View source for Myrddin Wyllt

{{Short description|Welsh poet and astrologer (b. 540 CE)}}
{{redirect|Myrddin}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Myrddin Wyllt
| image              = Merlin and St Kentigern, Stobo Kirk.JPG
| alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption            = Myrddin and [[St. Kentigern]] ([[Stobo Kirk]], Scotland)
| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_date         = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{340 CE}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. -->
| birth_place        = Carmarthen
| death_date         = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->
| death_place        = 
| nationality        = Welsh
| other_names        = 
| occupation         = 
| years_active       = 
| known_for          = Prophet and madman in Welsh legend; served as the inspiration for [[Merlin]] in [[Arthurian legend]]
| notable_works      = 
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

'''Myrddin Wyllt''' ({{IPA|cy|ˈmərðɪn ˈwɨɬt|lang}}—"Myrddin the Wild", {{langx|kw|Merdhyn Gwyls}}, {{langx|br|Marzhin Gouez}}) is a figure in medieval [[Welsh mythology|Welsh legend]]. In [[Middle Welsh]] poetry he is accounted a [[Prifardd|chief bard]], the speaker of several poems in The [[Black Book of Carmarthen]] and The [[Red Book of Hergest]]. He is called ''Wyllt''—"the Wild"—by [[Elis Gruffydd]],<ref>[http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/myrddin.html ''The Story of Myrddin Wyllt'']</ref> and elsewhere '''''Myrddin Emrys''''' ("Ambrosius"), '''''Merlinus Caledonensis''''' ("of Caledonia") or '''''Merlin Sylvestris''' ''("of the woods").<ref name="S9">Seymour, Page 9</ref>
Myrddin Wylt was born in 540 CE.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Although his legend centres on a [[Buile Shuibhne|known Celtic theme]], Myrddin's legend is rooted in history, for he is said to have gone mad after the [[Battle of Arfderydd]]  ([[Arthuret]]) at which [[Rhydderch Hael]] of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] defeated the [[Brython]]ic king [[Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio|Gwenddoleu]]. According to the ''[[Annales Cambriae]]'' this took place in 573.<ref name="S9"/> Myrddin fled into the forest, lived with the beasts and received the gift of prophecy.<ref>[http://www.maryjones.us/jce/merlin.html "Merlin" in 'Jones's Celtic Encyclopedia']</ref>

Myrddin Wyllt's legend closely resembles that of a [[Hen Ogledd|north-British]] figure called [[Lailoken]], which appears in [[Jocelyn of Furness]]' 12th-century ''Life of Kentigern''. Scholars differ as to the independence or identity of Lailoken and Myrddin, though there is more agreement as to Myrddin's original independence from later Welsh legends.

Myrddin's grave is reputed to lie near the [[River Tweed]] in the village of [[Drumelzier]] near [[Peebles]], although nothing remains above ground level at the site.<ref name="S9"/>

== In Welsh literature ==
The earliest (pre-12th century) Welsh poems about the Myrddin legend present him as a madman living an existence in the [[Caledonian Forest]]. He was born in 540.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In the forest he ruminates on his former existence and the events of the [[Battle of Arfderydd]], where [[Riderch I of Alt Clut|Riderch Hael]], King of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Alt Clut]] (Strathclyde) slaughtered the forces of [[Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio]], and Myrddin went mad watching this defeat. The ''[[Annales Cambriae]]'' date this battle to 573,<ref name = "APS45">Arthurian Period Sources, Page 45.</ref> naming Gwenddoleu's adversaries as the sons of [[Eliffer]], presumably [[Peredur#Gwrgi and Peredur, sons of Eliffer|Gwrgi and Peredur]].<ref name = "PE175">Phillimore, Page 175.</ref> This battle, the subsequent assassination of [[Urien Rheged]] and the defeat of the [[Gododdin]] at [[Catraeth]] are cited as reasons for the collapse of the alliance of early British kingdoms in the north before the Angles, Scots and Picts.

Welsh historian [[John Edward Lloyd]] suggests there were three traditions that were conflated. The first, “''Merlinus Ambrosius''” (the Arthurian [[Merlin]]), identified by [[Gerald of Wales|Giraldus Cambrensis]] as ''Myrddin Emrys'' —the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] form of ''Ambrosius''—, who was found at Carmarthen and prophesied before [[Vortigern]]. The second, “''Merlinus Silvester''” or “''Merlinus Caledonius''” who came from the North (''[[Alba]]'') and was a contemporary of Arthur, saw a horrible portent in the sky while fighting in a battle and spent the rest of his days a madman in the woods. The third one is “Myrddin Wyllt”, whom Lloyd identifies with the ''Lailoken'' mentioned in [[Jocelyn of Furness]]' ''Life of St. Kentigern''.<ref name=dnb>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Myrddin Wyllt|last=Lloyd|first=John Edward|authorlink=John Edward Lloyd|volume=40|no-icon=1}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Although Lailoken is identified with Merlin in the late 15th-century ''Lailoken and Kentigern'', the alternative name may already have been present in the [[Middle Welsh]] poem [[Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei Chwaer|''Dialogue of Myrddin with his sister Gwendydd'']] (also named [[Gwenddydd]] or Languoreth), for she addresses him several times as ''Llallwg'', for which the diminutive would be ''Llallwgan''.<ref>Knight, Stephen Thomas; ''Merlin: Knowledge and Power Through the Ages'', Cornell University Press, 2009 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w2Ayg7hw-cgC&dq=Llallawg&pg=PA11]</ref>

