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{{Short description|Leader of a Welsh revolt against English rule}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Owain Glyndŵr
| title        = 
| image        = Owain Glyndŵr portrait.png
| image_size   = 
| caption      = Portrait of Owain Glyndŵr from his great seal
| succession   = Baron of Glyndyfrdwy, and Lord of Cynllaith Owain
| predecessor  = Lord Gruffydd Fychan II
| successor    = Abolished
| succession1  = [[Prince of Wales#Post-conquest claimants|Prince of Wales]]
| predecessor1 = '''Welsh:'''<br/>[[Dafydd ap Gruffydd]] (1282–1283)<br/>'''English:'''<br/>[[Henry of Monmouth]] (1399–1400)
| successor1   = '''Welsh:'''<br/>Vacant<br/>'''English:'''<br/>[[Edward of Westminster]] (1453–1471)
| reign        = {{circa|1370–1400}}
| reign1       = 1400–1415{{efn|1400–1409 could be considered the dates of his reign considering the year of his disappearance.}}
| reign-type   = 
| birth_name   = Owain ap Gruffydd
| birth_date   = May 28, 1354 (1349/1359?){{efn|A manuscript recorded the date of birth; however, Lewis Owen placed the date five years earlier in 1349,{{sfn|Pennant|1784|page=326}} whilst other sources claim 1359.{{sfn|BBC|nd}}}}
| birth_place  = [[Sycharth]],<br />[[Wales]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1415|09|20|1354|5|20}}
| death_place  = 
| burial_date  = 21 September 1415
| burial_place = (unknown location){{efn|The [[Scudamore family]] oral tradition has it that he died and was buried in [[Monnington on Wye|Monnington Straddle]], [[Herefordshire]] on [[St. Matthew's Day]] (21/9). However, more modern sources dispute this, instead raising various alternative locations to the original burial. Some common locations raised are: the church of Saints Mael and Sulien at [[Corwen]] (close to his home), his estate in [[Sycharth]], or on one of the estates of his daughters' husbands, such as [[Kentchurch]] in South Herefordshire, and also another location in the Monnington area.}}
| spouse       = [[Margaret Hanmer]]
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Gruffudd ab Owain Glyndŵr]]|[[Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr]]|[[Alys ferch Owain Glyndŵr]]|[[Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr]]|[[Ieuan ab Owain Glyndŵr]]}}
| issue-link   = #Issue and descendants
| issue-pipe   = among others
| full name    = 
| house        = [[House of Mathrafal|Mathrafal]]
| father       = [[Gruffudd Fychan II]]
| mother       = Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn
| signature    = Glyndwr Pennal 1406.jpg
}}

'''Owain ap Gruffydd''' (28 May 1354{{snd}}20 September 1415), commonly known as '''Owain Glyndŵr''' ('''Glyn Dŵr''', {{IPA|cy|ˈoʊain ɡlɨ̞nˈduːr|pron}}, anglicised as '''Owen Glendower''') was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] leader, soldier and military commander in the [[Wales in the late Middle Ages|late Middle Ages]], who led a [[Glyndŵr rebellion|15-year-long Welsh revolt]] with the aim of ending [[Kingdom of England|English]] rule in [[Wales]]. He was an educated lawyer, forming the first Welsh parliament under his rule, and was the last native-born Welshman to claim the title [[Prince of Wales]]. 

During the year 1400, Glyndŵr, a Welsh soldier and [[Glyndyfrdwy|Lord of Glyndyfrdwy]] had a dispute with a neighbouring [[Peerage of England|English Lord]], the event which spiraled into a national revolt pitted common Welsh countrymen and nobles against the English military. In response to the [[rebellion]], discriminatory [[Penal laws against the Welsh|penal laws]] were implemented against the Welsh people; this deepened civil unrest and significantly increased support for Glyndŵr across Wales. Then, in 1404, after a series of successful castle [[siege]]s and several battlefield victories for the Welsh, Glyndŵr gained control of most of [[Wales]] and was proclaimed by his supporters as the Prince of Wales, in the presence of envoys from several other European kingdoms, and military aid was given from [[France]], [[Brittany]], and [[Scotland]]. He proceeded to summon the first Welsh parliament in [[Machynlleth]], where he outlined his plans for Wales which included building two universities, reinstating the [[medieval]] Welsh [[Cyfraith Hywel|laws of Hywel Dda]], and build an independent Welsh church.

The war continued, and over the next several years, the English gradually gained control of large parts of Wales. By 1409 Owain's last remaining [[castles]] of [[Harlech Castle|Harlech]] and [[Aberystwyth Castle|Aberystwyth]] had been captured by English forces. Glyndŵr refused two royal pardons and retreated to the Welsh hills and mountains with his remaining forces, where he continued to resist English rule by using [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] warfare tactics, until his disappearance in 1415, when he was recorded to have died by one of his followers, [[Adam of Usk]].

Glyndŵr was never captured or killed, and he was also never betrayed despite being a fugitive of the law with a large bounty. In [[Welsh culture]] he acquired a mythical status alongside [[Cadwaladr]], [[Cynon ap Clydno]] and [[King Arthur]] as a folk hero – 'The Foretold Son' ({{Langx|cy|Y Mab Darogan}}). In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'' he appears as the character ''[[Owen Glendower (Shakespeare character)|Owen Glendower]]'' as a king rather than a prince.

== Early life and marriage==
[[File:Sycharth home of Owain Glyndwr, Last Prince of Wales 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The site of Owain Glyndŵr's court at [[Sycharth]]. Only a mound remains after the building was burnt to the ground.]]

Owain ap Gruffydd ({{em|Owain Glyndŵr}}) was born during 1354 in [[Sycharth]], [[North East Wales]], into a powerful [[Welsh Marches|Anglo-Welsh]] [[gentry]] family. His father, [[Gruffydd Fychan II]] had a claim to be hereditary Prince of [[Powys Fadog]] and was the Baron of Glyndyfrdwy and [[Lord]] of [[Cynllaith Owain]], who died around 1370,{{sfn|Gower|2012|p=134}} leaving Glyndŵr's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn, a woman with an accent from [[Ceredigion]] (Deheubarth), a widow when he was still a boy.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=14}} Owain Glyndŵr was a descendant of all three Welsh Royal Principalities ([[royal house]]s). Through his father, he was the heir of the former [[Kingdom of Powys]] ([[House of Mathrafal]]). And through his mother, he was the direct descendant and heir of both [[Deheubarth]] ([[House of Dinefwr]]) and [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] ([[House of Aberffraw]]).<ref name=Davies11/><ref name=Lloyd212/> He may also have been a descendant of the English [[King Edward I of England|King Edward I]], through his granddaughter Eleanor.<ref name=burke/><ref name=Panton/> However, the existence of Eleanor is disputed.{{sfn|Connolly|2021|p=205}}

The young Owain ap Gruffydd was possibly fostered at the home of [[David Hanmer]], a rising lawyer shortly to be a justice of the King's Bench, or at the home of [[Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel]]. Owain is then thought to have been sent to London to study law at the [[Inns of Court]], as a student in [[Westminster]], London,{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=15-16}}<ref name=Pierce/> for over a period of seven years. He was possibly in London during the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381.{{sfn|Evans|2016|page=15}} By 1384, he was living in Wales and married to David's daughter, [[Margaret Hanmer]];{{sfn|Henken|1996|p=4}} their marriage took place, perhaps in 1383, in St Chad's Church, Hanmer in north-east Wales.{{sfn|Penberthy|2010|p=33}} Although other sources state that they were married in the 1370s.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|p=16}} They started a large family and Owain established himself as the [[squire]] of his ancestral lands at [[Sycharth]] and Glyndyfrdwy.{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=6,22,113}}

