View source for Otto von Habsburg

{{Short description|Austrian crown prince (1912–2011)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Otto von Habsburg
| honorific_suffix    = ''[[Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary]]''
| image               = Oliver Mark - Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, Pöcking 2006.jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Oliver Mark]], 2006
| office              = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| majority            = 
| term_start          = 17 July 1979
| term_end            = 20 July 1999
| constituency        = [[Germany (European Parliament constituency)|Germany]]
{{Infobox royalty
| embed               = yes
| succession          = Head of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
| predecessor         = [[Charles I of Austria|Emperor Charles I]]
| successor           = [[Karl von Habsburg]]
| reign               = 1 April 1922 – 1 January 2007
}}
| citizenship         = {{plainlist|
* [[Austria-Hungary]] (1912–18)
* [[Hungary]] (1912–2011)
* {{nowrap|Austria (1918–38; from 1965)}}
* [[Nazi Germany]] (1938–41)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1941–46)
* Monaco (1946–65)
* [[West Germany]] (1978–90)
* Germany (from 1990)
* [[Croatia]] (from 1990)}}
| house               = 
| party               = [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]]
| parents             = {{Ubl|[[Charles I of Austria]]|[[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]]}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Regina von Habsburg|Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]]|10 May 1951|3 February 2010|end=died}}
| children            = 7, including [[Gabriela von Habsburg|Gabriela]], [[Walburga von Habsburg|Walburga]], [[Karl von Habsburg|Karl]] and [[Georg von Habsburg|Georg]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1912|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Villa Wartholz|Wartholz Castle]], [[Reichenau an der Rax]], Austria-Hungary
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2011|07|04|1912|11|20|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Pöcking]], Germany
| resting_place       = {{plainlist|
* [[Imperial Crypt]] (body)
* [[Pannonhalma Archabbey]] (heart)
}}
| occupation          = 
| signature           = Otto von Habsburg Signature.svg
}}

'''Otto von Habsburg'''{{efn|{{langx|de|Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius}}, {{langx|hu|Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác}}}}<ref name="guardian-obit" /><ref>Otto was born as ''His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia'' and became the Crown Prince of these countries in 1916. After 1919, titles of nobility were formally abolished in Austria, thus in official use the "von" disappeared before Habsburg. The same applied after Habsburg became a German citizen (see ''Printausgabe der deutschen Wochenzeitung die Zeit'' of 21 July 2011, p. 36). By courtesy, he would also be referred to by the European royal and princely courts by his former style and title, i.e. as ''His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria''. In the Austrian republic the authorities referred to him from 1919 as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, a name he never used himself. Otto did not live in Austria after 1919, and his citizenship there was revoked by Adolf Hitler in 1941, making him stateless. His Austrian citizenship was only restored in 1965. Otto later became a citizen of Germany (in 1978) and Croatia (in 1990) and was issued passports of these countries, where his official name was ''Otto von Habsburg''. As a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, his official name in the [[European Union]] was ''Otto von Habsburg''. On his website, he used the style and name His Imperial and Royal Highness Dr. Otto von Habsburg.</ref> (20 November 1912{{spaced ndash}} 4 July 2011)<ref name="euology">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05habsburg.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries|title=Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98|author=Nicholas Kulish|work=The New York Times|date=4 July 2011|author-link=Nicholas Kulish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14019319|title=Habsburg: Last heir to Austro-Hungarian empire dies |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2011|access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref> was the last [[List of heirs to the Austrian throne|crown prince]] of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in November 1918. In 1922, he became the [[pretender]] to the former thrones, head of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], and sovereign of the (Austrian) [[Order of the Golden Fleece]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Die vielen Pflichten des Adels|url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/oesterreich/278334_Die-vielen-Pflichten-des-Adels.html|date=5 July 2011|newspaper=Wiener Zeitung|language=de|access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007.

The eldest son of [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I and IV]], the last [[emperor of Austria]] and [[king of Hungary]], and his wife, [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]], Otto was born as ''Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius von Habsburg'', third in line to the thrones, as '''Archduke Otto of Austria''', Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia.<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" /><ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath" /> With his father's accession to the thrones in 1916, he was likely to become emperor and king. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful emperor-king from his father's death in 1922.<ref name="irishtimes">{{Cite news|title=Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html|date=5 July 2011|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=5 July 2011|first=Derek|last=Scally|archive-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109102509/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otto was active on the Austrian and European political stage from the 1930s, both by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent of [[European integration]]; he was a fierce opponent of [[Nazism]], [[nationalism]], and [[communism]].<ref name="euology" /><ref name="DW">[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15209153,00.html Kaiser-Sohn Otto von Habsburg gestorben] [[Deutsche Welle]], 4 July 2011 {{in lang|de}}</ref> He has been described as one of the leaders of the [[Austrian Resistance]].<ref>{{cite web|author= Tibor Pásztory |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/meinungen/gastkommentare/289459_Die-beliebtesten-Irrtuemer-zur-Monarchie.html |title=Die beliebtesten Irrtümer zur Monarchie  |date=7 July 2011 |publisher=Wienerzeitung.at |access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> After the 1938 ''[[Anschluss]]'', he was sentenced to death by the Nazis and fled Europe to the United States.

Otto von Habsburg was Vice President (1957–1973) and President (1973–2004) of the [[International Paneuropean Union]] movement. From 1979 to 1999, he served as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] for Germany's [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria]] (CSU). As a newly elected Member of the European Parliament in 1979, Otto took a strong interest in the countries behind the Iron Curtain, and had an empty chair set up in the European Parliament to symbolize their absence. Otto von Habsburg played a notable role in the [[revolutions of 1989]] as a co-initiator of the [[Pan-European Picnic]]. Later, he was a strong supporter of the [[EU membership]] of [[Central and Eastern Europe|Central and Eastern European countries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2474&Itemid=1 |title=The Budapest Times – Hungary's leading English Language source for daily news |publisher=Budapesttimes.hu |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> A noted intellectual, he published several books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the "architects of the European idea and of European integration" together with [[Robert Schuman]], [[Konrad Adenauer]], and [[Alcide De Gasperi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathweb.at/site/focus/database/40311.html?SWS=04a92352c9cf628f76e57b8d7708989e |title= Trauer um Otto von Habsburg |publisher=Kathweb.at |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref>

Otto was exiled in 1919 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Madeira]] (Portugal), [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], the [[United States]], and from 1954 until his death, finally in [[Bavaria]] (Germany), in the residence Villa Austria. He had been [[Statelessness|stateless]] {{lang|la|de jure}} and {{lang|la|de facto}}, and possessed passports of the [[Order of Malta]] and [[Spanish passport|Spain]]. [[Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg|His funeral]] took place at [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]] in [[Vienna]] on 16 July 2011; he was entombed in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in Vienna and [[Heart-burial|his heart buried]] in [[Pannonhalma Archabbey]] in Hungary.

