View source for National Museum of Korea

{{Short description|Museum in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox museum
| name            = National Museum of Korea
| native_name     = 국립중앙박물관
| native_name_lang = ko
| logo            = National_Museum_of_Korea_logo.png
| logo_upright    = 
| logo_alt        = 
| logo_caption    = 
| image           = National Museum of Korea, Seoul (2) (40236586235).jpg
| caption         = Front view
| mapframe        = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive fullscreen map
| mapframe-zoom   = 15
| mapframe-marker = museum
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates     = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| established     = {{start date and age|1945|12|03}}
| dissolved       = 
| location        = 137, Seobinggo-ro, [[Yongsan-gu]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
| type            = [[History]] and [[Art]] museum
| collection      = over 310,000 pieces<ref name=museumkr/><br />{{cvt|295,551|m2|e6sqft|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}
| visitors        = 3,788,785 (2024)<ref>{{cite news|date=2024-04-07 |language=ko |last1=김예나 |title=지난해 국립중앙박물관 관람객 418만명…"세계 6위 수준" |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240406044800005?input=1195m |work = [[Yonhap News]] |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>
| president       = Kim Jae-hong
| publictransit   = {{rint|seoul|4}} {{rint|seoul|Gyeongui-Jungang}} [[Ichon station|Ichon]]
| website         = {{URL|http://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/home|museum.go.kr}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=국립중앙박물관
|hanja={{linktext|國立|中央|博物館}}
|rr=Gungnip Jungang Bangmulgwan
|mr=Kungnip Chungang Pangmulgwan
 }}

The '''National Museum of Korea''' ({{Korean|hangul=국립중앙박물관}}) is the flagship museum of [[Korean history]] and [[Korean art|art]] in South Korea. Since its establishment in 1945,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 |title=Seoul's best museums |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928105016/http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 |archive-date=2012-09-28 |work=CNN Go |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=2011-11-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> the museum has been committed to various studies and research activities in the fields of archaeology, history, and art, continuously developing a variety of exhibitions and education programs.{{citation needed lead|date=March 2022}}

It was relocated to [[Yongsan District]], [[Seoul]] in 2005. On June 24, 2021, the National Museum of Korea opened a new branch inside [[Incheon International Airport]]. Located in the boarding area of the airport in front of Gate No.22, the branch was opened in celebration of the museum's 20th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Korea opens new branch in Incheon Airport |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/06/24/culture/koreanHeritage/National-Museum-exhibition-Incheon-Airport/20210624173200462.html |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |date=June 24, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Emperor [[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]] established Korea's first museum, the Imperial Household Museum, in 1909. The collections of the Imperial Household Museum at [[Changgyeonggung]] and the Japanese Government General Museum administered during [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule of Korea]] became the nucleus of the National Museum's collection, which was established when South Korea regained independence in 1945.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

During the [[Korean War]], the museum's 20,000 pieces were safely moved to [[Busan]] to avoid destruction. When the museum returned to [[Seoul]] after the war, it was housed at both Gyeongbokgung and [[Deoksugung]] Palace. In 1972, the museum moved again to a new building on the grounds of the Gyeonbokgung Palace. The museum was moved again in 1986 to the Jungangcheong, the former [[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul|Japanese General Government Building]], where it was housed (with some controversy and criticism) until the building's demolition in 1995. In December 1996, the museum was opened to the public in temporary accommodations in the renovated Social Education Hall, before officially reopening in its new building in Yongsan Family Park on October 28, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20051028001400315 |title=(LEAD) national museum-opening |work=Yonhap News Agency |date=October 28, 2005 |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

The museum is situated on what used to be a golf course that was part of the [[Yongsan Garrison]], the central command of the United States Forces stationed in Korea. The US Army returned a part of the land in 1992 to the Korean government, which went on to become the Yongsan Family Park. While the plans for the museum inside the park began in 1993, its opening was delayed repeatedly by a helipad, which was eventually relocated in 2005 by agreement. The museum contains over 310,000 pieces<ref name=museumkr>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.go.kr/program/relic/relicRepresentListEng.jsp?menuID=002005001&langCodeCon=LC2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117190302/http://www.museum.go.kr/program/relic/relicRepresentListEng.jsp?menuID=002005001&langCodeCon=LC2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-17|script-title=ko:Director's Message &#124; About the Museum &#124; 국립중앙박물관 |publisher=National Museum of Korea |access-date=2014-03-28}}</ref> in its collection with about 15,000 pieces on display at one time. It displays relics and artifacts throughout six permanent exhibition galleries such as Prehistory and Ancient History Gallery, Medieval and Early Modern History Gallery, Donation Gallery, Calligraphy and Painting Gallery, Asian Art Gallery, and Sculpture and Crafts Gallery. It is the sixth largest museum in the world in terms of floor space, now covering a total of {{cvt|295,551|m2|sqft|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.go.kr/main/publish/view.jsp?menuID=002006003001|script-title=ko:Site Map &#124; 국립중앙박물관 |publisher=National Museum of Korea |access-date=2014-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220055924/http://www.museum.go.kr/main/publish/view.jsp?menuID=002006003001 |archive-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>

