View source for Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

{{Short description|French prince (1640–1701)}}
{{For|the first Duke of Orléans named Philippe|Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Philippe I
| title        = [[Duke of Orléans]]
| image        = Portrait painting of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans holding a crown of a child of France (Pierre Mignard, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux).jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Pierre Mignard]]
| birth_name   = Philippe, Duke of Anjou
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1640|9|21|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1701|6|9|1640|7|21|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], Kingdom of France
| burial_place = [[Basilica of St Denis]], France
| burial_date  = 21 June 1701
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Henrietta of England]]|1661|1670|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]]|1671}}}}
| father       = [[Louis XIII of France]]
| mother       = [[Anne of Austria]]
| house        = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] (by birth)<br>[[House of Orléans|Orléans]] (founder)
| issue        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Marie Louise d'Orléans|Marie Louise, Queen of Spain]]
* [[Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois]]
* [[Anne Marie d'Orléans|Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia]]
* [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]]
* [[Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine]]}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| signature    = 1699 signature of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans.svg
}}

''[[Monsieur]]'' '''Philippe I, Duke of Orléans''' (21 September 1640&nbsp;– 9 June 1701) was the younger son of King [[Louis XIII of France]] and [[Anne of Austria]], and the younger brother of King [[Louis XIV]]. He was the founder of the [[House of Orléans]], a cadet branch of the ruling [[House of Bourbon]].

Styled [[Duke of Anjou]] from birth, Philippe became [[Duke of Orléans]] upon the death of his uncle [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston]] in 1660. He was also granted the dukedoms of [[Counts and dukes of Valois|Valois]], [[List of counts and dukes of Chartres|Chartres]] and [[Duke of Nemours|Nemours]]. Known as ''le Petit Monsieur'' or simply ''Monsieur'', Philippe was a distinguished military commander and took part in the [[War of Devolution]] and the [[Franco-Dutch War]], the latter of which saw his victory over [[William III of England|William of Orange]] at the [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Battle of Cassel]]. Through careful personal administration, he greatly augmented the fortunes of the House of Orléans, which rivalled that of the Bourbons.

Throughout his life, Philippe was open about his preference for male lovers, most notably the [[Chevalier de Lorraine]], and freely acted with [[effeminacy]]. He married twice, first to [[Henrietta of England]] and then to [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]]. The two daughters of his first marriage, [[Marie Louise d'Orléans|Marie Louise]] and [[Anne Marie d'Orléans|Anne Marie]], became [[queens consort of Spain]] and [[List of Savoyard consorts|Sardinia]], respectively, while his son [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe II]] served as [[Régence|regent of France]] from 1715 to 1723.

==Early years==

===Birth===
[[File:A young King Louis XIV of France (wearing Fleur-de-lis) sitting on a throne with his brother Philippe, Duke of Orléans.jpg|thumb|left|Philippe and his elder brother, the future [[Louis XIV]], by an unknown painter]]
Philippe de Bourbon<ref name="Fils de France"/> was born on 21 September 1640 at the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] in the town of [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Kingdom of France|France]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippe I de France, duc d'Orléans |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philippe-I-de-France-duc-dOrleans |website=Britannica |date=5 June 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> the day before his mother [[Anne of Austria|Anne]]'s 39th birthday.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=286}} As the son of a ruling king, the infant Philippe held the rank of a ''[[Fils de France]]'' (son of France).<ref name="Fils de France">{{cite web | title=The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs | publisher=heraldica.org|author=François Velde|date=4 July 2005| url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> As such, he ranked immediately behind his older brother [[Louis XIV|Louis, Dauphin of France]], who inherited the French throne before Philippe reached the age of three. From birth, Philippe was second in line to the throne of France and was entitled to the style of ''Royal Highness''.<ref name="Fils de France"/>

Philippe was born in the presence of his father Louis XIII, the [[Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency|Princess of Condé]],<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=3}}</ref> and the [[Françoise of Lorraine, Duchess of Vendôme|Duchess of Vendôme]], prominent members of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty. Philippe's cousin, [[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier|Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans]], noted in her memoirs that the child's birth was marked by celebratory cannons in [[Paris]].{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=47}} An hour after his birth, he was [[baptised]] in a private ceremony by [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux|Dominique Séguier, Bishop of Meaux]],<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=4}}</ref> and given the name Philippe. Louis XIII had wanted to give the infant the title [[Count of Artois]] in honour of a [[Siege of Arras (1640)|recent French victory]] in [[Arras]] within the county of Artois. However, Louis respected tradition and gave him the title of [[Duke of Anjou]] instead, a title commonly granted to the younger sons of French kings since the fourteenth century. After his baptism, Philippe was put in the care of [[Françoise de Lansac|Françoise de Souvré, marquise de Lansac]],{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=48}} who also looked after his older brother, in 1643 succeeded by [[Marie-Catherine de Senecey]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vella|first=Molly|date=21 May 2020|url=https://hisfu.co/2020/05/21/king-louis-xiv/|title=King Louis XIV|publisher=Hisfu|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>