==Early life==
[[File:Kroenung Budapest Karl und Zita 1916a.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The young crown prince Otto with his parents posing for official photographs on the occasion of the coronation in [[Budapest]], 1916]]
[[File:Otto von Habsburg Coronation film, Budapest, 1916.webm|thumb|left|Otto von Habsburg at his parents' coronation in Budapest on 30 December 1916]]

Otto was born at [[Villa Wartholz]] in [[Reichenau an der Rax]], [[Austria-Hungary]], during the reign of his great-granduncle, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]. He was baptised Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius on 25 November 1912 at Villa Wartholz by [[Franz Xaver Nagl|Franz Xaver Cardinal Nagl]], Prince-Archbishop of Vienna. This name was chosen so that he might reign as "Franz Joseph II" in the future. His godfather was [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria]] (represented by [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]]); his godmother was his grandmother [[Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal]].<ref>''Wiener Zeitung'', 26 November 1912.</ref>

In November 1916, Otto became Crown Prince of [[Austria-Hungary|Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia]]<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" /><ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath" /> when his father, Archduke Charles, acceded to the throne. However, in 1918, after the end of the First World War, the monarchies were abolished, the republics of [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]] and [[Hungarian Democratic Republic|Hungary]] were founded in their place, and the family was forced into exile in [[Madeira]].<ref name="irishtimes"/> Hungary did become a kingdom again, but Charles was never to regain the throne. Instead, [[Miklós Horthy]] ruled as regent until 1944, in a kingdom without a king.

Otto spoke [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian (language)|Hungarian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], English, [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]], French and [[Latin]] fluently. In later life, he would write some forty books in German, Hungarian, French and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/national/20110704-36065.html|title=Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98|website=[[The Local]]|access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref> His mother made him learn many languages because she believed he one day might rule over many lands.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789670,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014072939/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789670,00.html|archive-date=14 October 2010|title=Habsburg Empire: Clown Prince|magazine=[[TIME]]|date=11 March 1940|access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Warren|first=David|title=The Europe that might have been|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html|access-date=29 September 2011|newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen|date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828135955/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html|archive-date=28 August 2011}}</ref>

==Years in exile==
[[File:Otto von Habsburg 1930.jpg|thumb|As royal prince of Hungary in 1930]]
Otto was in the [[Royal Palace of Gödöllő|Gödöllő Palace]] during the [[Aster Revolution]], but quickly evacuated from Hungary at the rise of republican sentiment.<ref>Hatos 2018, pp. 227</ref> Otto's family spent the subsequent years in Switzerland, and on the Portuguese island of [[Madeira]], where 34-year-old Charles died in 1922, leaving the nine-year-old Otto [[pretender]] to the throne. On his father's deathbed, his mother, Empress Dowager Zita, told Otto, "your father is now sleeping the eternal sleep—you are now Emperor and King".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/675151/Habsburgs-Erbe-zerfiel-und-erlebte-dennoch-eine-Renaissance?_vl_backlink=/home/politik/innenpolitik/index.do |title=Habsburgs Erbe zerfiel und erlebte dennoch eine Renaissance |publisher=Diepresse.com |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> The family eventually relocated to the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque]] town of [[Lekeitio]], where forty Spanish [[grandee]]s bought them a villa.

Meanwhile, the Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all the official property via the [[Habsburg Law]] of 3 April 1919. Charles was banned from ever returning to Austria again, while Otto and other male members could return only if they renounced all claims to the throne and accepted the status of private citizens.

In 1935, he graduated with a doctorate in Political and Social Sciences from the [[Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)|University of Louvain]] in Belgium.<ref name="foundation"/> His thesis was on "the right, born of usage and of the peasant law of inheritance, of the indivisibility of rural land ownership in Austria".<ref name="thenational">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/otto-hapsburg-eldest-son-of-austrias-last-emperor-dies-at-98 |title=Otto Hapsburg, eldest son of Austria's last emperor, dies at 98 |date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Thenational.ae |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711203504/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/otto-hapsburg-eldest-son-of-austrias-last-emperor-dies-at-98 |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>{{r|gunther1936}} In 1937 he wrote,<ref>Gedächtnisjahrbuch 1937, 9. Jg.: Dem Andenken an Karls von Österreich Kaiser und König. Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer Vereine – Wien, W. Hamburger 1937.</ref>

{{blockquote|I know very well that the overwhelming majority of the Austrian population would like me to assume the heritage of the peace emperor, my beloved father, rather earlier than later&nbsp;... The [Austrian] people have never cast a vote in favor of the republic. They have remained silent as long as they were exhausted from the long fight, and taken by surprise by the audacity of the revolutionaries of 1918 and 1919. They shook off their resignation when they realized that the revolution had raped their right to life and freedom.&nbsp;... Such trust places a heavy burden on me. I accept it readily. God willing, the hour of reunion between the Duke and the people will arrive soon.}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14237, Otto von Habsburg und Graf von Degenfeld.jpg|thumb|Otto von Habsburg (left) and Count von Degenfeld in 1933]]
He continued to enjoy considerable public support in Austria; from 1931 to 1938, 1,603 Austrian municipalities named Otto an honorary citizen.<ref>Heinz Arnberger, Winfried R. Garscha, Rudolf G. Ardelt, Christa Mitterrutzner, ''Anschluß 1938'', Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, 1988, {{ISBN|3215068249}}</ref> [[John Gunther]] believed that Zita was less popular among Austrians, however, writing in 1936 that "restoration would be a good deal closer if Otto's return would not mean also the return of his mother—to say nothing of hundreds of assorted and impoverished Habsburg cousins and aunts, who would flock to Vienna like ants to a keg of syrup". A greater obstacle, he wrote, was the opposition of Czechoslovakia and [[Yugoslavia]], which feared that their people might want to rejoin a recreated monarchy.{{r|gunther1936}}

==World War II==
Otto denounced Nazism, stating:<ref name="gunther1936">{{cite book | url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16059565W/Inside_Europe | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers | last=Gunther |first=John | date=1936 | pages=321–323}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I absolutely reject [Nazi] Fascism for Austria&nbsp;... This un-Austrian movement promises everything to everyone, but really intends the most ruthless subjugation of the Austrian people&nbsp;... The people of Austria will never tolerate that our beautiful fatherland should become an exploited colony, and that the Austrian should become a man of second category.}}

He strongly opposed the ''[[Anschluss]]'', and in 1938 requested Austrian Chancellor [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] to resist [[Nazi Germany]]. He supported international intervention<ref name=DW/> and offered to return from exile to take over the reins of government to repel the Nazis.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8616240/Archduke-Otto-von-Habsburg.html |title=Archduke Otto von Habsburg |work=The Daily Telegraph |date= 4 July 2011|access-date=6 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref> According to Gerald Warner, "Austrian Jews were among the strongest supporters of a Habsburg restoration, since they believed the dynasty would give the nation sufficient resolve to stand up to the Third Reich".<ref>{{cite news|last=Warner |first=Gerald |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/5774579/Otto_von_Habsburgs_96th_birthday_telescopes_European_history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710184121/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/5774579/Otto_von_Habsburgs_96th_birthday_telescopes_European_history/ |archive-date=10 July 2009 |title=Otto von Habsburg's 96th birthday telescopes European history  |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=6 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref>

Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime; [[Rudolf Hess]] ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught.<ref name="guardian-obit">{{cite news|author=Dan van der Vat | author-link = Dan van der Vat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary |title=Otto von Habsburg obituary |work=The Guardian |date= 4 July 2011|access-date=6 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="foundation">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://habsburgottoalapitvany.hu/en/biography/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Otto von Habsburg Foundation |date=12 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen." {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Monarch |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archive-date=5 October 2010}}</ref> As ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]], his personal property and that of the House of Habsburg were confiscated. It was not returned after the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zoch |first=Irene |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 2004 |access-date=6 July 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The so-called "[[Habsburg Law]]", which had previously been repealed, was reintroduced by the Nazis. Otto's supporters, the leaders of the Austrian legitimist movement, were arrested by the Nazis and largely executed ([[Stefan Zweig]]'s novella ''[[The Royal Game]]'' is based on these events). Otto's cousins [[Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg|Max, Duke of Hohenberg]], and [[Prince Ernst of Hohenberg]] were arrested in [[Vienna]] by the [[Gestapo]] and sent to [[Dachau concentration camp]] where they remained throughout Nazi rule. Otto was involved in helping around 15,000 Austrians,<ref name="newser">{{cite web |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d9o8qcb00/otto-von-habsburg-oldest-son-of-austria-hungarys-last-emperor-dies-at-age-98.html |title=Otto von Habsburg, oldest son of Austria-Hungary's last emperor, dies at age 98 |publisher=Newser |access-date=6 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> including thousands of Austrian Jews, flee the country at the beginning of the Second World War.<ref name="thenational" /><ref>http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/comment/obituaries/otto-von-habsburg-1.1110433 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of France|German invasion of France]] in 1940, the family left the French capital and fled to Portugal. On 12 June the Portuguese ruler António Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide [[Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal]] with Portuguese passports which would allow visas for her daughter Empress Zita and grandson Otto without violating Portuguese neutrality.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Madeira |first=Lina A. |date=2013 |title=O Mecanismo de (Des)Promoções do MNE: O Caso Paradigmático de Aristides de Sousa Mendes|page=458 |publisher=Coimbra University}}</ref> The family resided in [[Cascais]] during their exodus.<ref>Exiles Memorial Centre Library.</ref> When the German authorities pressed Salazar for Otto's extradition from Portugal, Salazar offered to protect Otto, but asked him as a friend to leave the country.{{sfn| Brook-Shepherd|2007|p=153}} Otto left, and lived from 1940 to 1944 in [[Washington, D.C.]] In 1941, Hitler personally revoked the citizenship of Otto, his mother and his siblings, and the imperial-royal family found themselves [[statelessness|stateless]].<ref>Stephan Baier, [[Eva Demmerle]]: Otto von Habsburg. Die Biografie. Amalthea, Wien 2002, {{ISBN|3850024865}}, p. 122.</ref>

Otto was listed on the Nazi [[The Black Book (list)|Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.]] ("Special Search List Great Britain"), and was the unofficial head of numerous resistance groups in Central Europe. These groups hated Nazi ideology and saw the resurgence of a Danube confederation as the only way for small states to exist between Germany and Russia. They championed the centuries-old Habsburg principle of "live and let live" among ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages. These imperial resistance groups became embroiled in ferocious partisan warfare against Hitler, who profoundly hated the Habsburg family tradition.<ref>Timothy Snyder "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke" (2008); James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018); Bob Carruthers "Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler" (2015); Pieter M. Judson "The Habsburg Empire. A New History" (Harvard 2016); Christopher Clark "The Sleepwalkers" (New York 2012).</ref> Many of these imperial resistance fighters (according to current estimates 4000–4500) were sent directly to concentration camps without trial, and over 800 were executed by the Nazis. Among them was [[Karl Burian]], who was planning to blow up the [[Gestapo]] headquarters in Vienna, or Dr. [[Heinrich Maier]], who passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s and [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Messerschmitt]] airplanes to the Allies. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier group was informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz.<ref>Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3902494832}}, pp. 299–305.</ref><ref>Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3707606225}}, pp. 161–248.</ref><ref>Fritz Molden: ''Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945''. Vienna 1988, p. 122.</ref><ref>Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p. 163.</ref><ref>Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.</ref>

During his wartime exile in the United States, Otto and his younger brothers were in direct contact with President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and the federal government. His efforts to create an "Austrian Battalion" in the [[United States Army]] were delayed and never implemented. However, he successfully convinced the U.S. to halt or limit the bombardment of Austrian cities, especially Vienna;<ref name="newser" /> due to this influence, bombardments on Vienna were delayed until 1943. Otto greatly desired Austria to be free, independent and democratic; he expressed concern that after the war the country was in danger of becoming a Soviet satellite state. Otto was commonly known in the U.S. as "Otto of Austria", and tried to keep his homeland and its neighbors in the minds of the American people by inaugurating a series of stamps (the [[Overrun Countries series]]) featuring the [[German-occupied Europe|German-occupied nations of Europe]].

He obtained the support of [[Winston Churchill]] for a conservative "Danube Federation", in effect a restoration of Austria-Hungary, but [[Joseph Stalin]] put an end to these plans.<ref name="telegraph" /> Otto lobbied for the recognition of an Austrian government-in-exile, for the rights of the German-speaking population of [[South Tyrol]], against the deportation of the German-speaking inhabitants of [[Bohemia]] and eastern Europe, and against letting Stalin rule Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v03/d382|title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany, Volume III – Office of the Historian|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-tagespost.de/Sie-nannten-ihn-bdquo-Otto-von-Europa-ldquo-;art456,125800 |title=Sie nannten ihn 'Otto von Europa' |publisher=Die-tagespost.de |access-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111449/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Sie-nannten-ihn-bdquo-Otto-von-Europa-ldquo-;art456,125800 |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref>

==After World War II==
At the end of the war, Otto returned to Europe and lived for several years in France and Spain.