In order to protect the artifacts inside the museum, the main building was built to withstand a magnitude 6.0 [[Richter Scale]] earthquake. The [[display case]]s are equipped with shock-absorbent platforms. There is also an imported natural lighting system which utilizes sunlight instead of artificial lights and a specially designed air-conditioning system. The museum is made from fire-resistant materials and has special exhibition halls, education facilities, a children's museum, huge outdoor exhibition areas, restaurants, cafes, and shops.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Layout==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Seoul-National.Museum.of.Korea-04.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Interior of the museum with [[Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda]]]]
The museum is divided into three floors. Symbolically, the left of the museum is supposed to represent the past, while the right side of the museum represents the future. The ground floor contains parks; gardens of indigenous plants; waterfalls and pools; and a collection of pagodas, stupas, lanterns, and steles (including [[National Treasures of Korea|National Treasure of Korea]] No. 2, the Great Bell of Bosingak, the exemplar of Korean bells of the Joseon period).

===First floor===
On the first floor is the Prehistory and Ancient History Gallery, which contains approximately 4,500 artifacts from the [[Paleolithic]] to the [[Unified Silla]] era excavated from sites across Korea. The nine exhibition rooms in the gallery are the Palaeolithic Room, the [[Jeulmun Pottery Period|Neolithic]] Room, the [[Mumun Pottery Period|Bronze Age]] and [[Gojoseon]] Room, the [[Proto Three Kingdoms]] Room, the [[Goguryeo]] Room, the [[Baekje]] Room, the [[Gaya confederacy|Gaya]] Room, and the [[Silla]] Room. Ranging from chipped stone handaxes to luxurious ancient royal ornaments, the relics displayed here show the long journey taken by early settlers on the Peninsula towards developing their unique culture.

Artifacts from important prehistoric sites and settlements such the [[Bangudae Petroglyphs]] and [[Songgung-ni]] are found in the [[Jeulmun Pottery Period|Neolithic]] and [[Mumun Pottery Period|Bronze Age]] Rooms.

Also on the first floor is the Medieval and Early Modern History Gallery, which showcases the cultural and historical heritage throughout the Unified Silla, Balhae, Goryeo, and Joseon periods. The eight rooms of the gallery include the [[Unified Silla]] Room, [[Balhae]] Room, [[Goryeo]] Room, and the [[Joseon]] Room.

===Second floor===
The second floor contains the Donation Gallery and the Calligraphy and Painting Gallery, which contains 890 pieces of art that showcase the traditional and religious arts of Korea in line and color. The Calligraphy and Painting Gallery is divided into four rooms: the Painting Room, the [[Calligraphy#Eastern Asian calligraphy|Calligraphy]] Room, the Buddhist Paintings Room, and the Sarangbang (Scholar's Studio).

The Donation Gallery holds 800 pieces of art donated from the private collections of collectors. The gallery is divided into eleven rooms: the Lee Hong-kun Collection Room, the [[Kim Chong-hak]] Collection Room, the Yu Kang-yul Collection Room, the Park Young-sook Collection Room, the Choi Young-do Collection Room, the Park Byong-rae Collection Room, the Yoo Chang-jong Collection Room, the Kaneko Kazushige Collection Room, the Hachiuma Tadasu Collection Room, the Iuchi Isao Collection Room, and the Other Collection Room.

===Third floor===
The third floor contains the Sculpture and Crafts Gallery, with 630 pieces that represent Korean Buddhist sculpture and craftwork. Highlights of the gallery include Goryeo [[Celadon]] wares and [[National treasures of Korea|National Treasure of Korea]] No. 83, [[Gilt-bronze Maitreya in Meditation (National Treasure No. 83)|Bangasayusang]] (or Pensive Bodhisattva). The five rooms of the gallery are the Metal Arts Room, the Celadon Room, the [[Buncheong]] Ware Room, the [[Joseon white porcelain|White Porcelain]] Room, and the Buddhist Sculpture Room.

