospice]] of "Altopassus" in [[Italy]] ''confirmed'' in 1244 by [[Emperor Frederick II]]
| 1459,<br>1587,<br>1672
| Primarily provided safety and protection to  Italian [[pilgrim]]s to the [[Holy Land]] and [[Camino de Santiago]]. Merged with the [[Order of Saint Stephen]] in 1587 by [[Pope Sixtus V]] at request of [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]. In France absorbed into the [[Order of Saint Lazarus]] in 1672.
|-
| [[File:Cross monreal.svg|75px]]
| {{ill| Military Order of Monreal|es|Orden militar de Monreal}}
| 1124
| King [[Alfonso the Battler]]
| [[Monreal del Campo]], [[Aragon]]
|
|
| 1143<br>1150
|
|-
| [[File:Ordem Avis.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Aviz]]
| 1146<br>(1128)
| 
| [[Avis, Portugal|Avis]], [[Portugal]]
| 
| Received a grant in 1129 by [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal]]<br>[[House of Aviz]]: 1385–1580
| 1789
| Secularised 1789. Statutes revised repeatedly together with the other Portuguese orders of merit, during the First Republic (1910–1926), then in 1962, and again in 1986.
|-
| [[File:Cross wing saint michael.png|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint Michael of the Wing]]
| 1147<br>(1171)<br>(1828/<br>1848/<br>1986)
| King [[Afonso I of Portugal]]
| [[Santarém, Portugal]]
| First statutes approved in 1171 by [[Pope Alexander III]]
| [[House of Braganza]]: 2001-
| 1732
| Abandoned by 1732,<ref name=Anderson>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=James|title=Royal genealogies: or, The genealogical tables of emperors, kings and princes, from Adam to these times; in two parts|year=1732|publisher=James Bettenham|location=London|pages=ix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrqeY839bMwC&pg=PP7|access-date=9 December 2011|quote=St Michael's Wing in Portugal founded by the said King Alphonse 1165 or 1171 after his obtaining a notable Victory over Moors and Alberto King of Seville in which Battle MICHAEL the Arch Angel is said to appear on the right Side of Alphonse and fight against them. This Order is now out of use. ''(1732)''}}</ref> restored<ref name=Almeida>{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Gomes Abrunhosa Marques de and Manuel Ângelo|title=Precedentes histórico-teóricos dos regionalismos dos Açores e da Galiza|year=2007|publisher=Univ Santiago de Compostela|location=Santiago de Compostela|page=187}}</ref> by [[Miguel of Portugal|King Miguel I]] in 1828<ref name=Cheke>{{cite book|last=Cheke|first=Marcus|title=Carlota Joaquina, queen of Portugal.|year=1969|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|location=Freeport, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-8369-5040-3|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&q=miguel+da+ala&pg=PA195|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref> during his brief rule before losing the [[Liberal Wars]] to his brother [[Pedro I of Brazil|King Pedro IV]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jenks|first=George C|title=Monarchs in Exile, ''The Bookman'' vol. 32|year=1911|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co|location=New York|page=273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUwDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3-IA4}}</ref> revived 1848<ref name="Almeida"/>/1986 <ref name=GSS>{{cite web | url = http://groups.google.com/group/rec.heraldry/msg/f0a1448e91d1d975 | title = Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing | access-date = 2011-01-21 | last = Sainty | first = Guy Stair | date = 2006-11-22 | work = rec.heraldry | quote = While the Duke of Braganza is the unquestioned heir and successor of Dom Miguel, the institution of the Royal Brotherhood of St Michael of the Wing is better seen as a modern memorial revival of the original institution than any kind of continuation of the Miguelist award. | archive-date = 2012-11-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109221237/http://groups.google.com/group/rec.heraldry/msg/f0a1448e91d1d975 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cross Calatrava.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Calatrava]]
| 1158
| [[Raymond of Fitero]]
| [[Calatrava la Vieja]], [[Kingdom of Castile]], [[Spain]]
| 1164 by [[Pope Alexander III]]
| [[House of Bourbon]]
| 1838 by secularisation
| King [[Charles III of Spain]] requested old orders to contribute to his new order in his name (1775), which led to dissolution. Confiscated by King Joseph (1808), re-established by [[Ferdinand VII]] at the Restoration (1814). Secularised in 1838.
|-
| [[File:Croix de l'Ordre Hospitalier du Saint-Esprit.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Holy Ghost]]
| 1161
| [[Guy de Montpellier]]
| [[Provence]], [[France]]
| ca. 1161–June 16, 1216 by [[Pope Innocent III]] in [[Santo Spirito in Sassia]], [[Rome]]
|
| 1692/<br>1700/<br>20th century
| Historically both religious and chivalric. In 1692 in France, King [[Louis XIV]] merged it with his own [[Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]. The remaining organisation was [[edict]]ed in 1700 as purely religious order.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07415a.htm Orders of the Holy Ghost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830002120/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07415a.htm |date=2019-08-30 }} - [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] article</ref> Offshoots of the order in France survived into the 20th century.
|-
| [[File:Aubrac sceau.jpg|75px]]
| [[Order of Aubrac]]
| 1162
| 
| [[Aubrac]], [[France]]
|
|
| 18th century
| Disappeared during the [[French Revolution]] in late in the 18th century.
|-
| [[File:Cross Santiago.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Santiago]]
| 1170
| 
| [[León, Spain|León]] or [[Uclés]] in [[Castilla-La Mancha|Castile]], [[Spain]]
| By [[Papal bull]] 5 July 1175 by [[Pope Alexander III]]
| [[House of Bourbon]]
|
|
|-
| [[File:Badge of the Order of Alcantara.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Alcántara]]
| 1177
| 
| [[Alcántara]], [[Extremadura]], [[Spain]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[File:Cross of order of mountjoy.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Mountjoy]]
| 1180
|
| [[Holy Land]]
|
|
| 1221
| Merged into the [[Order of Calatrava]].
|-
| 
| [[Order of Truxillo]]
| before 1188
|
| [[Trujillo, Cáceres]]
|
|
| 1195
|
|-
| [[File:Order_of_St_Thomas_of_Acre_cross.svg|75px]]
| [[Hospitallers of Saint Thomas of Canterbury at Acre]]
| 1191
|[[William, Chaplain to the Dean]]
|[[Acre, Israel|Acre]], and
[[Kingdom of England|England]]