As he did not possess a passport and was effectively stateless, he was given a passport of the Principality of Monaco,<ref>Brook-Shepherd, p. 177</ref> thanks to the intervention of [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1946. The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], of which he was a knight, also issued him a [[diplomatic passport]]. Later, he was also issued a Spanish diplomatic passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathweb.at/site/nachrichten/database/40510.html|title=Kathpress – Katholische Presseagentur Österreich|last=Kathpress|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

On 8 May 1956, Otto was recognized as an Austrian citizen by the provincial government of [[Lower Austria]].<ref>Oliver Meidl: Monarch. A Life for Europe – Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow.  "Ottos Anwalt verfassten Text vom 21. Februar 1958, in dem es heißt: "Um in meine Heimat zurückkehren zu können, erkläre ich im eigenen Namen und im Namen meiner Gemahlin und meiner minderjährigen Kinder als österreichischer Staatsbürger, die derzeit in Österreich geltenden Gesetze anzuerkennen und mich als getreuer Bürger der Republik zu bekennen." July 2011 {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Monarch |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archive-date=5 October 2010}}</ref> The Austrian [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Austria)|Interior Ministry]] approved this declaration of citizenship, but on the condition that he accept the name Dr. Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, on 8 February 1957. However, this only entitled him to a passport "valid in every country but Austria".<ref>Gedenkdienst Archive Zur Geschichte der "Habsburger-Gesetze" http://www.gedenkdienst.at/index.php?id=679</ref> Otto had already submitted a written statement, on 21 February 1958, that he and his family would renounce all former personal privileges of the House of Habsburg, but this did not satisfy the requirements of the [[Habsburg Law]], which stated that Otto and other descendants of Charles could only return to Austria if they renounced all royal claims and accepted the status of private citizens. He officially declared his loyalty to the Republic of Austria on 5 June 1961, but this statement was ruled insufficient as well.

In a declaration dated 31 May 1961, Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne and proclaimed himself "a loyal citizen of the republic", "for purely practical reasons".<ref>Brook-Shepherd, p. 181</ref> In a 2007 interview on the occasion of his approaching 95th birthday, Otto stated:<ref>''Die Presse'', "Unabhängige Tageszeitung für Österreich". 10–11 November 2007. p. 3 (German online version dated 9 November 2007: [http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/oesterreich/342228/index.do]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021021843/http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/oesterreich/342228/print.do WebCite archive])</ref>

{{blockquote|This was such an [[infamy]], I'd rather never have signed it. They demanded that I abstain from politics. I would not have dreamed of complying. Once you have tasted the opium of politics, you never get rid of it.}}

The Austrian administrative court found on 24 May 1963 that Otto's statement was legally sufficient. Upon his return to Austria, he and his wife were issued a Certified Proof of Citizenship on 20 July 1965.  However, several political elements in the country, particularly the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Socialists]], were ill-disposed to welcoming back the heir of the deposed dynasty. This touched off political infighting and civil unrest that almost precipitated a crisis of state, and later became known as the "Habsburg Crisis".<ref>{{cite book | last = Mommsen-Reindl | first = Margarete | title = Die Österreichische Proporzdemokratie und der Fall Habsburg | publisher = Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. | series = Böhlaus zeitgeschichtliche Bibliothek | volume = 1 | location = Vienna | date = 1976 | isbn = 3205071263}}</ref> It was only on 1 June 1966, after the [[Austrian People's Party|People's Party]] won an outright majority in the national election, that Otto was issued an Austrian passport, and was finally able to visit his home country again on 31 October 1966 for the first time in 48 years.  That day, he traveled to [[Innsbruck]] to visit the grave of [[Archduke Eugen of Austria]]. Later, he visited [[Vienna]] on 5 July 1967.<ref>Salzburger Nachrichten 1 June 1963 {{in lang |de}} {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/files/habsbg_articlesn63.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125408/http://www.omeidl.com/files/habsbg_articlesn63.jpg |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>A Life for Europe: Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Otto von Habsburg am 31. Oktober 1966 nach Österreich ein und besuchte in Innsbruck das Grab von Erzherzog Eugen."  {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Monarch |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archive-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref>E. Feigl, Otto von Habsburg, Profil eines Lebens, 1992 {{ISBN|3850023273}}</ref><ref>Austria-Online-Lexicon {{in lang |de}} http://www.austria-lexikon.at/af/Wissenssammlungen/Biographien/Habsburg,_Otto</ref><ref>Austria Presse Agentur with backing from ÖRF (press archive, 1955–1985) {{in lang |de}} http://www.historisch.apa.at/cms/apa-historisch/dossier.html?dossierID=AHD_19580221_AHD0001 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419190457/http://www.historisch.apa.at/cms/apa-historisch/dossier.html?dossierID=AHD_19580221_AHD0001 |date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PG/PR/JAHR_2006/PK0743/PK0743.shtml|title=PK-Nr. 743/2006|publisher=Parlament.gv.at|access-date=5 July 2011|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304203738/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/PR/JAHR_2006/PK0743/index.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[Image:Habsburgotto.jpg|thumb|left|Otto von Habsburg giving a speech]]

An early advocate of a [[European Integration|unified Europe]], Otto was president of the [[International Paneuropean Union]] from 1973 to 2004.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} He served from 1979 until 1999 as a Member of the [[European Parliament]] for the conservative [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria]] (CSU) party, eventually becoming the senior member of the European Parliament. He was also a member of the [[Mont Pelerin Society]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Revoking the moral order: the ideology of positivism and the Vienna circle|last=Peterson|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Lexington Books|page=122}}</ref> Habsburg was also part of the secretive conservative network [[Le Cercle]] during the cold war.<ref>David Teacher (2003). [https://samim.io/dl/2021-rogue-agents-the-cercle-6I-private-cold-war-1951-1991-by-david-teacher-6th-full-edition.pdf ''Rogue Agents: The Cercle and the 6I in the Private Cold War, 1951-1991''.] p. 7</ref> He was a major supporter of the expansion of the [[European Union]] from the beginning and especially of the acceptance of Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. During his time in the European Parliament, he was involved in a fracas with fellow [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Ian Paisley]], a [[British unionism|unionist]] Protestant pastor from [[Northern Ireland]].  In 1988, [[Pope John Paul II]] had just begun a speech to the Parliament when [[Ian Paisley]], a vehement [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]], shouted and held up a poster reading "Pope John Paul II [[Antichrist]]". While other members threw papers and other objects at Paisley, Otto snatched Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs and security personnel, roughed him up, punched him, tore his shirt, pulled on his tie, and ejected him head-first through the doors of the chamber, as the Pope looked on.<ref name="irishtimes"/>