===Le Petit Monsieur===
[[File:Philippe of France after Juste d'Egmont.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Portrait sent by Anne of Austria to her brother, [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], {{c.}} 1650 by [[Jean Nocret]]]]
At the death of their father Louis XIII in May 1643, Philippe's older brother ascended to the throne of France as Louis XIV. Their mother Queen Anne revoked the late king's will to arrange for a power-sharing agreement with [[Cardinal Mazarin]], who had been serving as Louis XIII's [[Chief minister of France|chief minister]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anne of Austria |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-of-Austria |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> Anne was now in full control of her children, something she had been vying for since their birth. As the younger brother of the king, Philippe was addressed as ''le Petit Monsieur'',<ref>{{cite web |title=PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLÉANS |url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/philippe-i-duke-orleans |website=Château de Versailles |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Ministère de la culture}}</ref> since his uncle Gaston, who had also been the younger brother of a French king, was still alive. Gaston was then known as ''le Grand Monsieur''. It was not until 1660 at the death of Gaston that Philippe would be known simply as ''Monsieur'' or as the Duke of Orléans.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=15}}</ref>

The child Philippe was acknowledged to be attractive, affectionate, and intelligent.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=66}} The [[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier|Duchess of Montpensier]] dubbed him the "prettiest child in the world",<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=14}}</ref> while his mother's friend and confidant, [[Françoise Bertaut de Motteville|Madame de Motteville]], later said of Philippe that he displayed a "lively intelligence" early on. From 1646 on Philippe spent some of his childhood at the [[Hôtel de Villeroy (Paris, 1st arrondissement)|Hôtel de Villeroy]] ("Cremerie de Paris"), house of [[Nicolas de Neufville, 1st Duke of Villeroy|Nicolas de Villeroy]], tutor of his brother Louis XIV. The children played there with Catherine de Villeroy and [[François de Neufville, 2nd Duke of Villeroy|François de Villeroy]].<ref>[http://villeroy-bourbon.com/louisxiv/ Louis XIV and Philippe d'Orléans at the Cremerie de Paris / Hotel de Villeroy]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the autumn of 1647, at age seven, Philippe caught [[smallpox]], but recovered and convalesced at the [[Palais-Royal]]. A year later, he was taken from the care of women and, on 11 May 1648 carried out his first official ceremony when the ceremonies omitted during his baptism were performed at the Palais-Royal.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=17}}</ref> His godparents were his uncle Gaston and aunt Queen [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria of England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strickland |first1=Agnes |title=Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest |date=1885 |publisher=G. Bell and Sons |location=Harvard University |pages=345 |edition=Volume 5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLCTalzBUHUC}}</ref> Later, he was placed in the care of [[François de La Mothe Le Vayer]] and the [[François-Timoléon de Choisy|Abbé de Choisy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=16}}</ref> He was also educated by the [[César de Choiseul, 1st Duke of Choiseul|maréchal du Plessis-Praslin]]. His tutors were chosen by [[Cardinal Mazarin]], who was created the superintendent of the prince's education by his mother. His education emphasized languages, history, literature, mathematics and dancing.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=21}}</ref> Despite having a household of his own, his behavior was closely watched by his mother and Mazarin, who made sure that Philippe had no meaningful financial freedom from the crown.<ref name="Barker, p 54">{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=54}}</ref>

[[File:Philippe de France wearing coronation clothes for his brother, Ecole française.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Philippe dressed for his brother's coronation, {{c.}} 1654 by an unknown artist]]
When Philippe was eight, the civil war known as the [[Fronde]] began in France. It lasted until 1653 in its two main phases: the ''Fronde Parlementaire'' (1648–1649) and the ''Fronde des nobles'' (1650–1653).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fronde of France |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-Fronde |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> During the conflict, the royal family was obliged to flee Paris on the night of 9 February 1651<ref>{{harvnb|Vatout|1830|p=51}}</ref> for the safety of Saint-Germain-en-Laye<ref>{{harvnb|Vatout|1830|p=56}}</ref> in order to avoid a revolt by the nobility against Mazarin. When peace returned, the decision was made for Philippe to move his household to the [[Palais des Tuileries]], previously the residence of the duchess of Montpensier opposite the Palais-Royal.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=41}}</ref> At the coronation of Louis XIV on 7 June 1654, Philippe acted as [[Dean (Christianity)|dean]], placing the [[Crown of Charlemagne]] on his brother's head. All his life, Philippe would be a noted lover of etiquette and panoply, ensuring that all ceremonial details were adhered to.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=44}}</ref>