===Military service===
Glyndŵr joined the king's military service in 1384 when he undertook garrison duty under the Welshman Sir Gregory Sais on the English–Scottish border at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]. His surname Sais, meaning 'Englishman' in Welsh, refers to his ability to speak English, not common in Wales at the time.{{sfn|Carr|1977}} In August 1385, he served King [[Richard II]] under the command of [[John of Gaunt]], again in [[Scotland]].<ref name=tout427/><ref name=davies/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=18}} Then, in 1386, he was called to give evidence at the [[High Court of Chivalry]],<ref name="Pierce" /> in the ''[[Scrope v Grosvenor]]'' trial at [[Chester]] on 3 September that year. In March 1387, Owain fought as a [[squire]] to [[Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel]],<ref name=tout427/> where he saw action in the English Channel at the defeat of a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off the coast of [[Kent]] during the [[Battle of Margate]]. Upon the death in late 1387 of his father-in-law, Sir David Hanmer, knighted earlier that same year by the then King of England, Richard II, Glyndŵr returned to Wales as executor of his estate.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=20}} Glyndŵr next served as a squire to Henry Bolingbroke (later King [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]),<ref name=Tout428/> son of John of Gaunt, at the short [[Battle of Radcot Bridge]] in December 1387.<ref name="Pierce" /> From 1384 until 1388 he had been active in military service and had gained three full years of military experience in different theatres, and had witnessed some key events and noteworthy people at first hand.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=18–20}}

King Richard was distracted by a growing conflict with the [[Lords Appellant]] from this time on. Glyndŵr's opportunities were further limited by the death of Sir Gregory Sais in 1390 and the sidelining of FitzAlan, and he probably returned to his stable Welsh estates,{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} living there quietly for ten years during his forties. The [[bard]] [[Iolo Goch]], himself a Welsh Lord, visited Glyndŵr in Sycharth in the 1390s and wrote a number of odes to Owain, praising his host's liberality and [[Owain Glyndŵr's Court|writing of Sycharth]], "Very rarely was a bolt or lock to be seen there."{{sfn|Johnston|1993|p=42}}{{sfn|Williams|2011|pages=20-22}}

==Glyndŵr's Welsh rebellion==
{{Main|Glyndŵr rebellion}}
===Prelude to rebellion===
In the late 1390s, a series of events occurred which cornered Owain, and forced his ambitions towards a rebellion. The events would later be called the Welsh Revolt, the Glyndŵr Rising (within Wales), or the Last War of Independence. His neighbour, [[Reynold Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Ruthin|Baron Grey of Ruthin]], had seized control of some land, for which Glyndŵr appealed to the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]]; however, Owain's petition for redress was ignored. Later, in 1400, Lord Grey did not inform Glyndŵr in time about a royal command to levy feudal troops for Scottish border service, thus enabling him to call Glyndŵr a traitor in London court circles.{{sfn|Allday|1981|p=51}} Lord Grey had stature in the royal court of Henry IV. The law courts refused to hear the case, or it was delayed because Lord Grey prevented Owain's letter from reaching the King, which would have repercussions.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=32}} Sources state that Glyndŵr was under threat because he had written an angry letter to Lord Grey, boasting that lands had come into his possession, and he had stolen some of Lord Grey's horses; and believing Lord Grey had threatened to "burn and slay" within his lands, he threatened retaliation in the same manner. Lord Grey then denied making the initial threat to burn and slay, and replied that he would take the incriminating letter to Henry IV's council and that Glyndŵr would hang for the admission of theft and treason contained within the letter.{{sfn|Mortimer|2013|pp=226-}} The deposed king, Richard II, had support in Wales, and in January 1400 serious civil disorder broke out in the English border city of Chester after the public execution of an officer of Richard II.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=34}}{{sfn|Skidmore|1978|p=24}}

===Initial revolts===
At Sycharth, in Glyndyfrdwy on 16 September 1400, in front of his immediate family, his in-laws, [[Welsh people]] from Berwyn, friends from [[North-East Wales]], the [[List of deans of St Asaph|Dean of St Asaph]] totalling 300 men, Owain Glyndŵr prophecised that he was the person to save his people from the English invasions, and proclaimed himself the Prince of Wales. And, after that day, he instigated a [[Glyndŵr rebellion|15-year rebellion]] against the rule of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]. Then came a number of initial confrontations between Henry IV and Owain's followers in September and October 1400, as the revolt began to spread around North Wales.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=29–32, 35}} Glyndŵr, the self appointed Prince of Wales and his hundreds of followers launched an assault on Lord Grey's territories burning [[Ruthin]], they continued to [[Denbigh]], [[Rhuddlan Castle|Rhuddlan]], [[Flint, Wales|Flint]], [[Holt, Wrexham|Holt]], [[Oswestry]] and [[Welshpool]], all of which were seen as English towns in Wales. The initial revolt got the attention of the King of England after letters were sent asking for military assistance to combat the Welsh rebels.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=32–33}} Much of northern and central Wales went over to Glyndŵr, and from then on, he would only make an appearance to attack his enemy, his army using effective [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics against the English occupying territories.<ref name="Pierce" />{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=43}}

===Welsh rebellion===
[[File:Monument to Owain Glyndwr's Victory at Hyddgen - geograph.org.uk - 766570.jpg|thumb|Monument to Owain Glyndŵr's victory at the [[Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen]] in 1401|216x216px]]
On [[Good Friday]] (1 April) 1401, 40 of Glyndwr's men who were led by his cousins, [[Rhys ap Tudur]] and Gwilym ap Tudur took [[Conwy Castle]] in [[North Wales]]. In response, King Henry IV appointed [[Henry Percy (Hotspur)]] to bring the country to order. A month later, the King and the English parliament issued an amnesty on 10 March which applied to all rebels with the exception of Owain and his cousins, the [[Tudors of Penmynydd|Tudurs]]; however, both the Tudurs were eventually pardoned after they gave up Conwy Castle on 28 May that same year. Hotspur won a battle at [[Cadair Idris]] two days later, but that was to be his final service for the King of England, as he retired his command as leader of the English troops after dealing with Glyndŵr.<ref name=Tout429/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=41–42}} During that time in the spring of 1401, Glyndŵr appears in South Wales.<ref name=Tout429-430/> 

In June, Glyndŵr scored his first major victory in the field at [[Mynydd Hyddgen]] on [[Pumlumon]]; however, retaliation by Henry IV on [[Strata Florida Abbey]] was to follow in October that same year.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=430}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=43–44}} The rebel uprising had occupied all of North Wales; labourers seized whatever weapons they could, and farmers sold their cattle to buy arms. Secret meetings were held everywhere, and bards "wandered about as messengers of sedition". Henry IV heard of a Welsh uprising at [[Leicester]]; Henry's army wandered North Wales to [[Anglesey]] and drove out [[Franciscan friars]] who favoured Richard II. All the while Glyndŵr, who was in hiding, had his estate at Sycarth forfeited by the King to [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]] on 9 November 1400.<ref name=Tout429/> Then, by autumn, Gwynedd and Ceredigion (which temporarily submitted to England for a pardon) and Powys adhered to the rising against the English rule by supporting the rebellion.<ref name=Tout429-430/> Glyndŵr's attempts at stoking rebellion with help from the Scottish and Irish were quashed, with the English showing no mercy and hanging some messengers.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

As a response to the situation of warfare in Wales, the English Parliament between 1401 and 1402 enacted [[penal laws against the Welsh]], designed to coerce submission in Wales, but the result was to create resentment that pushed many Welshmen into the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=37}} In the same year, Glyndŵr captured his archenemy Baron Grey de Ruthyn. He held him for almost a year until he received a substantial ransom from Henry. In June 1402, Glyndŵr defeated an English force led by Sir [[Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl|Edmund Mortimer]] near [[Pilleth]] (the [[Battle of Bryn Glas]]), where Mortimer was captured. Glyndŵr offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom but, in sharp contrast to his attitude to de Grey, Henry IV refused to pay. Mortimer's nephew could be said to have had a greater claim to the English throne than Henry himself, so his speedy release was not an option. In response, Mortimer negotiated an alliance with Glyndŵr and married one of Glyndŵr's daughters.<ref name="Pierce" />{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=430}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=47–51}} It is also in 1402 that mention of the French and the people of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] helping Owain's daughter Janet, who was negotiating on the continent for her father for two years until 1404.{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=215}}

News of the rebellion's success spread across Europe, and Glyndŵr began to receive naval support from Scotland and Brittany. He also received the support of King [[Charles VI of France]], who agreed to send French troops and supplies to aid the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=32, 91}} In 1403 Glyndwr had amassed an army of 4,000 in his first [[Division (military)|division]], and 12,000 soldiers in total. A Welsh army including a French contingent assimilated into forces mainly from [[Glamorgan]] and the [[Rhondda Valleys]] region commanded by Owain Glyndŵr, his senior general [[Rhys Gethin]] and Cadwgan, Lord of Glyn Rhondda, defeated a large English invasion force reputedly led by King Henry IV himself at the [[Battle of Stalling Down]] in [[Glamorgan]].{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=250}}{{sfn|Morgan|1911|pages=418–425}}