With others, he was instrumental in organising the so-called [[Pan-European Picnic]] at the Hungary-Austria border on 19 August 1989.<ref name="euology"/> This event is considered a milestone in the collapse of Communist dictatorships in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAj8wnwIL9MC&pg=PA2 |title=Hungarian spaces and places:patterns of transition|first1=Györgyi |last1=Barta|publisher=Hungarian Academy of Sciences|year=2005|isbn=9639052469|page=2}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F087871-0018, Bonn, Verleihung Coudenhove-Kalergi-Preis an Kohl.jpg|thumb|Otto (first right) with [[Helmut Kohl]] (third right) at the ceremony of the [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi|European Prize Coudenhove-Kalergi]]]]
In December 2006, he observed that, "The [[September 11 attacks|catastrophe of 11 September 2001]] struck the United States more profoundly than any of us, whence a certain mutual incomprehension. Until then, the United States felt itself secure, persuaded of its power to bombard any enemy, without anyone being able to strike back. That sentiment vanished in an instant. Americans understand viscerally for the first time the risks they face."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lalanne|first=Dorothée|date=6 December 2006|title=Otto de Habsbourg: Européen Avant Tout|journal=Point de Vue|issue=3046|page=46}}</ref> He was known as a supporter of the rights of [[refugee]]s and displaced people in Europe, notably of the ethnic Germans displaced from Bohemia where he was once the Crown Prince.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/zemrel-syn-posledniho-rakouskeho-cisare-otto-von-habsburg/659340 |title=Zemřel syn posledního rakouského císaře Otto von Habsburg – ČeskéNoviny.cz |publisher=Ceskenoviny.cz |date=4 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> He was a jury member of the [[Franz Werfel Human Rights Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=39 |title=Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen |publisher=Z-g-v.de |access-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061049/http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=39 |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> He also held [[Francisco Franco]] in a high regard and praised him for helping refugees, stating that he was "a dictator of the South American type, not totalitarian like [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] or [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]".<ref name="forbes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/07/04/general-eu-germany-obit-habsburg_8548589.html |title=Otto von Habsburg who saw end of empire dead at 98 |work=Forbes |access-date=5 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2002, he was named the first-ever honorary member of the [[European People's Party (European Parliament group)|European People's Party group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eppgroup.eu/Press/showPR.asp?PRControlDocTypeID=1&PRControlID=1570&PRContentID=3050&PRContentLg=en |title=Otto von Habsburg – first honorary member of the EPP-ED Group |publisher=Eppgroup.eu |access-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007215259/http://www.eppgroup.eu/Press/showPR.asp?PRControlDocTypeID=1&PRControlID=1570&PRContentID=3050&PRContentLg=en |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

Otto von Habsburg was an early critic of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]]. In a newspaper interview<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article237556125/Wladimir-Putin-Eiskalter-Buerokrat-Otto-von-Habsburg-warnte-schon-2003-vor-ihm.html|title = Wladimir Putin: "Eiskalter Bürokrat" – Otto von Habsburg warnte schon 2003 vor ihm|newspaper = Die Welt|date = 15 March 2022|last1 = Jäkel|first1 = Lara}}</ref> in 2002 and in two speeches<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=om2Fl9Y3I2I|title = Über Putin: Wie Otto von Habsburg ihn einschätzte (2003 und 2005)|website = [[YouTube]]| date=8 March 2022 }}</ref> in 2003 and 2005, he warned of Putin as an "international threat" that he was "cruel and oppressive" and a "stone cold technocrat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/interview-mit-otto-von-habsburg-putin-ist-ein-eiskalter-technokrat-1.750949|title="Putin ist ein eiskalter Technokrat"|first=Oliver Das|last=Gupta|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=5 November 2005}}</ref>

==Criticism and controversy==
At the end of 1998 Habsburg was targeted by criticism and the public prosecutor's office in Munich because he compared the allegations and calls for resignation against his son [[Karl Habsburg]] in connection with the [[World Vision]] donation affair with the Nazi persecution of the Jews:

{{Blockquote
|text=Karl is attacked because he bears the certain [[Yellow badge|yellow star]], the name Habsburg.&nbsp;... The poor Jews went through terrible things. I often think of them in this context.<ref>Zitiert nach: {{citation
  |title=Österreich: Gelber Stern 
  |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8413493.html
  |author=Hans-Peter Martin
  |work=[[Der Spiegel]]
  |year=1998
  |volume=
  |issue=52
  |series=6 June
  |pages=129
  |quote=
}}</ref>}}

Karl Habsburg's EU election campaign for the ÖVP in 1996 was partly financed - according to Habsburg without his knowledge - with donations from the aid organization World Vision Austria that were embezzled and diverted to the [[Paneuropean Union]].<ref>Siehe zum Beispiel: ''Die Presse'', 7 December 1998 and 9 December 1998.</ref>

Otto's public advocacy for the weekly [[Junge Freiheit]] which was affiliated with the [[Neue Rechte]], and for which he repeatedly made himself available as an interviewee, was met with criticism.<ref name="relevant">Vgl. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130114222639/http://relevant.at/meinung/159703/otto-habsburg-1912-1911.story ''Otto Habsburg (1912–2011).'']}} In: ''relevant. Best of Media,'' 4&nbsp;July 2011; Retrieved on 6&nbsp;July 2011.<br /></ref> As the first to sign two petitions initiated by the editors, he campaigned in 2002 against the background of a legal dispute against the then constitutional protection categorization of the newspaper as "right-wing extremist" and in 2006 against its uninvitation at the [[Leipzig Book Fair]].

In 2002, Habsburg said in an interview with Junge Freiheit that US domestic policy was split in two, namely a [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] "filled with Jews" in key positions, "today a Jewish institution", on the one hand and one by "blacks, on the other hand". For example, [[Colin Powell]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]] "occupied" [[United States Department of State|State Department]]. On the other hand, after the Habsburgs, the "Anglo-Saxons, i.e. the white Americans" played "hardly any role".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friesenbichler |first=Georg |date=2011-07-04 |title=Der Kaisersohn, der sich als Europäer präsentierte |url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/h/der-kaisersohn-der-sich-als-europaer-prasentierte |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Wiener Zeitung |language=de}}</ref>

In November 2007, the Habsburgs commented on their position on [[Engelbert Dollfuss]]' coup. He "respected Dollfuss infinitely. The man was brave, ready to stand up for Austria to the last consequence. At that time I saw everything from this perspective: We have to preserve Austria". He also had "no" problem at all with the dissolution of parliament and the ban on parties and trade unions: "When it comes to the country, I'm ready for anything."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleischhacker |first=14 07 2011 um 23:16 von Christian Ultsch und Michael |date=2007-11-09 |title=Otto Habsburg: "Ich habe sie alle gekannt" |url=https://www.diepresse.com/342228/otto-habsburg-ich-habe-sie-alle-gekannt |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Die Presse |language=de}}</ref>