|
|
| 1538
|
|-
| [[File:Cross of order of mountjoy.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Monfragüe]]
| 1196
|
|
|
|
| 1221
| Merged into the [[Order of Calatrava]].
|-
| [[File:Croix Gueules.png|75px]]
| [[Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama]]
| 1201
|
|
|
|
| 15th century
| Early 15th century, merged into the [[Order of Montesa]].
|-
| [[Image:Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych COA.svg|75px]]
| [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]]
| 1202
|
|
|
|
| 1236
| Merged into the [[Teutonic Order]] as the [[Order of Livonia]], disbanded 1561.
|-
| [[File:Dobrzynski braty.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Dobrzyń]]
| 1216
|
| [[Dobrzyń Land]], [[Poland]]
|
|
| 1240
| Small number, maximum 35 knights. Battled by the [[Prussia]]ns, around 1235 most knights joined the [[Teutonic Order]]. In 1237 the rest of the brothers reinforced [[Drohiczyn]] by order of Konrad. Last mentioned when Drohiczyn was captured by [[Danylo King of Rus|Prince Daniel]] of [[Kiev]] in 1240.
|-
| [[File:Cross of MJC.svg|75px]]
| [[Militia of the Faith of Jesus Christ]]
| 1221
|
|
|
|
| 1285
| Note: Symbol that of the [[Dominican Order]]. Merged into the [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]].
|-
| [[File:Order of the Faith and Peace.jpg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Faith and Peace]]
| 1231
|
|
|
|
| 1273
|
|-
| [[File:Cross with red star.svg|60px]]
| [[Knights of the Cross with the Red Star]]
| 1233
| [[Agnes of Bohemia]]
| [[Bohemia]]
| 1237 by [[Pope Gregory IX]]<br>Confirmed 1292 by ambassador of [[Pope Nicholas IV]]
|
|
| Mainly hospitals, in Bohemia still existing.
|-
| [[File:Militia of Jesus Christ.jpg|80px]]
| [[Militia of Jesus Christ]]
| 1233
| [[Bartholomew of Braganca|Bartolomeo da Vicenza]]
| [[Parma]]
| 22 December 1234 by [[Pope Gregory IX]].
| 
| 1250s
| Note: Symbol that of the Dominican Order. Disappeared mid-13th century.
|-
| [[File:Cross frati gaudenti.png|80px]]
| [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
| 1261
| [[Loderingo degli Andalò]], Catalano dei Malavolti, Ugolino Lambertini
| [[Bologna]]
| 23 December 1261 by [[Pope Urban IV]]
|
| 1556
|
|-
| [[File:Emblema OrdendSantaMariadEspaña.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint Mary of Spain]]
| 1270
|
|
|
|
| 1280
| Merged into the [[Order of Santiago]].
|-
| [[File:Cross montessa.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Montesa]]
| 1317
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[File:Cross of the Military Order of Christ.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ]]<br>(''[[Knights Templar]]'')
| 1317<br>1917
|
| [[Portugal]]
|
|
| 1789<br>1910
| Secularized 1789.
|-
| [[File:Insignia Hungary Order Ordo Draconum History.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Dragon]]
| 1408
| [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxemburg]]
| [[Hungary]]
|
|
| 1475s
| Active throughout the 15th century in the Balkans<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yhoFEQAAQBAJ |title =Charter of the Order of the Dragon |isbn = 9798869346247 |last1 = Von Luxemburg|first1 = Sigismund|last2 = Curtin|first2 = D. P.|date = January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cross_of_saint_Maurice.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint Maurice]]
| 1434
| [[Amedeo VIII of Savoy]]
| [[Château de Ripaille]], [[Thonon-les-Bains]], [[Savoy]]
|
|
| 1572
| Merged with the [[Order of Saint Lazarus]] in [[Italy]] in 1572 by [[Pope Gregory XIII]] into [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], considered the legitimate successor of both by the [[International Commission on Orders of Chivalry|ICOC]].
|-
| [[File:Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of the Tower and Sword]]
| 1459
| [[King]] [[Afonso V of Portugal]]
| [[Portugal]]
| 
|
| 
| Revived 1808 by Prince Regent John, later [[John VI of Portugal]]. Since the [[5 October 1910 revolution|end of the monarchy]] in 1910, all military orders abolished except the Order of the Tower and Sword, with President of Portugal ''ex officio'' its Grand Master.
|-
| [[File:Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem.jpg|80px]]
| [[Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem]]
| 1459
| [[Pope Pius II]]
| [[Lemnos]], [[Byzantine Empire]]
|  18 January 1459 by [[Pope Pius II]]
|
| 1460
| Founded in 1453 by [[Pope Pius II]] after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]], to defend the island of [[Lemnos]], soon recaptured by the Turks, thus rendered useless and suppressed almost as soon as founded.<ref name=Besse>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02534b.htm Besse, Jean. "Bethlehemites." The Catholic Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621084341/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02534b.htm |date=2023-06-21 }} Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 23 Jun. 2015</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/anencyclopdiaec00trolgoog/page/n278 <!-- pg=238 quote=Military Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. --> Trollope, Thomas Anthony. ''An encyclopædia ecclesiastica'', 1834]</ref>
|-
| [[File:311St.Georgs Ritterorden Einsetzung durch Papst Paul II.jpg|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint George of Carinthia]]
| 1469
| [[Emperor]] [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|
| In 1469 by [[Pope Paul II]]
|
| Abolished 26 July 1598<br>(1732?)
| 
|-
| [[File:Croix constantinien.svg|75px]]
| [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]
| 1522–1545<br>(1520?)(1550?)
| [[Angeli Comneni]] family
|
| Addressed in 1550 by [[Pope Julius III]]<br>Cardinal protector in 1910 by [[Pope Pius X]]
| [[Decree]]s by King [[Philip III of Spain]], [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] on 7 November 1630
|
| Appears to have been established between 1520 and 1545, with certain [[statute]]s dated 1522 by the [[Angeli Comneni]] family. Its [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] [[Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno]] was addressed first in 1550 by [[Papal bull]] ''[[Quod Aliasla]]'' by [[Pope Julius III]].
|-
| [[File:Cross of saint stephen.svg|75px]]
| [[Order of Saint Stephen|Order of Saint Stephen Pope and Martyr]]
| 15 March 1561
| [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| [[Tuscany]]
| 1 October 1561 by [[Pope Pius IV]]
| 
|
| Founded as [[Benedictine order]] by [[Cosimo I de' Medici]],.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Medici |volume= 18 |last= Villari |first= Pasquale |author-link= Pasquale Villari | pages = 31&ndash;41 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Woodhouse|first=Frederick Charles|title=The military religious orders of the Middle Ages: the Hospitallers, the Templars, the Teutonic knights, and others. With an appendix of other orders of knighthood: legendary, honorary, and modern|year=1879|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryreligio01woodgoog/page/n368 338]|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryreligio01woodgoog|quote=The members followed the rule of St Benedict and the Popes granted them the same privileges as those enjoyed by the Knights Hospitallers}}</ref> dedicated to the martyred [[Pope Stephen I]] and the victories at the [[Battle of Montemurlo]] in 1537 and the [[Battle of Marciano|Battle of Marciano (Scannagallo)]] in 1554. Fought the [[Ottoman Turks]] and pirates in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Abolished in 1859 by the [[annexation of Tuscany]] to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Montgomery|title=In Tuscany: Tuscan Towns, Tuscan Types and the Tuscan Tongue|year=1901|publisher=E P Dutton|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924030987071/page/n220 173]|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030987071|quote=The Order was swept away by the French Revolution but was revived again in a modified form in 1817. The Italian Revolution once more swept it away beyond hope of revival on 16 November 1859 and its Church and property became the property of the State. Alas that modern Italy should not be a little more tender of the memories of her past glories.}}</ref> Present, Catholic continuation claimed by Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bernardini|first=Rodolfo|title=Il Sacro Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa e Martire|year=1990|publisher=Familiare della Casa Asburgo Lorena|location=Pisa|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cardinale|first=Hyginus Eugene|title=Orders of knighthood awards and the Holy See|year=1983|publisher=Van Duren|location=Gerrards Cross|isbn=978-0-905715-13-1|page=157}}</ref>
|}