In late June 1658, Louis became gravely ill. Presumed to have [[typhoid]], Louis was almost pronounced dead when, in mid-July, he began to recover. The illness made Philippe, [[heir presumptive]] to the throne, the center of attention. For fear of infection, Philippe could not see his brother. During the crisis, Queen Anne became closer to her younger son, showing him more affection.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=52}}</ref> After Louis's recovery, Philippe was once again left to his own devices. Later in 1658, Philippe made his most significant purchase, the [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], a building about 10 kilometers west of Paris. On 8 October 1658, its proprietor [[Barthélemy Hervart]] organized a sumptuous feast at the château in honor of the royal family. Some two weeks later, on 25 October, Philippe bought the estate for 240,000 [[Livre tournois|livres]].<ref name="Barker, p 54"/> He immediately began to organize improvements to what was then a small [[villa]].<ref name="Barker, p 54"/>

==Duke of Orléans==
When Philippe's uncle Gaston died in February 1660,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaston, duke d'Orléans |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaston-Jean-Baptiste-duc-dOrleans-duc-dAnjou |website=Britannica |date=21 April 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> the [[Duchy of Orléans]] reverted to the crown, as he had no surviving male issue.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=106}} The duchy was one of the most highly regarded [[appanage]]s of the ''[[ancien régime]]'', and it was traditionally Philippe's birthright as the eldest (and only) younger brother of the king. Thus, at the death of Gaston, Philippe himself took on the new style of Duke of Orléans and Louis XIV granted Philippe the title officially on 10 May 1661<ref name=Heraldica/> along with the subsidiary titles duke of [[List of Counts and Dukes of Valois|Valois]] and [[duke of Chartres]],{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=106}} all registered peerages with the [[Parlement of Paris]].<ref name=Heraldica>{{cite web | title=Armory of Old Regime (pre-1789) French Peerage | publisher=heraldica.org|author=François Velde|date=4 July 2005| url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/peerage2.htm |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> He was also granted the lordship of [[Montargis]].<ref name="Anthony195">{{harvnb|Anthony|1852|p=195}}</ref>

In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between [[Louis XIII]] and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and [[Cardinal Mazarin]] made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king. Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=20}}</ref> Later, to his already rich holdings Philippe wanted to add the [[Counts of Blois|countship of Blois]], with its [[Château de Chambord]], and the governorship of [[Languedoc]], but both would be refused to him by his brother.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=69}}</ref>

==Marriages and love life==

===Sexuality===
During his childhood, Queen Anne was observed to address Philippe by such nicknames as "my little girl" and encouraged him to dress in feminine clothing<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindqvist |first=Herman |title=Ludvig XIV: Solkungen |date=2011 |publisher=Bonnier |isbn=978-91-0-012537-0 |location=Stockholm |pages=32 |language=sv}}</ref> even as a young man—a habit he would retain all his life.<ref>{{harvnb|Crompton|2006|p=342}}</ref> A contemporary would later call him the "silliest woman who ever lived", a reference to his effeminacy.<ref name="Crompton, p 341">{{harvnb|Crompton|2006|p=341}}</ref> As a young man, Philippe would dress up and attend balls and parties in female attire, for example, dressed as a shepherdess.<ref name="Crompton, p 341"/> Mindful that Gaston's treasonous habits had not only been evoked by the [[Fronde]], but by his secret [[elopement]] with a [[Marguerite of Lorraine|foreign princess]] which had left the royal brothers estranged for years, his [[homosexual]] activity was not unwelcome, because it was seen to reduce any potential threat he may have posed to his older brother.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=69}} It appears that 1658 was the key year in which Philippe's sexuality became well defined. Court gossip said that [[Cardinal Mazarin]]'s own nephew [[Philippe Jules Mancini]], the [[Duke of Nevers]],<ref name="Erlanger75">Erlanger, p. 75 (footnote)</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dufresne|1991|p=33}}</ref> had been the "first to [have] corrupted" Philippe in what was referred to as the "Italian vice"—contemporary slang for male homosexuality.<ref name="Erlanger75"/><ref>{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=51}}</ref> Philippe certainly did make his first contacts that year with Philippe de Lorraine, known as the [[Chevalier de Lorraine]], the male lover with whom he would establish the closest emotional attachment throughout his life.<ref name="Crompton, p 341"/>[[File:Philippe de Lorraine dit le Chevalier de Lorraine 1643 - 1702.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Chevalier de Lorraine, {{c.}} 1670 by unknown artist]]

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40% clear:right;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align:left;"| "As greedy as a vulture, [[Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine|this cadet]] of the French branch of the [[Dukes of Lorraine family tree|House of Lorraine]] had, by the end of the 1650s, hooked ''Monsieur'' like a harpooned whale. The young prince loved him with a passion that worried [[Henrietta Anne Stuart|''Madame'' Henrietta]] and the court bishop, Cosnac, but it was plain to the King that, thanks to the attractive face and sharp mind of the good-looking chevalier, he would have his way with his brother."
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Excerpt from Dirk Van der Cruysse's '''Madame Palatine, princesse européenne'''<ref name=cruysse/>
|}