[[File:Glendower by A.C.Michael.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Depiction of Owain Glyndŵr in battle by [[Arthur Cadwgan Michael]]]]

Glyndŵr, facing years on the run, finally lost his estate in the spring of 1403, when Prince Henry as usual marched into Wales unopposed and burnt down Glyndŵr's houses at [[Sycharth]] and [[Glyndyfrdwy]], as well as the [[commote]] of [[Edeirnion]] and parts of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]]. Glyndŵr continued to besiege towns and burn down castles; for 10 days in July that year, he toured the south and southwest of Wales until all of the south joined arms in rebelling against English rule. These actions induced an internal rebellion against the King of England, with the Percys joining the rising.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=431}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=82}} It is around this stage of Glyndŵr's life that [[Hywel Sele]], a cousin of the Welsh prince, attempted to assassinate Glyndŵr at the [[Nannau, Wales|Nannau]] estate.<ref name=Tout433/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=62, 130, 142}}

In 1403, the revolt became truly national in Wales. Royal officials reported that Welsh students at [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge Universities]] were leaving their studies to join Glyndŵr,<ref name=Tout429/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=37}} and also that Welsh labourers and craftsmen were abandoning their employers in England and returning to Wales. Owain could also draw on Welsh troops seasoned by the English campaigns in France and Scotland. Hundreds of Welsh [[archery|archers]] and experienced [[men-at-arms]] left the English service to join the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=84}}<ref name=Tout429/>

In 1404, Glyndŵr's forces took [[Aberystwyth Castle]] and [[Harlech Castle]],<ref name="Pierce" /> then continued to ravage the south by burning [[Cardiff Castle]]. Then, a court was held at [[Harlech]] and [[Gruffydd Young]] was appointed as the Welsh [[Chancellor]]. There had been communication to [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]] in Paris to try (unsuccessfully) to open the Welsh ports to French trade.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=432}}

=== Crowning as Prince of Wales ===
{{See also|Prince of Wales}}
By 1404, no less than four royal military expeditions into Wales had been repelled, and Owain had solidified his control of the nation. In 1404, he was proclaimed by his supporters Prince of Wales ({{langx|cy|Tywysog Cymru}}) and held parliaments at [[Machynlleth]] and [[Harlech]].{{sfn|Davies|1995|pp=163-164}}  He also planned to build two national universities (one in the south and one in the north), to re-introduce the traditional [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh laws of Hywel Dda]], and to establish an independent Welsh church. There were envoys from other countries including France, Scotland, and the [[Kingdom of León]] (in Spain). In the summer of 1405, four representatives from every [[commote]] in Wales were sent to Harlech.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=104}}

{{multiple image|thumb|image1=Senedd-dy Owain Glyn Dwr Glyndwr, Machynlleth Parliament House, Cymru Wales 45.JPG|caption1=Rear of the [[Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House, Machynlleth|Parliament House]] in [[Machynlleth]]|image2=Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament at Machynlleth.jpg|caption2=Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament at Machynlleth.{{efn|(Illustration from ''Hutchinson's History of the Nations'', 1915)}}}}

===Tripartite indenture===
{{see also|Tripartite Indenture}}
In February 1405, Glyndŵr negotiated the {{em|Tripartite Indenture}} with Edmund Mortimer and [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland]]. The Indenture agreed to divide England and Wales among the three of them.<ref name="Pierce" /> Wales would extend as far as the rivers [[River Severn|Severn]] and [[River Mersey|Mersey]], including most of [[Cheshire]], [[Shropshire]] and [[Herefordshire]]. The [[Mortimer]] Lords of March would take all of southern and western England and the [[House of Percy|Percys]] would take the north of England.{{sfn|Davies|1994|p=195}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=107–111}}{{efn|R. R. Davies noted that certain internal features underscore the roots of Glyndŵr's political philosophy in Welsh mythology: in it, the three men invoke prophecy, and the boundaries of Wales are defined according to Merlinic literature.}}
Although negotiations with the lords of Ireland were unsuccessful, Glyndŵr had reason to hope that the French and Bretons might be more welcoming. He dispatched [[Gruffydd Young|Gruffydd Yonge]] and his brother-in-law ([[Margaret Hanmer|Margaret]]'s brother), John Hanmer, to negotiate with the French. The result was a formal treaty that promised French aid to Glyndŵr and the Welsh. The immediate effect seems to have been that joint Welsh and Franco-Breton forces attacked and laid siege to [[Kidwelly Castle]]. The Welsh could also count on semi-official fraternal aid from the Duchy of Brittany and from Scotland.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=75–77}} Scots and French [[privateer]]s were operating around Wales throughout Owain's war. Scottish ships had raided English settlements on the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] in 1400 and 1401. In 1403, a Breton squadron defeated the English in the Channel and devastated [[Jersey]], [[Guernsey]] and [[Plymouth]], while the French made a landing on the [[Isle of Wight]]. By 1404, they were raiding the coast of England, with Welsh troops on board, setting fire to [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] and devastating the coast of [[Devon]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

1405 was the "Year of the French" in Wales. A formal treaty between Wales and France was negotiated. On the continent, the French pressed the English as the French army invaded the English Plantagenet [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=91–95}} Simultaneously, the French landed in force at [[Milford Haven]] in [[west Wales]], burned Haverford West, and attempted to capture [[Pembroke Castle]] before they were bought off.<ref name=Tout433/> The combined forces of French and Welsh took Carmarthen, which Owain had captured in 1403 but lost again. The occupants were given safe passage out, and they burned the town walls.  Enguerrand de Monstrelet, a later chronicler gives an uncorroborated account of a march through Herefordshire and on into [[Worcestershire]] to [[Woodbury Hill]], ten miles from [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]. They met the English army and took positions from which they daily and viewed each other from a mile without any major action for eight days. Then, both sides seeming to find engagement too risky, and departed.{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=194}}

=== Letter to Charles VI of France ===
{{Main|Pennal Letter}}
{{multiple image|thumb|total_width=500px|image1=Seal impression - Owain Glyndŵr Great Seal (Horseback).jpg|caption1=Owain Glyndŵr Great Seal impression (On horseback)|image2=Owain Glyndŵr's Great Seal impression (on throne).jpg|caption2=Glyndŵr's Great Seal impression (On throne)|image3=Owain Glyndŵr's Privy seal impression (gold dragon and lion).jpg|caption3=Owain Glyndŵr's Privy seal impression (Coat of arms)}}

By 1405, most French forces had withdrawn after politics in [[Paris]] shifted towards peace, with the [[Hundred Years' War]] continuing between England and France.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=95}} On 31 March 1406 Glyndŵr wrote a letter to be sent to Charles VI of France in St Peter ad Vincula church at [[Pennal]], hence its naming after the location it was written at. Glyndŵr's letter requested to maintain military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glyndŵr suggested that in return, he would recognise [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] of [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]] as the [[Pope]]. The letter sets out the ambitions of Glyndŵr for an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the [[Cyfraith Hywel|traditional law]] of [[Hywel Dda]], rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=102–104}} Following this letter, senior churchmen and important members of society flocked to Glyndŵr's banner and English resistance was reduced to a few isolated castles, walled towns, and [[fortified manor house]]s.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=104}}

Glyndŵr's Great Seal and a letter handwritten by him to the French in 1406 are in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] in Paris. This letter is currently held in the Archives Nationales in Paris. Facsimile copies involving specialist ageing techniques and moulds of Glyndŵr's seal were created by the [[National Library of Wales]] and presented by the heritage minister [[Alun Ffred Jones]] to six Welsh institutions in 2009.{{sfn|National Library of Wales|n.d.}} The royal great seal from 1404 was given to Charles IV of France and contains images and Glyndŵr's title –{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=101}} {{block quote|{{langx|la|Owynus Dei Gratia Princeps Walliae}} –<br/> "Owain, by the grace of God, Prince of Wales".}} Glyndwr referred to himself as the "Prince of Wales" and claimed his "right of inheritance" in these letters{{sfn|Siddons|1991|p=287}}

===The faltering rebellion===
[[File:Dialogues de Pierre Salmon - BNF Fr23279 f1v (scène de dédicace) (cropped).jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Charles VI of France]] did not continue to support Glyndŵr's revolt|left]]