===Other===
Chivalric and/or military orders that could qualify depending on definition.
* [[Confraternity of Belchite]], "experimental" confraternity of knights founded in 1122 by King [[Alfonso the Battler]] of Aragon
* [[Order of Saint Blaise]], founded in the 12th century in [[Armenia]] to defend the country against the attacks of the [[Muslims]]
* [[Order of the Band|Knights of the Band]], early honorific military order founded c. 1330 by King [[Alfonso XI of Castile]]
* [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], military order founded in 1350 by [[Duke]] [[Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy]], the first called the ''Order of the True Lover's Knots'' in memory of a bracelet of hair presented to the founder by a lady, but upon the election of [[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy|Amadeus VIII]] to the [[pontificate]] in 1439, it changed its name for that of the ''Annunciation of angel [[Gabriel]]''
* [[Order of the Dove]], short-lived (one year) and controversial order founded in 1379 by King [[John I of Castile|Juan I of Castile]]
* [[Order of Saint Anthony (Bavaria)]], [[Bavaria]]n military order founded in 1382 by Duke [[Albert I, Duke of Bavaria]]
* [[Military Order of Cross-bearers with the Red Star on a Blue Field]], [[Knights Hospitaller|hospitaller]] and/military order active from the 12th century until suppressed in 1656 by [[Pope Alexander VII]].
* [[Order of Saint Hubert]], early honorific military order founded in 1444 or 1445 by [[Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg]]
* [[Blood of Jesus Christ (military order)]], founded in [[Mantua]], [[Italy]], by [[Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]], approved on 25 May 1608 by [[Pope Paul V]]
* {{ill|Order of the Knights of Concórdia|es|Orden de la Concordia}}, founded in 1261 by King [[Ferdinand III of Castile]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicolás|first=Bruno Rigalt y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laYNLMf8_coC&q=Orden+de+las+Damas+de+la+Banda|title=Diccionario histórico de las Ordenes de Caballería religiosas,civiles y militares de todas las naciones del mundo,desde los primeros tiempos hasta nuestros dias. [...]|date=1858|publisher=Narciso Ramirez|page=55|language=es}}</ref>
*[[Order of the Hatchet]] female spanish military order during the middle ages.