Even once married, he reportedly carried on open romantic affairs with German nobles, with no regard to either of his two wives.<ref>P. Salazar in ''Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History,'' London, 1990 (Ed Wotherspoon and Aldrich).</ref> Philippe's favorites, invariably younger, handsome men, dominated contemporary and historical commentaries about his role at court, as had the ''[[Les Mignons|mignons]]'' of [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. Philippe was infatuated with the famously arrogant [[Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche]]. There were also rumors at court that Philippe in fact had a mistress<ref>{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=54}}</ref> and had shown an interest in the [[Laura Mancini|Duchess of Mercœur]], Mazarin's niece.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=60}}</ref> Another lover of Philippe at this time was Antoine Coiffier, the Marquis d'Effiat. The latter had entered Philippe's life as captain of the chase and stayed in his household until Philippe's death.<ref>{{harvnb|Gerard|Hekma|1989|p=116}}</ref>

Among the lovers, one man stands out, Philip of Lorraine-Armagnac,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate |title=Secret memoirs of the court of Louis xiv, and of the regency; extracted from the German correspondence of the duchess of Orleans |date=1824 |publisher=G. & W.B. Whitaker |location=London |pages=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0s4GAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> the never-married Chevalier de Lorraine, who was described as "insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple".<ref name=cruysse>{{harvnb|Van der Cruysse|1988|page=165}}</ref> As a member of the [[House of Guise]], ranking as a ''[[prince étranger]]'', Philippe could keep him near while at court and promote him within his own household without initially evoking scandal or offending sensibilities. In January 1670, Philippe's wife prevailed upon the king to imprison the chevalier, first near [[Lyon]], then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of [[Château d'If]]. Finally, he was banished to [[Rome]]. However, by February, the Duke of Orléans' protests and pleas persuaded the king to restore him to his brother's entourage.<ref name=cruysse/>

===Marriage with Princess Henrietta of England===
[[File:Presumed portrait of Princess Henrietta of England overlooking a crown of a child of France from the circle of the Beaubrun brothers.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Philippe's first wife Princess [[Henrietta of England]] in 1661 by an unknown artist. She was described as a "springtime beauty".<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=76}}</ref>]]
After Louis XIV's marriage to [[Maria Theresa of Spain]] on 9 June 1660, Queen Anne turned her attention to the marriage of Philippe.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=95}} He had previously been encouraged to court his older cousin, [[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier]], eldest daughter of Gaston and his first wife [[Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier|Marie de Bourbon]]. Known as ''Mademoiselle'' at this time,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=72}} she had an immense private fortune and had previously rejected suitors such as [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sackville-West|1959|p=75}}</ref> Born in 1627, she was the sole heiress of her mother, who died in childbirth. Mademoiselle declined the union, complaining that Philippe always stayed near his mother as if he was "like a child".<ref>{{harvnb|Sackville-West|1959|p=181}}</ref> Mademoiselle instead remained unmarried.<ref>{{harvnb|Sackville-West|1959|p=224}}</ref> Philippe would marry instead another first cousin, Princess [[Henrietta of England]], youngest child of King [[Charles I of England]] and his wife [[Henrietta Maria of France]],{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=188}} who was Philippe's paternal aunt and had taken refuge at the court of France after the birth of Princess Henrietta in 1644. They lived at the Palais-Royal and at the [[Palais du Louvre]].{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=99}} In 1660, after the [[Stuart Restoration|restoration]] of the [[House of Stuart]] to the throne of [[Kingdom of England|England]] under her brother Charles II, Princess Henrietta returned to England to visit her sister, the [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Princess of Orange]],<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=70}}</ref> who later caught [[smallpox]] and died. The French court officially asked for Henrietta's hand on behalf of Philippe on 22 November 1660 while she was in England.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=69}}</ref> The couple signed their marriage contract at the Palais-Royal on 30 March 1661.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=76}}</ref> The ceremony took place the next day in the same building in front of select members of the court.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=84}}</ref> The dowry promised was a hefty 840,000 livres.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=125}}</ref> Known as ''Henriette d'Angleterre'' in France, and ''Minette'' to her intimates, she was known officially as ''Madame'' and was ever popular with the court. Court gossip later said that the king was the father of Henrietta's first child. Henrietta's very open flirting is said to have caused a jealous Philippe to retaliate by beginning to flaunt his sexuality openly in a less-than-accepting era.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=75}}</ref> Henrietta's flirting with the king started early in the summer of 1661 while the newlyweds were staying at the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]] for the summer. Philippe complained to his mother about the intimacy that Louis and Henrietta displayed, which led Queen Anne to reprimand both son and daughter-in-law.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=78}}</ref> Relations were further strained when Henrietta allegedly seduced Philippe's old lover, the Comte de Guiche.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=61}}</ref>