In early 1405, the Welsh forces, who had until then won several easy victories, suffered a series of defeats. Glyndŵr's brother, Lord [[Tudur ap Gruffudd]], a commander during the war, died at the [[Battle of Pwll Melyn]] in May 1405. English forces landed in Anglesey from Ireland and would over time push the Welsh back until the resistance in Anglesey formally ended toward the end of 1406.<ref name=davies />

Following the intervention of French forces, battling ensued for years, and in 1406 Prince Henry restored fines and redemption for Welsh soldiers to choose their own fate, prisoners were taken after the battle, and castles were restored to their original owners, this same year a son of Glyndŵr died in battle. By 1408 Glyndŵr had taken refuge in the North of Wales, having lost his ally from Northumberland.<ref name=Tout433/>

Despite the initial success of the revolution, in 1407 the superior numbers, resources, and wealth that England had at its disposal eventually began to turn the tide of the war, and the much larger and better-equipped English forces gradually began to overwhelm the Welsh. In times of war, the English changed their strategy.{{fact|date=August 2024}} Rather than focusing on punitive expeditions as favoured by his father, the young Prince Henry adopted a strategy of economic blockade. Using the castles that remained in English control, he gradually began to retake Wales while cutting off trade and the supply of weapons. By 1407, this strategy was beginning to bear fruit, and by 1408, the English regained Aberystwyth and then marched north [[Harlech Castle]], which also surrendered during the cold winter into 1409. Edmund Mortimer died during the siege, and Owain's wife Margaret along with two of his daughters (including [[Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr|Catrin]]) and three of Mortimer's granddaughters were captured on the fall of the castle and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. They were all to die in the Tower in 1413 and were buried at [[St Swithin, London Stone]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=123–124, 127, 133–134}} Before his downfall, Glyndŵr was considered the wealthiest of all Welshmen.{{sfn|Carr|1995|pp=108-132}}

Glyndŵr managed to escape capture by disguising himself as an elderly man, sneaking out of the castle and slipping past the English military blockade in the darkness of the night.{{fact|date=August 2024}} Glyndŵr retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters; he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics such as launching sporadic raids and ambushes throughout Wales and the English borderlands.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=127-129}}

[[File:Harlech Castle - Cadw photograph.jpg|thumb|[[Harlech Castle]]]]

Glyndŵr remained free, but he had lost his ancestral home and was a hunted prince. He continued the rebellion, particularly wanting to avenge his wife. In 1410, Owain led a raid into rebel-controlled [[Shropshire]],<ref name="Pierce"/> and in 1412, he carried out one of the final successful raids. With his most faithful soldiers, he cut through the King's men in an ambush in [[Brecon]], where he captured, and later ransomed, a leading Welsh supporter of King Henry, [[Dafydd Gam]] ('Crooked David').{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=129–132}} This was the last time that Owain was seen alive by his enemies, although it was claimed he took refuge with the [[Scudamore family]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=135}} In the autumn, Glyndŵr's [[Aberystwyth Castle]] surrendered while he was away fighting.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=127-128}} But by then things were changing. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] began to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Welsh. Royal pardons were offered to the major leaders of the revolt and other opponents of his father's regime.{{sfn|Chapman|2015}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}} As late as 1414, there were rumours that the [[Herefordshire]]-based [[Lollard]] leader Sir [[John Oldcastle]] was communicating with Owain, and reinforcements were sent to the major castles in the north and south.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

On 21 December 1411, the King of England issued pardons to all Welsh except their leader and Thomas of Trumpington (until 9 April 1413, from which Glyndŵr was no longer excepted).<ref name=Tout434/> Glyndŵr ignored offers of a pardon on many different occasions, his followers continued to be punished for crimes of war until the 1410s. His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415.<ref name=Turvey1223/>

====Disappearance====
Nothing certain is known of Glyndŵr after 1412.<ref name="Pierce" /> Despite enormous rewards being offered, he was neither captured nor betrayed. He ignored royal pardons, and it is thought he died in 1415, and certainly by 1417. [[Adam of Usk]], a one-time supporter of Glyndŵr, and writing after the fact, made the following entry in his Chronicle for the year 1415: {{block quote|"he was buried at night by his followers. But his burial was detected by his opponents; so he was re-buried. But where his body lies is unknown."{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=327}}}}[[Thomas Pennant]] writes that Glyndŵr died on 20 September 1415 at the age of 61 (which would place his birth at approximately 1354).<ref name="pennant">{{harvnb|Pennant|1784|p=393}}</ref><ref name=Tout434/> 

Glyndŵr may have lived his last days at [[Kentchurch]] in south [[Herefordshire]], the home of the Scudamore family.<ref name=Turvey1223/>  The poet [[Lewys Glyn Cothi]] wrote an elegy for Gwenllian, an illegitimate daughter of Glyndŵr, where it was mentioned that at the time of the Welsh War of independence, the whole of Wales was under Glyndŵr's command, with forty [[dukes]] as the prince's allies, and that later in life he supported 62 female pensioners.{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=257}}

There are many folk tales of Glyndŵr donning disguises to gain an advantage over opponents during the rebellion,{{sfn|Bradley|1901|p=280}} and after his disappearance, there has been persistent speculation that the Welsh religious poet, [[Siôn Cent]], the family [[chaplain]] of the Scudamore family,{{sfn|Lewis|1959}} was Owain Glyndŵr in disguise.<ref name="gibbon">{{harvnb|Gibbon|2007}}</ref>

=== Burial===

Although the location of his burial is unknown, there has long been speculation where Glyndŵr's final resting place may be. In 1875, the Rev. [[Francis Kilvert]] wrote in his diary that he saw the grave of "Owen Glendower" in the churchyard at [[Monnington on Wye]] "[h]ard by the church porch and on the western side of it ... It is a flat stone of whitish-grey shaped like a rude obelisk figure, sunk deep into the ground in the middle of an oblong patch of earth from which the turf has been pared away, and, alas, smashed into several fragments."{{sfn|Plomer|1986}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}}  Another nearby location is suggested by Adrien Jones, the president of the Owain Glyndŵr Society, who stated, "Four years ago we visited a direct descendant of Glyndŵr, a John Skidmore, at [[Kentchurch Court]], near [[Abergavenny]]. He took us to Mornington Straddle in [[Herefordshire]], where one of Glyndŵr's daughters, Alice, lived. Mr. Skidmore told us that he (Glyndŵr) spent his last days there and eventually died there... It was a family secret for 600 years, and even Mr Skidmore's mother, who died shortly before we visited, refused to reveal the secret. There's even a mound where he is believed to be buried at Mornington Straddle."{{sfn|BBC|2004}}

The historian [[Gruffydd Aled Williams]] suggests in a 2017 monograph that the burial site is in the Kimbolton Chapel near Leominster, the present parish church of St James the Great which used to be the chapelry of [[Leominster Priory]], based upon a number of manuscripts held in [[the National Archives (United Kingdom)|the National Archives]]. Although Kimbolton is an unexceptional and relatively unknown place outside of Herefordshire, it is closely connected to the Scudamore family.{{sfn|Williams|2017}}

==Issue and descendants==
[[File:William Blake, Visionary Head of Owen Glendower, 1819.jpg|thumb|upright|A sketch of Owain Glyndŵr as he appeared to [[William Blake]] in a late-night vision. This is one of a number of such sketches known collectively as the ''[[Visionary Heads]]''.{{sfn|Bentley|2002}}]]
Owain married [[Margaret Hanmer]], also known by her Welsh name Marred ferch Dafydd, and together they had five or six sons and four or five daughters. Also, Owain had some illegitimate children out of wedlock.<ref name="Pierce" /><ref name=Tout434/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=13}}<ref name=Lloyd/>

=== Sons ===
*[[Gruffudd ab Owain Glyndŵr|Gruffudd]] d. 1411.
*Madog.
*[[Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr|Maredudd]] alive in 1421.
*Thomas.
*John.