A version of this legend is preserved in the late-15th-century ''Lailoken and Kentigern''. In this narrative [[Saint Mungo|St. Kentigern]] meets a naked, hairy madman called [[Lailoken]], said by some to be called ''Merlynum'' or ''Merlin'', in a deserted place. He has been condemned for his sins to wander in the company of beasts, having been the cause of the deaths of all of the persons killed in the battle fought ''on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok.'' Having told his story, the madman leaps up and flees from the presence of the saint back into the wilderness. He appears several times more in the narrative until at last asking St. Kentigern for the [[Sacrament]], prophesying that he was about to die a [[Threefold death|triple death]]. After some hesitation, the saint grants the madman's wish, and later that day the shepherds of King Meldred capture him, beat him with clubs, then cast him into the river Tweed where his body is pierced by a stake, thus fulfilling his prophecy.

Legend has it that second part of [[Carmarthen|Carmarthen's]] name (in Welsh ''-fyrddin'') was derived from Myrddin and identified his place of birth. However, when [[Britannia]] was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas capital of the [[Demetae]] tribe, known as ''Moridunum'' (from [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] ''*mori-dunon'' meaning "sea fort"), and this is the true source of the town's name. Celticist A. O. H. Jarman suggests that instead the name Myrddin was derived from Carmarthen's name.<ref>{{cite book| last = Koch| first = John T.| title = Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC| access-date = November 23, 2009| year = 2006| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-1-85109-440-0 | page = 321 }}</ref>

[[Welsh-language literature|Welsh literature]] has examples of a prophetic literature, predicting the military victory of all of the Celtic peoples of Great Britain who will join and drive the English – and later the Normans – back into the sea. Some of these works were presented as prophecies of Myrddin. The ''[[Armes Prydein]]'' (one of the earliest mentions of him) contains the line “Myrddin foretells that they will meet”. The tradition was apparently shared with [[Cornish language|Cornish]] literature, however only a single Latin translation of a lost Cornish-language original ''[[Prophecy of Merlin]]'' exists in the Vatican library by [[John of Cornwall (theologian)|John of Cornwall]].
In the [[Black Book of Carmarthen]] the poems ''Yr Afallennau'' and ''Yr Oianau'' describe Myrddin talking to an apple tree and a pig, prophesying the success or failure of the Welsh army in battles with the Normans in South Wales.

[[Clas Myrddin]], or ''Merlin's Enclosure'', is an early name for Great Britain stated in the Third Series of [[Welsh Triads]].<ref>Rhys: Hibbert Lectures, p. 168.</ref>

== Geoffrey of Monmouth ==
The modern depiction of [[Merlin]] began with [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], who portrayed Merlin as a prophet and a madman, and introduced him into [[Arthurian legend]]. Geoffrey of Monmouth popularised Merlin the wizard, associated with the town of [[Carmarthen]] in [[South Wales]]. His book ''[[Prophetiae Merlini]]'' was intended to be a collection of the prophecies of the Welsh figure of Myrddin, whom he called [[Merlin]]. He included the ''Prophetiae'' in his more famous second work, the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''. In this work, however, he constructed an account of Merlin's life that placed him in the time of  [[Ambrosius Aurelianus]] and [[King Arthur]], decades before the lifetime of Myrddin Wyllt. He also attached to him an episode originally ascribed to Ambrosius, and others that appear to be of his own invention.

Geoffrey later wrote the ''[[Vita Merlini]]'', an account based more closely on the earlier Welsh stories about Myrddin and his experiences at Arfderyd, and explained that the action was taking place long after Merlin's involvement with Arthur. However, the ''Vita Merlini'' did not prove popular enough to counter the version of Merlin in the ''Historia'', which went on to influence most later accounts of the character.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DNB|wstitle=Myrddin Wyllt}}

=== Sources ===
*Seymour, Camilla & Randall, John (2007) ''Stobo Kirk: a guide to the building and its history''. Peebles: John Randall
*Tolstoy, Nikolai (1985) ''The Quest for Merlin''. {{ISBN|0-241-11356-3}}
*Morris, John (gen. ed.) (1980) Arthurian Period Sources volume 8, Phillimore & Co, Chichester (includes full text of The Annales Cambriae & Nennius)
*Phillimore, Egerton (1888), "The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859", in Phillimore, Egerton, Y Cymmrodor, IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp.&nbsp;141 – 183.

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/vm/index.htm The Vita Merlini; translated by John Jay Parry]
* [https://myrddin.cymru Golygiad o’r cerddi cynnar yn enw Myrddin / An Edition of the Welsh Merlin Poetry] 

{{Hen ogledd}}
{{Arthurian Legend}}
{{Geoffrey of Monmouth}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myrddin Wyllt}}
[[Category:540 births]]
[[Category:6th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Arthurian characters]]
[[Category:Arthurian legend]]
[[Category:Britons of the North]]
[[Category:Medieval astrologers]]
[[Category:Medieval occultists]]
[[Category:Merlin]]
[[Category:Prophets]]
[[Category:Sub-Roman writers]]
[[Category:Bards]]