On the 2008 anniversary of the [[Anschluss]],<ref>Südtirol Online, 4 July 2011 "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."  {{cite web |url=http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Politik/Otto-von-Habsburg-ist-tot |title=Otto von Habsburg ist tot |work=Stol.it |date=4 July 2011 |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808040633/http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Politik/Otto-von-Habsburg-ist-tot |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Süddeutsche |date=2008-03-12 |title=Habsburg holt die Opferthese aus der Mottenkiste |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/anschluss-von-oesterreich-1938-habsburg-holt-die-opferthese-aus-der-mottenkiste-1.282308 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>Kurier, Wien, 8 July 2011 {{in lang |de}} ...es gebe "keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist". http://kurier.at/nachrichten/3921065.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911064236/http://kurier.at/nachrichten/3921065.php |date=11 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oswald |first=Bernd |date=2008-04-09 |title=Morden, bereichern, intrigieren |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/biographie-ueber-kz-kommandant-amon-goeth-morden-bereichern-intrigieren-1.195309 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>Focus Online, 4 July 2011 {{in lang |de}}  http://www.focus.de/panorama/vermischtes/otto-von-habsburg-das-bewegte-leben-des-otto-von-europa_aid_642777.html</ref> Otto von Habsburg made a statement as part of his "1938 Remembrance Day" address before Parliament that "there is no country in Europe that has a better claim to be a [[Austria victim theory|victim of the Nazis than Austria]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/88212.html |title=70 Jahre AnschlussHabsburg plädiert für Opferrolle Österreichs |access-date=2008-03-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314153941/http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/88212.html |archive-date=14 March 2008}} Ö1 Inforadio 03/10/2008 {{in lang |de}} "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."</ref> Although his speech received an ovation,<ref>{{Cite web |title="Anschluss"-Gedenken 2008: Abschied von der Opferthese - ORF ON Science |url=https://sciencev1.orf.at/uhl/151021.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=sciencev1.orf.at}}</ref> this received public protest, media criticism and disapproval voiced by Austrian politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NACHRICHTEN |first=n-tv |title=Österreich arbeitet auf |url=https://www.n-tv.de/politik/dossier/Osterreich-arbeitet-auf-article255663.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=n-tv.de |language=de}}</ref> [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]] [[Defence Minister]] [[Norbert Darabos]] was quoted as saying that the remarks were "unacceptable", "a veritable democratic-political scandal" and that he had "insulted the victims of [[National Socialism]]". Otto von Habsburg was also quoted as saying that "a discussion as to whether Austria was an accomplice or a victim is an outrage".<ref>Tiroler Tageszeitung, 9 July 2011{{in lang |de}}  http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3029285-2/karl-habsburg-verteidigt-v%C3%A4terliche-aussage-%C3%BCber-opferrolle.csp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711143804/http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3029285-2/karl-habsburg-verteidigt-v%C3%A4terliche-aussage-%C3%BCber-opferrolle.csp |date=11 July 2011}}</ref> [[Austrian People's Party]] military spokesman [[Walter Murauer]] defended Otto's statement at the time.<ref>''Austrian Times'', 11 March 2008 (English) Habsburg Claims Austria Was Victim http://austriantimes.at/?c=1&id=4010-newentry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003500/http://austriantimes.at/?c=1&id=4010-newentry |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> 

Murauer claimed that there was "another reality behind the mass of people who listened to Hitler on the [[Heldenplatz]]", meaning the "thousands in the resistance and thousands in prison waiting to be transported to [[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]]" near [[Munich]]. Murauer also recalled that [[Engelbert Dollfuß]] had been the only head of government in Europe to have been murdered by the Nazis. Murauer advised Darabos "to avoid populist pot-shots against an honourable European of the highest calibre". Otto's son, [[Karl von Habsburg]], also defended his father's words, in a 2011 statement, stating that "there were guilty parties in practically every country".<ref>''Der Standard'', 9 July 2011 {{in lang |de}} "Mitschuldige gab es praktisch in jedem Land" http://derstandard.at/1308680832243/Karl-Habsburg-verteidigt-revisionistische-Aussagen-seines-Vaters</ref>

==Death and funeral==
{{main|Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg}}
[[File:Lying in repose Otto von Habsburg Capuchin Church Vienna 3921.jpg|thumb|Otto and Regina lying in repose in the [[Capuchin Church, Vienna|Capuchin Church]], Vienna, draped with the [[Habsburg flag]]. The insignias of the various [[order (honour)|order]]s and decorations accumulated by Habsburg are on display. The guards of honour are dressed in Austro-Hungarian uniforms.]]

After the death of his wife, [[Regina, Crown Princess of Austria|Regina]], aged 85, in Pöcking on 3 February 2010, Otto stopped appearing in public. He died at the age of 98 on Monday, 4 July 2011, at his home in [[Pöcking]], Germany. His spokeswoman reported that he died "peacefully and without pain in his sleep".<ref name="euology" /><ref name="irishtimes"/> On 5 July, his body was laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich near his home in Pöcking, Bavaria, and a massive 13-day period of mourning started in several countries formerly part of Austria-Hungary.<ref name="monstersandcritics2">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1649322.php/Thirteen-days-of-commemoration-for-Otto-von-Habsburg-begins |title=Thirteen days of commemoration for Otto von Habsburg begins |publisher=Monsters and Critics |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103002040/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1649322.php/Thirteen-days-of-commemoration-for-Otto-von-Habsburg-begins |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> Otto's coffin was draped with the [[Habsburg flag]] decorated with the imperial–royal coats of arms of Austria and Hungary in addition to the Habsburg family coat of arms. In line with the Habsburg family tradition, Otto von Habsburg was buried in the [[Imperial Crypt|family's crypt]] in [[Vienna]], while his [[Heart-burial|heart was buried]] in [[Pannonhalma Archabbey]] in Hungary.<ref name="irishtimes"/>

==Family==
[[File:Coronation Hungary 1916.jpeg|thumb|220px|4-year-old Crown Prince Otto of Hungary in Budapest in 1916, attending his parents' coronation as King and Queen of Hungary, painted by Gyula Éder (inspired by a frame of the coronation film).]]

He married [[Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen]] on 10 May 1951 at the [[Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers]] in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], capital city of Lorraine. They were fourth cousins as both were descendants of [[Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] and his wife [[Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth]]. The wedding was attended by his mother, Empress Zita. He returned there with his wife for their [[golden jubilee]] in 2001. Otto lived in retirement at the Villa Austria in [[Pöcking]] near [[Starnberg (district)|Starnberg]], upon [[Starnberger See]], [[Upper Bavaria]], Bavaria, Germany.

At the time of his death in 2011, the couple had seven children, Twenty-two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren:<ref>{{Cite news|title=Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05hapsburg.html?_r=0|date=4 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=17 September 2014|first=Nicholas|last=Kulish}}</ref>
* Andrea von Habsburg (born 30 May 1953), married Karl Eugen, Count of Neipperg (born 1951 in [[Schweigern]]). They have three sons and two daughters.
* Monika von Habsburg (born 13 September 1954), married Luis María Gonzaga de Casanova-Cárdenas y Barón, [[Duke of Santángelo]] and [[Grandee of Spain]] (born 1950 in [[Madrid]]), son of Balthasar de Casanova-Cárdenas y de Ferrer and María de los Dolores Barón y Osorio de Moscoso, Duchess de Maqueda, a descendant of [[Infanta Luisa Teresa of Spain]], Duchess of Sessa, and sister of [[Francis, Duke of Cádiz|Francis, King-Consort of Spain]]. They have four sons.
* Michaela von Habsburg (born 13 September 1954, twin of Monika), married firstly Eric Alba-Teran d'Antin (born in [[Mexico City]] – 2004 in [[New York City, New York|New York City]]), and secondly Count Hubertus von Kageneck (born 1940 in [[Wittlich]]), son of Count Franz Joseph von Kageneck and Princess Elisabeth Maria of Bavaria. Twice divorced, she has two sons and one daughter from her first marriage.
* [[Gabriela von Habsburg]] (born 14 October 1956), married Christian Meister (born 1954 in [[Starnberg]]). Divorced in 1997, they had one son and two daughters.
* [[Walburga Habsburg Douglas|Walburga von Habsburg]] (born 5 October 1958), married Count Archibald [[Clan Douglas#The Swedish branch|Douglas]] (born 1949 in [[Stockholm]]), a descendant of [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden|Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden]]. They have one son.
* [[Karl von Habsburg]] (born 11 January 1961), married (later divorced) [[Baroness Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza]] (born 1958 in [[Lausanne]]), daughter of [[Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza]] and [[Fiona Campbell-Walter|Fiona Frances Elaine Campbell-Walter]]. They have one son and two daughters.
* [[Georg von Habsburg]] (born 16 December 1964), married [[Archduchess Eilika of Austria|Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg]] (born 1972 in [[Bad Segeberg]]). They have one son and two daughters.