The couple moved from the Tuileries in early 1662 to the Palais-Royal.<ref>{{harvnb|Kleinman|1985|p=279}}</ref> Later in March of the same year, Philippe became a father when Henrietta gave birth to their daughter [[Marie Louise d'Orléans|Marie Louise]], the future wife of [[Charles II of Spain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=201}}</ref> Henrietta's disappointment at the birth of a daughter was great, and she even remarked that she should "throw her into the river!"<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=115}}</ref> This greatly offended Queen Anne, who adored her first granddaughter.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=114}}</ref> For his part, Philippe would always consider Marie Louise his favourite child. The girl was baptized on 21 May 1662.<ref name="Cartwright, p 118">{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=118}}</ref> On the same day Philippe took part in the famous ''Carrousel du Louvre'', where he dressed extravagantly as the [[List of monarchs of Persia|King of Persia]] with the king as the King of the Romans and all ladies of the court in attendance.<ref name="Cartwright, p 118"/>

In 1664, Henrietta gave birth at Fontainebleau to a son who was given the title Duke of Valois.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=163}}</ref> Philippe wrote to his brother-in-law [[Charles II of England]] "that your sister was this morning safely delivered of a fine boy. The child seems to be in excellent health."<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=164}}</ref> The child nonetheless died of [[convulsion]]s in 1666, having been baptized [[Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois|Philippe Charles d'Orléans]] hours before death.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=240}}</ref> The loss of the little Duke of Valois affected Henrietta greatly. Philippe, however, was anxious to maintain the allowance which his son had received from the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=241}}</ref> This death only augmented the grief of a court still in [[mourning]] for the death of Queen Anne in January.<ref>{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=25}}</ref> The previous year, the Comte de Guiche has been exiled from court with Philippe reporting to his mother that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=116}}</ref>
[[File:Monsieur with his favourite daughter Marie Louise, Versailles, Pierre Mignard.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Philippe holding a medallion of his favourite daughter [[Marie Louise d'Orléans|Marie Louise]],<br>{{c.}} 1670, [[Pierre Mignard]]]]

Philippe took part in the [[War of Devolution]] in 1667 while Henrietta remained at Saint-Cloud due to her pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at [[Tournai]] and [[Douai]] and distinguished himself through his valor and coolness under fire.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=243}}</ref> But Philippe later became bored with battle and interested himself more in the decoration of his tent. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint-Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=244}}</ref> Upon her recovery, Philippe returned to the battlefield and distinguished himself at the [[Siege of Lille (1667)|Siege of Lille]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=245}}</ref>

In January 1670, Henrietta prevailed upon the King to imprison the [[Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine|Chevalier de Lorraine]], first near [[Lyon]], then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of the [[Château d'If]]. He was finally banished to Rome after offending the King and Henrietta by boasting that he could get Philippe to divorce her.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=307}}</ref> In retaliation for the Chevalier's treatment, Philippe withdrew to his estate at Villers-Cotterêts, dragging Henrietta with him.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=312}}</ref> By February, Philippe's protests and pleas persuaded the King to restore the Chevalier to his brother's entourage. The couple had their last child in August 1669,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=326}} a daughter who was baptized [[Anne Marie d'Orléans|Anne Marie]] at the private chapel of the Palais-Royal on 8 April 1670.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bachelier|first=Peter|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/peter781?lang=en&n=d+orleans&p=anne+marie|title=Anne-Marie d'ORLÉANS|publisher=[[Geneanet]]|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>

Henrietta is best known to political historians in France for her part in negotiating the [[Secret Treaty of Dover]], an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover on 1 June 1670.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartwright|1900|p=278}}</ref> It required France to assist England in her aim to rejoin the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and England to assist France in her war of conquest against the [[Dutch Republic]]. The [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] was a direct consequence of this treaty. Having returned to France at the end of June 1670, Henrietta had to endure Philippe's blatant spite<ref name="Barker, p 114">{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=114}}</ref> for her part in the Chevalier's exile and her secret mission to Dover. Despite tense relations, she traveled to Saint-Cloud on 24 June, when she started to complain of pains in her side.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=154}}</ref> Relaxing at Saint-Cloud on 29 June, she collapsed on the terrace at the palace. Taken inside, she was undressed and started to exclaim that she had been poisoned.<ref name="Barker, p 114"/> She subsequently died between the hours of two and three in the morning of 30 June 1670 at the age of 26.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=155}}</ref> An [[autopsy]] was performed which found that Henrietta died of [[peritonitis]] caused by a perforated [[Peptic ulcer disease|ulcer]];<ref>Robinson, James, ''The History of Gastric Surgery'', chapter 20, p 239</ref> however, public rumor claimed she had been poisoned by her husband, and, according to [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]] in his memoirs, even the king suspected it at first, but the inquiry he conducted revealed that it was the Chevalier de Lorraine and the Marquis d'Effiat who had poisoned her.<ref>Saint-Simon, ''Mémoires,'' Volume III, Chapter IX, "Description de l'exil du chevalier de Lorraine et de la mort de Madame"</ref><ref name="Mitford, p 56">{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=56}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! 90%; line-height: 110%;|Painting commissioned by Philippe for Saint Cloud, Jean Nocret, 1670
|-
|[[Image:Louis14-Family.jpg|800px|thumb|center|A mural depicting the French royal family in classical garb, commissioned {{c.}} 1670 by Philippe: (L–R) Philippe's aunt and mother-in-law, Queen [[Henrietta Maria of England]]; Philippe; his daughter, [[Marie Louise d'Orléans|Marie Louise]]; his wife, [[Henrietta of England|Henrietta]] and his mother, Queen [[Anne of Austria|Anne]] (d. 1666); Philippe's cousins, daughters of his uncle [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston d'Orléans]]; his brother, King [[Louis XIV]]; his nephew, ''[[Louis, Grand Dauphin|le Grand Dauphin]]''; his sister-in law, Queen [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Marie Theresa]] with her daughter [[Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)|Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale]]; his nephew, [[Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou|Philippe, Duke of Anjou]]; standing to the right is his cousin, [[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier|Anne Marie, ''la Grande Mademoiselle'']]. The picture frame with the two children are two deceased daughters of Louis and Marie Therèse.]]
|}