==Modern development==
A few of the institutions survived into honorific and/or charitable organizations, including the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See#Chivalric orders|papal orders of knighthood]].

While other contemporary Catholic societies may share some military organizational features and ideology, such as the [[Jesuits|Society of Jesus]],<ref>Harro Höpfl (2004), Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State, c. 1540–1630, Cambridge; p. 25</ref> they differ from the medieval military orders in the absence of military purposes or potential.

Modern orders may still be founded explicitly as a military order; the Military Order of Loyalty ({{langx|es|Orden Militar de la Constancia}}) was founded in 1946 by the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]]. Awarded to both Spanish and Moroccan [[Officer (armed forces)|military officers]] and [[Soldier|soldiers]], the single-class order was abolished in 1956.

==See also==
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain#Historical orders of chivalry|Spanish knights orders]]
* [[Order of chivalry|Chivalric order]]
* [[Order (distinction)|Order (honour)]]

* [[Warrior monk]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Jotischky|first=Andrew|title=Crusading and the Crusader States|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-582-41851-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTUlDwAAQBAJ}}
* Nicholson, Helen J. ''The Knights Hospitaller'' (2001).
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''Hospitallers: The History of the Order of St John'' (1999).
* Morten, Nicholas Edward. ''The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land 1190-1291'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009)
*Forey, Alan John. ''The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries''. *(Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1992)
* {{cite book|last=Tyerman|first=Christopher|title=The World of the Crusades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIOVDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-21739-1}}

{{Orders}}
{{Crusader sites}}
{{Crusader states}}
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{{Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
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[[Category:Military orders (monastic society)| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages]]