Also on the third floor is the Asian Arts Gallery, which contains 970 pieces that explore the similarities and divergences of Asian art and the confluence of Asian and Western art via the [[Silk Road]]. The five rooms are the Indian & Southeast Asian Art Room, the Central Asian Art Room, the Chinese Art Room, the [[Sinan, Jeollanam-do|Sinan]] Undersea Relics Room, and the Japanese Art Room.

==Collection==

===Gold Crown, National Treasure of Korea No. 191===
[[File:Korea-Silla kingdom-Gold crown from Hwangnam Daechong-No.191-01C.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Crown of Silla|Silla Golden Crown]]]]
The Fifth-century Silla gold crown was excavated from the North tomb of Hwangnamdaechong in Gyeongju. More ornaments, including a silver belt ornament inscribed ({{Korean|hangul=보인대|labels=no}})'Buindae ("Madame's belt"), were found in the North tomb than in the South tomb, suggesting that the North tomb is a woman's. The gold crown reflects the owner's political and social class.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Pensive Bodhisattva===
{{Main|Gilt-bronze Maitreya in Meditation (National Treasure No. 83)}}
[[File:Pensive Bodhisattva 02.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Pensive Bodhisattva]]
This Bodhisattva, from the early Seventh-century, sits with one leg over the other, lost in thought with fingers on its cheeks. The pose is derived from that of the Buddha contemplating the life of human beings. This statue wears a flat crown called the 'Three Mountain Crown' or 'Lotus Crown.' The torso is naked, adorned by a simple necklace. There are remarkable similarities with the wooden Pensive Bodhisattva at the Koryuji Temple in Kyoto, Japan, which is believed to have been founded by a Silla monk. It is likely, then, that this statue was created in Silla. The well-balanced shape, however, and elegant and refined craftsmanship is typical of the Baekje period.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Incense Burner, Celadon with Openwork, National Treasure of Korea No. 95===
[[File:Korea - Seoul - National Museum - Incense Burner 0252-06a edit.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Celadon [[Openwork]] Incense Burner]]
This Twelfth-century incense burner represents some of the best quality Goryeo [[celadon]]. It is composed of a cover (with a central hole for releasing incense), a burner, and a support. Above the hole for incense is a curved knob with a Seven Treasure design incised to aid the release of scent.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Ten-Story Pagoda from Gyeongcheonsa Temple, National Treasure of Korea No. 86===
[[File:Korea-Seoul-National Museum Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda 0187&8-06.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ten-Story Pagoda]]
The "[[Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda|Gyeongcheonsa Ten-Story Pagoda]]" ({{Korean|hangul=경천사 십층석탑|hanja=敬天寺十層石塔|labels=no}}) was originally erected at the monastery Gyeongcheonsa in the fourth year (1348) of King Chungmok of Goryeo. In 1907, it was illegally smuggled to Japan by a Japanese court official, but was returned in 1918 at the behest of British and American journalists, E. Bethell and H. Hulbert. In 1960, it was restored to Gyoengbokgung Palace, but proved difficult to conserve because of acid rain and weathering. So, it was dismantled again in 1995, to be housed inside in the National Museum of Korea's 'Path to History' when the museum reopened in 2005.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Album of Genre Painting by Danwon, Treasure of Korea No. 527===
[[File:Danwon-Mudong.jpg|thumb|left|150px|''Dancing Boy'' by [[Danwon]]]]
The 18th-century painter Kim Hong-do, also known as [[Danwon]], is known for his humorous and candid paintings of the lives of common people. This album consists of twenty-five paintings, each focusing on figures without background features. Kim's paintings appear sketchy, yet show expressive brush strokes and balanced composition. It is presumed that this style arose in Kim's late 30s, the album being completed when he was about 40 years old.
<ref>[100 Highlights of National Museum of Korea, book]</ref>

===The Oegyujanggak Uigwe===
Gyujanggak was a royal library established on the grounds of Changdeokgung Palace in the capital by order of King Jeongjo, the 22nd ruler of the Joseon, in 1776. Over time, the library also developed into a state-sponsored research institution. In 1782, a royal library annex called Oegyujanggak was established on Gangwha Island to preserve important documents related to the royal family more systematically and securely than possible in the capital. Oegyujanggak housed copies of writings, calligraphy, and drawings by former kings as well as the royal genealogies, uigwe, and other such items. As such it was a repository of royal family culture. It includes records of the preparations for state-sponsored events and ceremonies involving key members of the Joseon royal family. The text explains every process in detail and is supported by illustrations elaborately drawn by hand. These served as references for later generations organizing similar ceremonies or events. The Uigwe began to be produced in the 15th century, during early Joseon, and the practice continued to the end of the kingdom in the early 20th century. They preserve core elements of Confucian culture, which revered ritual and propriety. These works also show the governing philosophy and systems by which the Joseon state was run. Their historical and cultural value has been recognized globally, as the "Royal Protocols of Joseon Dynasty"* were inscribed into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2007.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.go.kr/program/ebook/ebookList.jsp?menuID=002006009005&ebookTypeID=6|script-title=ko:Site Map &#124; 국립중앙박물관 |publisher=National Museum of Korea |access-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328080021/http://www.museum.go.kr/program/ebook/ebookList.jsp?menuID=002006009005&ebookTypeID=6 |archive-date=2014-03-28}}</ref>