===Search for a second bride===
[[File:Mathieu, Antoine - Henriette of England holding a portrait of her husband - Versailles.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Henrietta as [[Minerva]] holding a painting of ''Monsieur'', {{c.}} 1665 by Antoine Mathieu]]
Henrietta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but little by her husband, due to their strained relationship. Louis XIV himself looked for a second wife for Philippe, who was eager to have a male heir to continue the Orléans line.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=157}}</ref> Attention again turned to the duchess of Montpensier, by now known as "{{lang|fr|la Grande Mademoiselle}}".{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=316}} Louis himself asked her if she wanted to fill "the vacant place",<ref>{{harvnb|Sackville-West|1959|p=234}}</ref> but she politely declined the offer.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=123}}</ref> Louis rejected many other candidates before settling on the [[Protestant]] Princess [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=286}} Known as ''Liselotte'' within her family, she was the only daughter of [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]], and his estranged wife [[Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel|Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel]].<ref name="Williams, p 20">{{harvnb|Williams|1909|p=20}}</ref> She was recommended by [[Anna Gonzaga]],{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=316}} a confidante of Philippe's and wife of the bride's uncle, the [[Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern|Prince Palatine Edward]]. Elizabeth Charlotte had grown up with her aunt [[Sophia of Hanover]] due to her parents' bad relationship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate |last2=Stevenson |first2=Gertrude Scott |title=The Letters of Madame: The Correspondence of Elizabeth-Charlotte of Bavaria, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orleans, Called "Madame" at the Court of King Louis XIV |date=1924 |publisher=D. Appleton |location=Indiana University |pages=9–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VXSAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Throughout her life she would remain in contact with the Electress Sophia, writing some 50,000 letters that detailed life at the court of France.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=163}}</ref> The Princess Palatine was Henrietta's first cousin once removed, since the latter's father, [[Charles I of England]], was the brother of Elisabeth Charlotte's paternal grandmother, [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Gregg |first=Edward |title=Queen Anne |date=2001 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-300-09024-2 |location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=x–xi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Somerset |first=Anne |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |date=2012 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-720376-5 |author-link=Anne Somerset (historian)|pages=viii–ix}}</ref>

===Marriage with Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte===
[[File:Mignard, after - Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Duchess of Orléans, and her children - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine|Elizabeth Charlotte]] with her two children with Philippe, {{c.}} 1679 by [[Pierre Mignard]]]]
Philippe married the nineteen-year-old Elizabeth Charlotte, who converted to Roman Catholicism,<ref name="Mitford, p 56"/> on 16 November 1671. She was not attractive, as Henrietta had been. When Philippe first saw her, he is said to have remarked, "How will I ever be able to sleep with her?"<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=129}}</ref>{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=321}} [[Madame de Sévigné]] noted how popular the new ''Madame'' was with the court. She became renowned for her brusque candor, upright character, and lack of vanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/43283/pg43283-images.html|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Correspondence of Madame, Princess Palatine, Mother of the Regent; of Marie-Adélaïde de Savoie, Duchesse de Bourgogne; and of Madame de Maintenon, in Relation to Saint-Cyr|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> Her letters record how willingly she gave up sharing Philippe's bed at his request after their children's births.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bloks|first=Moniek|url=https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/henriette-of-england/life-letters-charlotte-elizabeth-princess-palatine/|title=Life and letters of Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine|publisher=History of Royal Women|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>