All of Owain and Margaret's sons from their marriage were either taken prisoner and died in confinement, or [[Killed in action|died in battle]] and had no issue. Gruffudd was captured in [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] by Prince Henry, imprisoned in [[Nottingham Castle]], and later taken to the [[Tower of London]] in 1410. Maredudd was recorded as communicating with [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John Talbot]] and the English Crown on 24 February 1416, and receiving a royal [[pardon]] in 1421, but dying a few years later.<ref name =Tout434/><ref name=Lloyd/>

=== Daughters ===
*[[Alys ferch Owain Glyndŵr|Alice]] (Alys), m. [[John Scudamore (landowner)|John Scudamore]] of Ewyas.
*Jane.
*Janet, m. Sir John De [[Croft Castle|Croft]].
*Margaret, m. Sir Richard Monnington.
*[[Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr|Catherine]] (Catrin) (d. 1413), m. (1) [[Edmund Mortimer (rebel)|Edmund Mortimer]] (d. 1409), (2) Roger [[Earl of March|Mortimer]].

Upon Owain's disappearance and death, his eldest (oldest child with descendants) daughter Alice came to be known as the [[Lady]] of Glyndyfrdwy and [[Cynllaith]], and heiress [[de jure]] of the Principalities of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]], [[South Wales]] and [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]]. During 1431, she successfully went to court in [[Meirionydd]] to regain her inheritance as the heiress of Sycarth in Glyndyfrdwy against [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset| John, Earl of Somerset]], who had been granted Owain's forfeited lands by the King of England in 1400. Alice's descendant's married into the Scudamore family and her direct descendant John Lucy Scudamore married the daughter of [[Harford Jones-Brydges]] in the early 19th century, and whose daughter in 1852 married the son of [[Edward Lucas (died 1871)|Edward Lucas]] from the [[Castleshane, County Monaghan|Castleshane]] estate in [[Ireland]]. Another daughter, Jane, married Henry, [[Baron Grey of Ruthin|Lord Grey de Ruthin]] without issue. Then, Janet married into the noble family of [[Croft Castle]] in Herefordshire, whose descendants today are titled the [[Croft baronets of Croft Castle (1671)|Croft Baronets]]. Whilst Margaret married a knight from Monnington, also in Herefordshire.<ref name=Tout429/>{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|pages=252–257}}

=== Illegitimate ===
Glyndŵr's illegitimate children with other women included [[Ieuan ab Owain Glyndŵr|Ieuan]], Myfanwy and Gwenllian, whilst it is debated whether his son David was born out of wedlock. Ieuan became Glyndŵr's only male descendant to have children. Like his other illegitimate kin, they remained in Wales and married locally into Welsh families. Gwenllian became the wife of Philip ab Rhys ab [[Cenarth]], and was died near [[St Harmon]] in Powys ([[Radnorshire]]).{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|pages=252, 257–258}}

===Family poem===
Iolo Goch wrote of Glyndŵr's wife, Margaret:{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=133}}
{{blockquote|The best of wives.
Eminent woman of a knightly family,
Her children come in pairs,
A beautiful nest of chieftains.}}

== Welsh kingdoms lineage ==
Owain Glyndŵr had claims to royal ancestry from all three of the final ruling [[royal house]]s of Wales; Powys ([[House of Mathrafal|Mathrafal]]) and Deheubarth ([[House of Dinefwr|Dinefwr]]), and Gwynedd ([[House of Aberffraw|Aberffraw]]). His claims were clearest for the first two of these:<ref name=Lloyd212/><ref name=Davies11/>

{{Owain GD's Lineage}}

=== Gwynedd ancestry ===
As well as being a direct [[Genealogy|genealogical]] descendant of the final ruling monarchs of Powys and Deheubarth, Owain Glyndwr's ancestors were also descended from the Welsh medieval [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]], descended from the Gwynedd King [[Gruffudd ap Cynan]] (d. 1137), via his great-grandmother Gwenllian.<ref name=Pierce/><ref name=davies12/> However, some sources claim that another [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|ruler of Gwynedd]], [[Llywelyn ap Iorwerth]] (Llywelyn I, The Great d. 1240), Gruffudd ap Cynan's great-grandson, was Glyndwr's nearest Gwynedd royal ancestor.<ref name=Panton/> Elsewhere, a third suggestion is that he was descended from [[Llywelyn II|Llywelyn II, Prince of Wales]] (Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, d. 1282), and his daughter Catherine. Llywelyn II was Llywelyn I's grandson, and also the penultimate Prince of Gwynedd from the final generation of the Aberffraw rulers in Wales before his brother, [[Dafydd III]].<ref name=burke/>{{sfn|Turvey|2010|page=13}} Yet some historians note that Llywelyn II's only recorded child was a daughter, [[Gwenllian of Wales|Gwenllian]], who died in 1337 without issue.{{sfn|Pierce 1959b}}{{sfn|Messer|2017}} Professor [[John Edward Lloyd]] said: "There is no evidence that Llywelyn had any daughter but Gwenllian, born in the last year of his life and after his death confined for the rest of her days as a nun of the order of Sempringham".{{sfn|Lloyd|1919|p=128}} Lloyd's assessment has been repeated by those scholars.{{sfn|Davies|1994|p=154}}{{sfn|Maund|2011}} The claim to Gwynedd heritage through female lines, however, was subject to Welsh law and was legitimate, albeit with the recognition that "the direct male line of Gwynedd had undeniably become extinct in 1378. Its last representative was Owain Lawgoch."{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|p=12}}

==Banners and coat of arms==
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
File:Arms of Owain Glyndŵr.svg|Owain Glyndŵr's coat of arms. It demonstrates his lineage from the princes of Gwynedd, whose image in the 13th century had been four passive lions. It was also used by [[pretender]] Prince of Wales, [[Owain Lawgoch]].{{sfn|Siddons|1991|p=287}}{{efn|[[Coat of Arms]]: Quarterly or and [[gules]], four [[Lion (heraldry)|lions]] [[Attitude (heraldry)#Rampant|rampant]] armed and langued [[Azure (heraldry)|azure]] counterchanged. The [[banner]] was modified from the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] banner/flag of Prince [[Llywelyn II]].{{sfn|Scott-Giles|1967|p=74}}}}
File:Y Draig Aur Owain Glyndŵr.jpg|alt=Gold dragon of Wales, a flag used by Glyndŵr in his independence campaign.: 238 : 43|[[Gold dragon of Wales]],  a modern image of a flag Glyndŵr used in his independence campaign.{{sfn|de Usk|Thompson|1904|p=238}}{{sfn|Ramsay|1892|p=43}}
File:Arms of Owen Glyndwr 02949.jpg|Arms assigned Owain Glyndŵr in ''A Tour in Wales'' by [[Thomas Pennant]] (1726–1798), which chronicles the three journeys he made through Wales between 1773 and 1776.<ref name="pennant" />{{sfn|Pennant|1784|page=326}}
</gallery>

== Legacy ==
In [[Welsh culture]] Glyndŵr acquired a mythical status alongside other medieval [[List of legendary kings of Britain|kings]] such as [[Cadwaladr]], [[Cynon ap Clydno]] and [[King Arthur]]. He was perceived as a folk hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people in the classic Welsh mythical role – {{lang|cy|Y Mab Darogan}} ("The Foretold Son"). The myth was that one day after a thousand years of servitude under English rule, a 'Son of Prophecy' would return the Welsh people as rulers of the island of [[Great Britain]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=144/5}}{{sfn|Davies|Jenkins|Baines|2008|p=635}} Also, in [[Welsh folklore]], the name [[Owain]] has been connected to a legend of the 'son of destiny'. His claim as the Prince of Wales was similar to that of another distant relative from the Gwynedd dynasty. It was another Owain, [[Owain Lawgoch|Lawgoch]] (Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri) who proclaimed his patrimony a few decades earlier, when he attempted to regain his family stature with aid from the King of France in a Franco-Welsh alliance from the late 1360s, until his assassination.{{sfn|Turvey|2010|pages=115-116}} 

===Modern legacy===
{{multiple image|total_width=450px|image1=Cofeb Owain Glyn Dŵr, Machynlleth.jpg|caption1=The Owain Glyndŵr Stone in Machynlleth|image2=Owain Glyndŵr at Cardiff City Hall.jpg|caption2=Statue of Glyndŵr at [[City Hall, Cardiff|Cardiff City Hall]]<ref name=Davies152/>|image3=Corwen- Owain Glyndwr Statue (geograph 6130573 cropped).jpg|caption3=Equestrian statue in Corwen}}