==Titles, styles and arms==
{{infobox hrhstyles
| royal name= Crown Prince Otto of Austria
| dipstyle=[[His Imperial and Royal Highness]]
| offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Highness
| image=[[File:Otto von Habsburg Arms - Order of the Golden Fleece.svg|150px]]
}}
* 20 November 1912 – 21 November 1916: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' Archduke and Imperial Prince Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" />
* 21 November 1916 – 4 July 2011: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' The Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" /><ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath" />

===Titles in pretence from 1 April 1922===
{{see also|Pretender}}
* [[By the Grace of God]] [[Emperor of Austria]]; Apostolic [[King of Hungary]], King of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia|Croatia, Slavonia]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]]; [[Kings of Jerusalem|King of Jerusalem]] etc.; [[Archduchy of Austria|Archduke of Austria]]; Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and [[Grand Duchy of Cracow|Cracow]]; Duke of [[Lorraine (duchy)|Lorraine]], [[Duchy of Salzburg|Salzburg]], [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]] and [[Duchy of Bukovina|Bukowina]]; Grand Prince of [[Grand Principality of Transylvania|Transylvania]], Margrave of [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]]; [[Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia|Duke of Silesia]], [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]], [[Duchy of Parma|Parma, Piacenza]], [[Duchy of Guastalla|Guastalla]], [[Duchy of Auschwitz|Auschwitz]] and [[Duchy of Zator|Zator]], [[Duchy of Teschen|Teschen]], [[Duchy of Friuli|Friuli]], [[Dubrovnik]] and [[Zadar]]; Princely Count of [[House of Habsburg#History|Habsburg]] and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], of [[County of Kyburg|Kyburg]], [[Gorizia and Gradisca]]; Prince of [[Trento|Trent]] and [[Brixen]]; Margrave of [[Upper Lusatia|Upper]] and [[March of Lusatia|Lower Lusatia]] and [[March of Istria|Istria]]; Count of [[Hohenems]], [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]], [[County of Bregenz|Bregenz]], [[Waldburg-Sonnenburg|Sonnenburg]] etc.; Lord of [[Trieste]], [[Kotor]] and the [[Windic March]], Grand Voivod of the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar|Voivodeship of Serbia]] etc.<ref>Franz Gall "Österreichische Wappenkunde", 1992, p. 105.</ref>

===Official in Austria===
* 20 November 1912 – 21 November 1916: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' Archduke and Imperial Prince Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" />
* 21 November 1916 – 1919: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' the Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation" /><ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath" />
* 8 February 1957 – 4 July 2011: ''Herr Doktor'' Otto Habsburg-Lothringen

===Official in Croatia===
* 21 November 1916 – 29 October 1918: ''His Royal Highness'' The Crown Prince of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation">{{cite book|title=Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige}}. Since 1780 official title used for princes (zu Hungarn, Böheim, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Sflavonien, Königlicher Erbprinz)</ref><ref name="Croatian Coronation Oath">{{cite book|title=Croatian Coronation Oath of 1916}}. pp. 2–4, 'Emperor of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Apostolic king'</ref>
He became a citizen of the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]] in 1990, with the official name:
* 1990 – 4 July 2011: Archduke Otto von Habsburg<ref name="Presidential decree 1995">{{cite news |url=http://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/1995/0907.htm |newspaper=[[Narodne novine]] |title=Odluka kojom se odlikuju za izniman doprinos |date=7 July 1995 |access-date=2008-07-12 |language=hr | quote = nadvojvoda Otto von Habsburg | trans-quote = Archduke Otto von Habsburg}} (Official decree and list of persons awarded by the President of Croatia with the Grand Order of King Zvonimir, no. 6. 'Archduke Otto von Habsburg'</ref>

===Official in Germany===
Otto von Habsburg became a citizen of the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] in 1978, and was allowed the official name:
* 1978 – 4 July 2011: Otto von Habsburg

===Honours===
====Dynastic honours====
* [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]:
** Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Austrian Imperial and Royal Order of the Golden Fleece]], ''1916'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights7.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141537/http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights7.htm |archive-date=29 July 2018 |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece |last= Boettger|first=T. F.|website=La Confrérie Amicale|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> Sovereign, ''1922''<ref name="HonoursList">ottovonhabsburg.org, [http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/content.asp?ID=1158&lang=en page with the Orders and Decorations of Crown Prince Otto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516040853/http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/content.asp?ID=1158&lang=en |date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
** Sovereign of the [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen]]<ref name="HonoursList" />
** Sovereign of the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Imperial and Royal Order of Leopold]]<ref name="HonoursList" />