The couple were very happy in the first years of their marriage. The Chevalier de Lorraine was in Italy, but returned in spring 1672. Pregnant later that year, Elizabeth Charlotte gave birth to a son in June 1673 who was named Alexandre Louis and given the title Duke of Valois.{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=188}} The child died, however, in 1676.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=156}}</ref> A second son, [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe]], followed in 1674,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=327}} and then a daughter, [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans|Élisabeth Charlotte]], in 1676,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=323}} after which the two mutually agreed to sleep in separate beds.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=166}}</ref> Elizabeth Charlotte was praised as being a natural mother.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=139}}</ref> Philippe's second son with Elizabeth Charlotte, known as the Duke of Chartres until he inherited the dukedom of Orléans in 1701,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=328}} later served as [[Régence|Regent of France]] during the minority of [[Louis XV]].{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=327}} Elizabeth Charlotte acted as a mother to Philippe's children by Henrietta and maintained correspondence with them until her last days.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=323}}

==Battle of Cassel==
Having already established himself as a successful military commander during the [[War of Devolution]] in 1667, Philippe was eager to return to the field. In 1676 and 1677 he took part in sieges in Flanders, and was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant general]], which made him second-in-command to Louis XIV himself.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=352}}

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40%; clear:right;" cellspacing="5"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "''The people of Paris went wild with joy. They really love Monsieur. But at court they'd wished he'd lost the battle for the king's sake...''"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Extract from the memoirs of '''[[Primi Visconti]]'''<ref>{{harvnb|Buckley|2008|p=180}}</ref>
|}

The most impressive victory won under Philippe's command took place on 11 April 1677: the [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Battle of Cassel]] against [[William III of England|William III, Prince of Orange]],<ref name="Pevitt, p 17">{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=17}}</ref> later the king of England and son of Philippe's own first cousin [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]]. William decided to relieve some besieged towns; from [[Ypres]] he marched with 32,000 men through [[Poperinge]] and [[Oxelaëre]] in the Cassel Valley. Philippe, who learned of his plans, arranged to meet William's forces at Penebeek between [[Noordpeene]] and [[Zuytpeene]]. Louis XIV sent him some 25,000&nbsp;foot-soldiers and 9,000 cavalry from [[Cambrai]] under the command of [[François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg|Marshal Luxembourg]]. By nightfall there were 66,000 soldiers ready for battle. The Dutch attacked the French positions without scouting first. Marshal Luxembourg surprised the Dutch with a cavalry attack that practically destroyed three battalions and routed William's army. In all, casualties on both sides amounted to 4,200 dead and 7,000 wounded. Philippe was hailed for his skill as a military commander, much to the annoyance of his brother, the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=166}}</ref> He was presumably jealous of Philippe's growing popularity at court as well as on the battlefield.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=286}} In honor of his victory at Cassel, Philippe set up a [[Barnabites|Barnabite College]] in Paris.<ref name="Williams, p 17">{{harvnb|Williams|1909|p=17}}</ref> The campaign marked the end of his military career; he soon immersed himself once again in a life of pleasure.<ref name="Pevitt, p 17"/>

==Cultural expansion and property==
From the time of the victory at Cassel until the 1690s, Philippe mainly concentrated his energies on the expansion of his estates, personal fortune, and art collection, including the renovation of his residences, the [[Palais-Royal]] and the [[Château de Saint-Cloud]]. The latter was his favorite residence,<ref>{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=11}}</ref> the home of an ever-expanding and "stormy" court.<ref name="Mitford, p 56"/> Philippe became an important patron of the artists [[Jean Nocret]] and [[Pierre Mignard]], both of whom were employed to elaborate the décor at Saint-Cloud and the Palais-Royal. As early as 1660, Philippe also ordered [[Antoine Lepautre]] to begin extensions at Saint-Cloud; later he became ''contrôleur général'' of Philippe's properties.<ref name="Pevitt, p 17"/>
[[File:Saint-Cloud; maison du duc d'Orléans.jpg|thumb|left|215px|The ''[[Château de Saint-Cloud|Château de Saint Cloud]]''<br>{{c.}} 1677]]
Following Lepautre's death in 1679, work on Saint-Cloud was continued by his executive assistant [[Jean Girard]] in collaboration with Thomas Gobert. Later on, Philippe sought [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]] to design a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles. The gardens were redesigned by [[André Le Nôtre]], while the basin and lowermost canal were added by Mansart in 1698. At the time of Philippe's death in 1701, the estate of Saint-Cloud covered some {{cvt|1200|acre|km2}}.
Saint-Cloud remained with the Orléans family until 1785, when Philippe's great-grandson [[Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Louis Philippe d'Orléans]] sold it to [[Marie Antoinette]], Philippe's great-granddaughter, for the sum of six million livres.<ref>Saint-Albin, pp 7, 9</ref>
 
Minor improvements at the Palais-Royal began in 1661 at the time of Philippe's marriage to Henrietta, but the property was part of the crown holdings, and had not been used officially for years.<ref>{{harvnb|Vatout|1830|pages=58–59}}</ref> Philippe was limited in what he could do to renovate the building until it was given to him in 1692.<ref>{{harvnb|Vatout|1830|p=63}}</ref> Philippe again turned to Mansart for assistance in modernizing it. The interior décor was entrusted to [[Antoine Coypel]], whose father [[Noël Coypel]] had previously worked at the palace.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=168}}</ref>