*Glyndŵr was described by [[Fidel Castro]] as the first effective guerrilla leader. It has been suggested that Castro, who may have kept books about the Welshman, and [[Che Guevara]] copied some of Glyndŵr's methods in the [[Cuban Revolution]].{{sfn|Roberts|2017}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}}{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=18}}

*During the [[First World War]], the prime minister [[David Lloyd George]] unveiled a statue to Glyndŵr in [[City Hall, Cardiff#Marble Hall|Cardiff City Hall]].{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=v}} A statue of Glyndŵr by the sculptor Simon van de Put was installed in The Square in [[Corwen]] in 1995, and in 2007 it was replaced with a larger equestrian statue by Colin Spofforth.{{sfn|Van Tilburg|2021}} 

*Glyndŵr came second to [[Aneurin Bevan]] in the [[100 Welsh Heroes]] poll of 2003/2004.{{sfn|100 Welsh Heroes|2004}} Stamps were issued with his likeness in 1974 and 2008,{{sfn|BBC|2008}} and streets, parks, and public squares were named after him throughout Wales. There is a campaign to make 16 September ([[Owain Glyndŵr Day]]), the date Glyndŵr raised his standard, a [[public holiday]] in Wales, including by [[Dafydd Wigley]] in 2021.{{sfn|Wigley|2021}} 

*[[RGC 1404]] (Rygbi Gogledd Cymru/North Wales Rugby) rugby union team is named in honour of the year Owain Glyndŵr was crowned [[Prince of Wales]].{{sfn|BBC|2010}}

*A road in [[Aberystwyth]] was renamed as "Owain Glyndwr Square".<ref name=Davies152/>

*To celebrate the 600th year anniversary of Glyndŵr's life, a monument was erected in Machynlleth in the grounds of Plas Machynlleth.<ref name=Davies152/>

====Meibion Glyndŵr====
Glyndŵr is now remembered as a national hero and numerous small groups have adopted his symbolism to advocate [[Welsh independence|independence for Wales]] or Welsh nationalism. For example, during the 1980s, a group calling itself [[Meibion Glyndŵr]] ("the Sons of Glyndŵr") claimed responsibility for the burning of English holiday homes in Wales.{{sfn|Brooke|2018|p=60}}

=== Literature ===
*After Glyndŵr's death, there was little resistance to English rule. The [[Tudor dynasty]] saw Welshmen become more prominent in English society. In ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'', [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] portrays him as [[Owen Glendower (Shakespeare character)|Owen Glendower]] (the name has since been adopted as the anglicised version of Owain Glyndŵr),{{sfn|Shakespeare|1998|p=288}} wild and exotic; a man who claims to be able to "call spirits from the vasty deep", ruled by magic and tradition in sharp contrast to the more logical but highly emotional Hotspur.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=146}} Glendower is further noted as being "not in the roll of common men" and "a worthy gentleman,/Exceedingly well read, and profited/ In strange concealments, valiant as a lion/And as wondrous affable and as bountiful/As mines of India."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1998|loc=3.1}} His enemies describe him "that damn'd magician", which was in reference to having the weather on his side in battle.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=142}}

*It was not until the late 19th century that Glyndŵr's reputation was revived, when the [[Cymru Fydd]] ("Young Wales") movement recreated Glyndŵr as the father of [[Welsh nationalism]].{{sfn|Arron|2013}}

*Glyndŵr later acquired mythical status as the hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people.{{sfn|Davies|Jenkins|Baines|2008|p=635}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=137}} [[Thomas Pennant]], in his ''Tours in Wales'' (1778, 1781 and 1783), searched out and published many of the legends and places associated with the memory of Glyndŵr.<ref name="pennant" /> Glyndŵr has been featured in a number of works of modern fiction, including most notably [[John Cowper Powys]]'s novel ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]]'' (1941),{{sfn|Powys|1941}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}} and [[Edith Pargeter]]'s 1972 publication ''A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury''.{{sfn|Parteger|1989}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}}

*A highly fictionalized Glyndŵr is featured in the popular YA book series [[The Raven Cycle]] by [[Maggie Stiefvater]] as Owen Glendower. In the series, which takes place in the [[Shenandoah Valley]], characters believe that Glyndŵr's body was brought from Wales to [[Virginia]] after his death, and that whoever can "wake" him will be granted a favor.{{sfn|Stiefvater|2015}}

=== Namesakes ===
{{multiple image|thumb|image1=The 'Owen Glendower', East Indiaman, 1000 Tons. (Entering Bombay Harbour) RMG PY0566.tiff|caption1="Owen Glendower", East Indiaman, entering Bombay Harbour|image2=Vale of Rheidol Railway 7.jpg|caption2=VoR 2-6-2T No.7 "Owain Glyndwr", built at GWR Swindon Works 1923}}

*The [[Owain Glyndwr Hotel]] in [[Corwen]] is a historic 18th century coaching inn.{{sfn|Cadw|n.d.}} 
*The Owain Glyndŵr pub in Cardiff, briefly named Owen Glendower was named in his honour.<ref name=Davies152/>
*The waymarked, 132-mile [[long-distance footpath]] [[Glyndŵr's Way]] runs through [[Mid Wales]] near to his homelands.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=153}}
*At least two ships and two locomotives have been named after Glyndŵr:
** In 1808, the [[Royal Navy]] launched a 36-gun [[fifth-rate]] frigate,{{HMS|Owen Glendower|1808|6}}. She served in the Baltic Sea during the [[Gunboat War]] where she participated in the seizure of [[Anholt (Denmark)|Anholt]] Island, and then in the Channel. Between 1822 and 1824, she served in the [[West Africa Squadron]] (or "Preventative Squadron") chasing down [[slave ship]]s, capturing at least two;{{sfn|Burke|2011}}
** Owen Glendower, an [[East Indiaman]], a [[Blackwall frigate]] built in 1839;{{sfn|Royal Museums Greenwich|n.d.}}
** In 1923, a [[2-6-2]]T [[GWR Rheidol Tanks#Preservation|Vale of Rheidol locomotive]] was named after Glyndŵr. The locomotive is still operational and was one of a few used by [[British Rail]] until it was [[privatised]];{{sfn|Johnson|2020}}{{sfn|Reading|Reading|2023}}
** 70010 ''Owen Glendower'', renamed ''Owain Glyndŵr'', built in 1951 at the [[Crewe Works]], it was withdrawn in June 1965. It was a [[BR Standard Class 7|British Railways Standard Class 7]] mixed-traffic steam locomotive.{{sfn|Langston|2012|p=45}}
*In 2002, a plaque was unveiled near the [[Tower of London]] to commemorate Glyndwr's Glyndŵr Catrin who died there with her children.<ref name=Davies152/>
* From 2008 to 2023, [[Wrexham University]] was known as (Wrexham) Glyndŵr University in his honour. Despite dropping the name in 2023, the university maintains links with the Owain Glyndŵr Society for one of its annual graduate awards.{{sfn|Wrexham University|2023}}

==See also==
* [[Owain Glyndŵr Day]]
* [[Owain Glyndŵr's Court]]
* [[Glyndŵr Award]]
* [[Buildings associated with Owain Glyndŵr]]
* [[Welsh rebellions against English rule]]
* [[Welsh heraldry]]
* [[Welsh Seal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Pierce>{{harvnb|Pierce|1959}}</ref>
<ref name=burke>{{harvnb|Burke|1876|pages=7, 43, 51, 97}}</ref>
<ref name=Davies11>{{harvnb|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=11, 13}}</ref>
<ref name=davies12>{{harvnb|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=12}}</ref>
<ref name=Davies152>{{harvnb|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=152}}</ref>
<ref name=tout427>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=427}}</ref>
<ref name=Tout428>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=428}}</ref>
<ref name=Tout429>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=429}}</ref>
<ref name=Tout429-430>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=429-430}}</ref>
<ref name=Tout433>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=433}}</ref>
<ref name=Tout434>{{harvnb|Tout|1901|page=434}}</ref>
<ref name=Panton>{{harvnb|Panton|2011|p=173}}</ref>
<ref name=davies>{{harvnb|Davies|1995}}</ref>
<ref name=Lloyd>{{harvnb|Lloyd|1881|page=252}}</ref>
<ref name=Lloyd212>{{harvnb|Lloyd|1881|pages=194, 197, 212}}</ref>
<ref name=Turvey1223>{{harvnb|Turvey|2010|pages=122/3}}</ref>
}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}}