====Foreign honours====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Croatia: Grand Cross of the [[Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir]]<ref name="HonoursList"/><ref name="Presidential decree 1995" />
* Estonia: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* France: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour|Order of the Legion of Honour]], 31 October 2008<ref name="HonoursList"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lorraine.france3.fr/info/otto-habsbourg-s-est-eteint-a-98-ans-69515291.html|title=Otto Habsbourg s'est éteint à 98 ans|publisher=[[France 3]]|language=fr|access-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707104805/http://lorraine.france3.fr/info/otto-habsbourg-s-est-eteint-a-98-ans-69515291.html|archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = M. & B. Wattel. | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | page = 413 | isbn = 978-2350771359| ref = M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
* Germany:
** German Empire:
*** [[House of Wittelsbach|Bavarian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Hubert|Royal Order of Saint Hubert]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
*** [[Ernestine duchies|Ernestine Ducal Families]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order|Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]
** Federal Republic of Germany: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
*** Bavaria: Member of the [[Bavarian Order of Merit|Decoration of Merit]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* [[Hungary]]: [[Hungarian Order of Merit|Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]]<ref>[https://magyarkozlony.hu/dokumentumok/3a309e0740c0fb50c969ef8b41a4d6bcdb510f6b/megtekintes#;=Habsburg%20Otto Magyar Közlöny p.7934]</ref>
* [[House of Savoy|Italian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Collar of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Royal Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
** [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Two Sicilian Royal Family]]:
*** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Saint Januarius|Royal Order of Saint Januarius]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
*** Bailiff Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
** [[House of Bourbon-Parma|Parmese Ducal Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Parmese Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Kosovo: Recipient of the [http://www.medals.org.uk/kosovo/kosovo002.htm Medal of Liberty, Special Class]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Latvia: Commander of the [[Order of the Three Stars]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Lithuania: Commander of the [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas|Order of Grand Duke Gediminas]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Luxembourg: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Morocco: Knight of the [[Order of Military Merit (Morocco)|Order of Military Merit]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the House of Orange]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Macedonia: Grand Cross of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925105735/http://pretsedatel.gov.mk/en/media-centre/speeches/364.html Order of Merit]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Pakistan: Grand Officer of the [[Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam|Order of the Great Leader]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* [[House of Braganza|Portuguese Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa|Royal Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Rhodesia: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Merit (Rhodesia)|Order of the Legion of Merit]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* San Marino: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Agatha]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta#Sovereign Military Hospitalier Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta|Obedience of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 2nd Class]]<ref name="HonoursList"/><ref>Staff writer (18 Jul. 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506040550/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2011/07/18/the-grand-master-at-the-funeral-of-otto-von-habsburg/ "The Grand Master of the Order of Malta at the funeral of Otto von Habsburg."] ''orderofmalta.int''.</ref>
* Spain:
** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
** Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Africa<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* Vatican: Honorary Knight Grand Commander of the [[Teutonic Order]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
** Holy See:
*** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
*** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Sylvester]]<ref name="HonoursList"/>
}}

===Awards===
* South Tyrol: Recipient of the Grand Order of Merit<ref name="HonoursList"/>
* [[Badge]] of the [[Tyrolean Nobility Register]]

===Non-governmental awards===
* [[Paneuropean Union]]: Special Rank of the European Medal of the Paneuropean Union Germany
* [[Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft]]: European Charles Prize of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft

===Academic awards===
* Medal of the [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques]], [[Institut de France]], [[Paris]], France
* Medal of the Royal Moroccan Academy, Morocco
* Medal of the Academia da Cultura Portuguesa, [[Lisbon]], Portugal
* Medal of the [[:es:Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas|Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas]], [[Madrid]], Spain
* [[Honorary title (academic)|Honorary Professor]] of the [[University of Bogota]], Colombia
* [[Honorary Fellow]] of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
* [[Honorary title (academic)|Honorary Member]] of the Instituto de Estudos da Marinha, Portugal
* [[Honorary title (academic)|Honorary Senator]] of the [[University of Maribor]], Slovenia
* [[Honorary doctor|Honorary Doctor]] of the [[University of Osijek]], Croatia
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Nancy]], [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]], France
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Turku]], Finland
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Budapest]], Hungary
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Pécs]], Hungary
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Veszprém]], Hungary
* Honorary Doctor of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Ferrara]], Italy
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Skopje]], Macedonia
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], US
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], US
* Honorary Doctor of the [[University of Tampa]], [[Tampa, Florida]], US
* Academician of [[Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato per l'Arte, la Letteratura, la Storia, le Scienze e le Varie Umanità|Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato]], Italy

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Brook-Shepherd |first1=Gordon|author-link=Gordon Brook-Shepherd  |title=Uncrowned Emperor: The Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1852855499}}
* Flavia Foradini, ''Otto d'Asburgo. L'ultimo atto di una dinastia'', mgs press, Trieste, 2004. {{ISBN|8889219041}}Hatos, P. (2018). ''Az elátkozott köztársaság: az 1918-as összeomlás és az őszirózsás forradalom története''.
*Hatos, P. (2018). ''Az elátkozott köztársaság: az 1918-as összeomlás és az őszirózsás forradalom története''.
* Stefan Haderer, ''Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011): The Life of an Uncrowned Emperor'', Royalty Digest Quarterly, Vol. 3/2011, Rosvall Royal Books, Falköping 2011
* Stefan Haderer, ''An Imperial Farewell: Funeral Ceremonies of Otto von Habsburg'', Royalty Digest Quarterly, Vol. 4/2011, Rosvall Royal Books, Falköping 2011

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen}}
* Otto von Habsburg Obituary – [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/otto-von-habsburg-last-crown-prince-of-austriahungary-who-later-championed-european-unification-2342583.html The Independent (London, UK)] 2011 By [http://journalisted.com/martin-childs Martin Childs]
* [http://www.ena.lu?lang=1&doc=21246 Video interview of Otto von Habsbourg (French)] European Navigator
* {{C-SPAN|13587}} (Otto Von Habsburg)
* {{C-SPAN|20037}} (Otto Habsburg)
* [http://sastreport.x10.mx/habsburg.html Archduke Otto von Habsburg, Crown Prince of Hungary, SAST REPORT]
* {{YouTube|QigMQKPht6Q|The Mises I Knew}} Audio of Otto von Habsburg's English-language talk at Ludwig von Mises Institute's "Manifesto of Liberty" Summit, February 1999.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wbbl64koaoC&q=Uncrowned+emperor:+the+life+and+times+of+Otto+von+Habsburg+By+Gordon+Brook-Shepherd Uncrowned emperor: the life and times of Otto von Habsburg By Gordon Brook-Shepherd]
* [https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LnvfpJrnR1WGKQmDyvRT1Gq3QpmpG6yrhjtNf13kc41zX2c8yJWR!-1375445004!1122893772?docId=5002515369 Archduke Otto Von Habsburg and American Hungarian Emigres during and after World War II, by Steven Bela Vardy]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/7158643/Archduchess-Regina-von-Habsburg.html Archduchess Regina von Habsburg] – Daily Telegraph obituary
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8616240/Archduke-Otto-von-Habsburg.html Obituary of Archduke Otto * Otto von Habsburg, The Daily Telegraph, 4 July 2011]
* [http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/content.asp?lang=en Official website covering the death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg]
* [http://www.economist.com/node/18956124 Otto von Habsburg] (The Economist) 
* {{PM20|FID=pe/006862}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|20 November|1912|4 July|2011|House of Lorraine|||name=Otto von Habsburg}}
{{S-pre|}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Charles I of Austria|Emperor-King Charles]]}}
{{s-tul| title  = [[Emperor of Austria]],<br /> [[King of Hungary]], [[King of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] etc
       | years  = 1 April 1922 – 1 January 2007|reason=Austro-Hungarian Empire abolished in 1918}}
{{s-aft| after  = [[Karl von Habsburg|Charles von Habsburg]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = International President of the [[Paneuropean Union]] | years = 1973–2004}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Alain Terrenoire]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Austrian archdukes}}
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{{European Parliament MEPs, 1979-1984 (Germany) by party}}
{{European Parliament MEPs, 1984-1989 (Germany) by party}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habsburg, Otto Von}}
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