Two hundred and ninety-seven volumes of the Protocols that were looted in 1866 during the [[French campaign against Korea (1866)|French campaign against Korea]] were kept at the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]. In 1975, Dr. Park Byung-sun,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-23 |title=Royal book finder dies in Paris |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/06/719_99433.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases |url=https://www.korea.net/Government/Briefing-Room/Press-Releases/view?articleId=690&type=O |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=[[Korea.net]] |language=en}}</ref> who was working as a contract employee at the National Library of France, discovered that the library held books from the Joseon Dynasty. She organized the Protocols, and their existence became known.

During the Korea-France summit in September 1993, French President [[François Mitterrand]], aiming to secure the [[TGV]] contract for the construction of the [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway]], brought one volume of the "Huigyeongwonweonsodogam Uigwe" to demonstrate his intention to return the Oegyujanggak books. However, contrary to the promise, the Oegyujanggak books were not returned.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:네이버 뉴스 라이브러리 |url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1993091500329106005&editNo=15&printCount=1&publishDate=1993-09-15&officeId=00032&pageNo=6&printNo=14864&publishType=00010 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref>

In October 2000, at another summit between the two countries, they agreed to return 63 volumes, which had no handwritten copies in Korea, in the form of a "reciprocal cultural heritage exchange exhibition" by 2001. However, the return negotiations were either postponed or delayed by the French side, which showed a passive attitude.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-06 |title=佛, 외규장각도서 반환소송 기각 |url=https://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=315975 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=종합일간지 : 신문/웹/모바일 등 멀티 채널로 국내외 실시간 뉴스와 수준 높은 정보를 제공 |language=ko}}</ref> Additionally, within Korea, historical, academic, and civic organizations were expanding their movement for the return of the Oegyujanggak books, insisting on unconditional repatriation, even by appealing to the International Court of Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-08 |title=NGO Campaigning for Retrieving Stolen Cultural Properties |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/06/113_58698.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

The issue remained unresolved. However, during the G20 Summit on November 12, 2010, the presidents of both countries agreed to lend the Oegyujanggak books to Korea on a renewable five-year lease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-07 |title=France to return looted books by May |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2024/06/690_80974.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

After 145 years, they were repatriated in April and June 2011 in four separate installments.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lee, Claire |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20110612000269 |title=Ancient Korean royal books welcomed back home |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=2012-04-23}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-17 |title=Royal archives to return home in 4 shipments |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/06/113_83349.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref>[[Image:Gate of Special Exhibiton Gallery.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Special Exhibition Hall]]A special exhibition, ''The Return of the Oegyujanggak Uigwe from France: Records of the State Rites of the Joseon Dynasty'', was held from 19 July to 18 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Return of the Oegyujanggak Uigwe from France: Records of the State Rites of the Joseon Dynasty |url=http://www.museum.go.kr/program/show/showDetailEng.jsp?menuID=002002002&searchSelect=A.SHOWKOR&showCategory1Con=SC1&showCategory2Con=SC1_1&pageSize=10&langCodeCon=LC2&showID=4620 |work=Special Exhibitions |publisher=National Museum of Korea |access-date=23 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093145/http://www.museum.go.kr/program/show/showDetailEng.jsp?menuID=002002002&searchSelect=A.SHOWKOR&showCategory1Con=SC1&showCategory2Con=SC1_1&pageSize=10&langCodeCon=LC2&showID=4620 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In June 2011, before of the exhibition, the museum showcased five copies of the records to the media, along with the silk covers of other volumes.

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|en}}
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/national-museum-of-korea?hl=en Virtual tour of the National Museum of Korea] provided by [[Google Arts & Culture]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Museum of Korea|National Museum of Korea]]
[[Category:Museums in Seoul]]
[[Category:National museums of South Korea]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Seoul]]
[[Category:History museums in South Korea]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1945]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Yongsan District]]