<!--A-->
*{{cite web |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/the-gregynog-papers-1-a-nation-once-again-owain-glyndwr-and-the-cymraec-dream-of-anglophone-welsh-victorian-poets/ |website=walesartreview.org |title='A Nation Once Again': Owain Glyndŵr and the 'Cymraec Dream' of Anglophone Welsh Victorian Poets |date=5 June 2013 |first=Jane|last=Arron}}
*{{cite book|last1=Allday|first1=D. Helen|title=Insurrection in Wales: the rebellion of the Welsh led by Owen Glyn Dwr (Glendower) against the English Crown in 1400|date=1981|publisher=Terence Dalton|location=Lavenham|isbn=0-86138-001-0|page=51}}
<!--B-->
*{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/owain_glyndwr.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|title=Owain Glyndwr|access-date=29 May 2025|ref={{harvid|BBC|nd}}}}
*{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/3982755.stm|title= Glyndŵr's burial mystery 'solved'| website=news.bbc.co.uk|date= 6 November 2004| ref={{harvid|BBC|2004}}}}
*{{cite news |date=29 February 2008 |title=New Owain Glyndwr stamp unveiled |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7269523.stm| ref={{harvid|BBC|2008}}}}
*{{cite news 
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/welsh/8442247.stm |website=bbc.co.uk |title=North Wales summon Owain Glyndwr's spirit in revamp |date=6 January 2010|ref={{harvid|BBC|2010}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bentley |first1=G. E. |editor-last1=Fulford |editor-first1=T. |chapter= Blake's Visionary Heads: Lost Drawings and a Lost Book|title=Romanticism and Millenarianism |date=27 February 2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-0-312-24011-0 |pages=183–205|language=en}}
*{{cite book| first=A.G.|last= Bradley|url=https://archive.org/details/owenglyndwrlasts00bradrich?ref=ol&view=theater|title=Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence|date=1901|publisher= [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brooke |first1=Nick |title=Terrorism and Nationalism in the United Kingdom: The Absence of Noise |date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-76541-9 |language=en}}
*{{cite book| url= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/The_Royal_Families_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Wales_%28IA_royalfamiliesofe01burk_1%29.pdf| title=The Royal Families of England, Scotland| author-link=Bernard Burke| author-first=Bernard| author-last=Burke| date=1876|publisher=Harrison|location =[[Pall Mall, London]]}}
*{{cite journal |editor-first=Cathy |editor-last=Humphreys|last1=Burke |first1=Steven |title=The Reality of Travelling the African Coast: Midshipman Binstead on chasing |journal=New Histories |date=April 2011 |volume=2 |issue=6 |url=https://newhistories.sites.sheffield.ac.uk/volumes/2010-11/volume-2/issue-6-travel/the-reality-of-travelling-the-african-coast-midshipman-binstead-on-chasing |access-date=6 November 2024}}
<!--C-->
*{{cite web |title=Full Report for Listed Buildings |url=https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=658 |website=cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net |publisher=Cadw, Welsh Government |access-date=5 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Cadw|n.d.}}}}
* {{cite book 
|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23973-3_6 |year=1995 |title=Medieval Wales, British History in Perspective, Chapter 46: Rebellion and Revenge |pages=108–132 |first=A.D. |last=Carr |chapter=Rebellion and Revenge |publisher=Palgrave, London |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23973-3_6 |isbn=9781349239733}}
*{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Adam |title=Welsh soldiers in the Later Middle Ages |date=2015 |location=Woodbridge|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|The Boydell Press]] |isbn=978-1783270316}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Carr|first=A.D.|date=1977|title=A Welsh Knight in the Hundred Years War: Sir Gregory Sais|journal=Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1977 |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1386666/1419899/122|access-date=6 November 2024|pages=40–53|language=en}}
*{{cite book |first=Sharron Bennett |last=Connolly |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyo1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |title=Defenders of the Norman Crown : Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey |publisher=Pen & Sword History |isbn=9781526745323 }}
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*{{cite book|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|date=2008|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0708319536|editor1-last=Davies|editor1-first=John|location=Cardiff|editor2-last=Jenkins|editor2-first=Nigel|editor3-last=Baines|editor3-first=Menna}}
*{{cite book|last=Davies|first=John|author-link =John Davies (historian)|title=A History of Wales|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1994|location=London|page=195|isbn=0-14-014581-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=R. R. |author-link=Rees Davies |title=The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr |year= 1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0198205081 |pages=293–324 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205081.003.0012 |access-date=26 October 2022 | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205081.003.0012}}
*{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=R. R.|first2=Gerald|last2=Morgan |title=Owain Glyn Dŵr: Prince of Wales |date=2009 |publisher=Y Lolfa |location=Ceredigion |isbn=978-1-84771-127-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Usk |first1=Adam |last2=Thompson |first2=Edward Maunde |title=Chronicon Adae de Usk, A.D. 1377–1421 |date=1904 |publisher=London : H. Frowde |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniconadaedeu00adamuoft/page/238/mode/2up |access-date=17 March 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dillon |first1=Paddy |title=Walking Glyndwr's Way: A National Trail through mid-Wales |date=7 May 2024 |publisher=Cicerone Press Limited |isbn=978-1-78765-068-8 |language=en}}
<!--E-->
*{{cite journal|last=Evans|first= David| date=2016| journal=Owain Glyndŵr| title= Owain Glyndŵr | url=https://issuu.com/davidevans29/docs/owain_glyndwr_d282487756db7a}}
<!--G-->
*{{cite book|last1=Gibbon|first1=Alex|title=The mystery of Jack of Kent & the fate of Owain Glyndŵr|date=2007|publisher=Sutton|location=Stroud|isbn=978-0-7509-3320-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gower |first1=Jon |title=The Story of Wales |date=9 February 2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4464-1710-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mqJesC_NG4C&dq=%22the+story+of+wales%22+%22gower%22+%22fadog%22&pg=PA134 |language=en}} 
<!--H-->
*{{cite book |last1=Henken |first1=Elissa R. |title=National Redeemer: Owain Glyndŵr in Welsh Tradition |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8349-3 |language=en}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Peter |title=The Vale of Rheidol Railway: The Story of a Narrow Gauge Survivor |date=30 April 2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword Transport |isbn=978-1-5267-1808-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |translator-last1=Johnston |translator-first1=Dafydd|title=Iolo Goch poems |date=1993 |publisher=Gomer |location=Llandysul, Wales |isbn=978-0-86383-707-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/iologochpoems0000iolo/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |access-date=6 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Johnston|1993}}}}
<!--L-->
*{{cite book |last1=Langston |first1=Keith |title=British Steam BR Standard Locomotives |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84563-146-8 |language=en}}
*{{cite DWB|id=s-SION-CEN-1367|title=Sion Cent (1367? - 1430?), poet|date=1959|first=Henry|last=Lewis}}
*{{cite book | title=The History of the Princes |url= https://archive.org/details/historyprincesl01lloygoog | first=Jacob Youde W.|last=Lloyd| volume=1| location=[[Great Queen Street]], London | year=1881|chapter=6|publisher=T. Richards Printer}}
*{{cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=J.E. |title=Owain Glyn Dŵr : His Family and Early History | journal=Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1918-1919 |date=1919 |pages=128–145 |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1386666/1396091/1#?xywh=-647%2C362%2C3677%2C1758 |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}
<!--M-->
*{{cite book |last1=Maund |first1=Kari |title=The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords and Princes |date=24 October 2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7392-5 |language=en}}
*{{cite DWB|id=s11-ELEA-WRL-1200|title=Eleanor de Montfort (c. 1258–1282), princess and diplomat|date=2017|last=Messer|first=Danna R}}
*{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Mortimer|title=The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ0eLiTqmLoC&pg=PA226|year=2013|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4070-6633-2|pages=226–}}
<!--N-->
*{{cite web|url= https://www.library.wales/discover/digital-gallery/manuscripts/the-middle-ages/pennal-letter| website=library.wales| title=Pennal letter|ref={{harvid|National Library of Wales|n.d.}}}}
<!--P-->
*{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Panton |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book |last=Parteger |first=Edith |title=A Blood Field by Shrewsbury |year= 1989 |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |isbn=0747233667 |author-link=Edith Pargeter |orig-year=1972}}
*{{cite web |last1=Penberthy |first1=David |title=Owain Glyndwr and his uprising – Interpretation Plan |url=https://cadw.gov.wales/sites/default/files/2019-04/InterpplanOwainGlyndwr_EN.pdf |website=Cadw - Welsh Government |publisher=Cymdeithion Siân Shakespear Associates |access-date=5 November 2024|date=June 2010}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pennant |first=Thomas |date=1784 |title=A tour in Wales |url=https://viewer.library.wales/4692237#?c=&m=&s=&cv=171&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F4692237%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-2327%2C-1%2C8877%2C4832 |access-date=29 May 2025|language=en}}
*{{cite DWB| last=Pierce| first=Thomas Jones| id=s-OWAI-GLY-1354|title=Owain Glyndwr (c. 1354–1416), 'Prince of Wales'|year=1959}}
*{{cite DWB| last=Pierce| first=Thomas Jones| id=s-LLYW-APG-1200|title=LLYWELYN ap GRUFFYDD ('Llywelyn the Last,' or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)|date=1959|ref={{harvid|Pierce 1959b}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Plomer|first=William |title=Kilvert's Diary: 1870–1879: Life in the English Countryside in Mid-Victorian Times|year=1986 |publisher=D.R. Godine |quote=6 April 1875|isbn=087923637X}}
*{{cite book |last=Powys |first=John Cowper |title=Owen Glendower |date=1941 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |author-link=John Cowper Powys}}
<!--R-->
* {{cite book |last1=Ramsay |first1=James H. |title=The scholar's history of England .. |date=1892 |publisher=H. Milford |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/scholarshistory04ramsgoog/page/42/mode/2up |access-date=17 March 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Reading |first1=Brian |last2=Reading |first2=Ian |title=Narrow Gauge and Industrial Railways: The Late 1940s to Late 1960s |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-3981-0013-8 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Emrys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKc_DwAAQBAJ |title=Highlights From Welsh History |date=2017 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-1-78461-482-9 |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=The "Owen Glendower", East Indiaman, 1000 Tons. (Entering Bombay Harbour) |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/140513.html |website=The Collections |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=14 January 2020|ref={{harvid|Royal Museums Greenwich|n.d.}}}}
<!--S-->
*{{cite book |last=Scott-Giles |first=Charles Wilfrid |author-link=Wilfrid Scott-Giles |title=The Romance of Heraldry |orig-year=1929 |edition=Revised |year=1967|publisher=J.M. Dent & Sons |isbn=0900455284|page=74}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Bevington|editor-first=David|last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |title=Henry IV, Part 1 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283421-8 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Siddons |first1=Michael Powell |title=The development of Welsh heraldry v I |date=1991 |publisher=National Library of Wales |isbn=978-0-907158-51-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Skidmore|first1=Ian|title=Owain Glyndŵr: Prince of Wales|date=1978|publisher=Christopher Davies|location=Swansea|isbn=0715404725|page=24}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stiefvater |first1=Maggie |title=The Raven King (The Raven Cycle, Book 4) |date=2015 |isbn=978-0545424981 |pages=480 |publisher=Scholastic Press}}
<!--T-->
*{{cite DNB |last=Tout |first=T.F. |display=Glendower, Owen (1359?–1416?), Welsh rebel |volume=21 |wstitle=Glendower, Owen |author-link=Thomas Frederick Tout|year=1901 }}
*{{cite book|first=Roger|last=Turvey|title=Twenty-One Welsh Princes|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/657181335|year=2010|location=Conwy|publisher=[[Gwasg Carreg Gwalch]]|isbn=9781845272692}}
<!--V-->
*{{cite web 
|last=Van Tilburg |first=Kees|date=2021|url=https://equestrianstatue.org/glyndwr-owain/ |title=Equestrian statue of Owain Glyndwr in Corwen UK }}
<!--W-->
*{{Cite news |last=Wigley|first=Dafydd |title=Glyndŵr Day is worthy of a new national holiday |url=https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |access-date=2022-01-29 |work=The National |language=en |date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155519/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Gruffydd Aled |title=The Last Days of Owain Glyndŵr |url=http://www.ylolfa.com/products/9781784614638/the-last-days-of-owain-glyndwr |publisher=Y Lolfa |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-7846-146-38 |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035757/http://www.ylolfa.com/products/9781784614638/the-last-days-of-owain-glyndwr/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Phil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oXtL_7xFssC |title=The Psychology of Distance: Wales: One Nation |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of Welsh Affairs |isbn=978-1-86057-066-7 |page=18 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal|last=Williams| first=Aled| title= The medieval Welsh poetry associated with Owain Glyndwr |journal=British Academy Review| date=2011| edition= 17|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publishing/review/17/medieval-welsh-poetry-associated-owain-glyndwr/}}
*{{cite web|first=Darrell |last=Wolcott|date=n.d.|url=http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id200.html|website=ancientwalesstudies.org|title=Owain Glyndwr ancestry}}<!-- [[WP:SPS]]? -->
*{{Cite web  |date=25 September 2023|title=Prifysgol Wrecsam/Wrexham University unveils rebrand and new name |url=https://wrexham.ac.uk/news/articles/prifysgol-wrecsamwrexham-university-unveils-rebrand-and-new-name/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Wrexham University|language=en|ref={{harvid|Wrexham University|2023}}}}
<!--1-->
*{{cite web |title=100 Welsh Heroes |url=http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/homepage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413214449/http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/homepage |archive-date=13 April 2014 |website=100welshheroes|date=2004|ref={{harvid|100 Welsh Heroes|2004}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=The history of the principality of Wales. : In three parts| first=Robert| last=Burton|location=[[Paternoster Row]], London|year=1730}} – {{google book |id=jKNbAAAAQAAJ |title=A history of the Principality of Wales|pages=154–158}}
*{{cite book| first1= Jon |last1=Latimer| title=Deception in War| year=2001|first2=John|last2= Murray|pages=12–13}}
*{{cite book|title=The Heart of Northern Wales|volume=1| first=Walter Bezant| last=Lowe| year=1912|pages=205–207}} –  {{google book|title=The Heart of Northern Wales|id=93I_AQAAMAAJ|page=205}}
*{{cite book|first= J. E.|last= Lloyd|title=Owen Glendower|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1095859W/Owen_Glendower |year=1931|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
*{{cite book| first=Owen| last=Morgan| editor-link=Owen Morgan| title=A history of Wales from the Earliest Period: Including Hitherto Unrecorded Antiquarian Lore| year=1911}} – {{google book|id=PkH5CHytrOgC&num|title=A History of Wales}}
*{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage & Baronetage|edition= 106|first=Charles|last= Moseley|author-link=Charles Moseley (writer)| date=1 August 1999|pages=714, 1295| url=https://www.burkespeerage.com/|issn=0950-4125}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Owain Glyndŵr}}
{{Wikisource|A Short History of Wales/Chapter 15|Owen Glendower}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.canolfanowainglyndwr.org/home|website=canolfanowainglyndwr.org|title=Canolfan & Senedd-Dŷ Owain Glyndŵr (Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament & Centre)}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.owain-glyndwr-soc.org.uk/|website=owain-glyndwr.wales|title= The Owain Glyndŵr Society}}

==Royal succession==
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Powys Fadog| Lordship of Glyndyfrdwy]]||1354|20 September|1415}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gruffydd Fychan II]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Powys Fadog|Hereditary Lord of Glyndyfrdwy]]|years=1369 – {{circa|1415}}}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-hou|[[Prince of Wales]]}}
{{s-bef|before='''Welsh title:''' [[Dafydd ap Gruffudd]] (1283)}}<br />'''English title:''' '''[[Henry V of England]] (1399-1413)'''<br/>'''Pretender: [[Owain Lawgoch]] (1363/78)'''
{{s-tul|title=Prince of Wales|years=1400 – {{circa|1415}}}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales]] (1453{{snd}}1471)}}
{{S-end}}

{{Henriad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glyndwr, Owain}}
[[Category:14th-century births]]
[[Category:1410s deaths]]
[[Category:1410s missing person cases]]
[[Category:14th-century Welsh lawyers]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:15th-century Welsh military personnel]]
[[Category:Glyndŵr rebellion|*]]
[[Category:House of Mathrafal|Owain]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Wales]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Powys]]
[[Category:Welsh princes|Owain Glyndwr]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:15th-century rebels]]