Philippe not only enjoyed architecture and court society, but also music and dancing; he was in fact famed for his exceptional dancing abilities. Philippe was a patron of musicians such as [[Jean-Henri d'Anglebert]], [[Henri Dumont]], [[Jacques-Antoine Arlaud]] and [[Marie Aubry]], many of whom would stay part of his son's household after his death in 1701. [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] was also a protégé of Philippe after he left Mademoiselle's household. Philippe's small art collection created the basis for the ''[[Orleans Collection]]'', one of the most important art collections ever assembled.<ref>Watson, Peter; ''Wisdom and Strength, the Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece'', Hutchinson, 1990. p 202</ref>

With the permission of the [[Parlement of Paris]], Philippe sponsored projects to help maintain his estates and enhance their profitability. From 1679, he was granted the right to build the [[Canal d'Orléans]], a large [[canal]] that connected the River [[Loire]] at [[Orléans]] to a junction with the [[Canal du Loing]] and the [[Canal de Briare]] in the village of [[Buges]] near [[Montargis]].<ref name="Barker, p 186">{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=186}}</ref> As the largest canal built in France since Philippe's grandfather [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] built the [[Briare Canal|Canal de Briare]] in 1604, its construction was considered an engineering feat. The canal, used to transport goods from Orléans to Paris, was a great success in its time<ref name="Barker, p 186"/> and is still used widely today. Philippe's careful investment and management of his various estates made him a wealthy man in his own right, and his fortune was augmented considerably at the death of his cousin Mademoiselle in 1693. Philippe is acknowledged as being not only the biological founder of the [[House of Orléans]], but as financial founder<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=198}}</ref> of a family whose monetary value would rival that of the main line of the [[House of Bourbon]].<ref name="Fraser, p 279">{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=279}}</ref>

==Later years==
[[File:After Hyacinthe Rigaud - So-called portrait to Phillipe, Duc d'Orleans, Regent of France.png|thumb|left|200px|Later portrait {{c.}} 1695 after Hyacinthe Rigaud]]Upon the death of Mademoiselle in 1693, Philippe acquired the dukedoms of Montpensier, Châtellerault, Saint-Fargeau and Beaupréau.{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=187}} He also became prince of [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville]], count of Dourdan, Mortain and Bar-sur-Seine and viscount of Auge and Domfront. In later life, Philippe was thus able to maintain his lavish lifestyle easily, and he found much satisfaction in the activities of his children and grandchildren. Both of his daughters by his first wife Henrietta married influential European sovereigns, eventually becoming [[Queen consort|queens]], and his son the Duke of Chartres pursued an active and distinguished military career, having served at the [[Battle of Steenkerque]] in 1692 as well as the [[Siege of Namur (1692)|Siege of Namur]], much to his father's pride.<ref>{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=55}}</ref> As he had with Philippe II, Louis XIV was careful to limit the power of Chartres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philippe-II-duc-dOrleans|title=Philippe II, duc d'Orléans|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40% clear:right;" cellspacing="5"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "''I won Monsieur over during the last three years of his life. We even used to laugh together about his weaknesses... He had confidence in me and always took my side, but before that I used to suffer dreadfully. I was just beginning to be happy when the Almighty took poor Monsieur from me''"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]]''' writing in 1716 to the '''[[Caroline of Ansbach|Princess of Wales]]''' regarding their mutual affection in the later years of their marriage<ref>{{harvnb|Crompton|2006|p=345}}</ref>
|}
In 1696, Philippe's granddaughter [[Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy|Marie-Adélaïde]] came to the French court from Italy for her marriage to [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], who was third in line to the throne.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=298}}</ref> The two were married in 1697 and became the parents of [[Louis XV]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=111}}</ref> In 1701, Chartres was denied a position on the front in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], which began that year.<ref>{{harvnb|Lynn|1999|p=16}}</ref> This slight was the source of great bitterness on the part of both father and son after. The pretext seems to have been the behavior of Chartres in parading his mistress Mademoiselle de Séry in view of his wife.<ref>{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=56}}</ref> On 8 June 1701, Louis XIV and Philippe met at the [[Château de Marly]] to dine together. At first meeting, Louis XIV attacked Philippe about Chartres' conduct with Mademoiselle de Séry.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=220}}</ref> Philippe responded by reprimanding Louis for similar conduct with his own mistresses during his marriage to Queen Marie Thérèse,<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=319}}</ref> adding that Chartres had still not received the favors promised to him for having married the King's [[Legitimation#Family law|legitimized]] daughter, Françoise Marie.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=361}} Nonetheless, the announcement of dinner halted the argument, and the brothers sat down to dine.<ref name="Barker, p 231">{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=231}}</ref>

Philippe angrily returned to Saint-Cloud early the same evening to dine with his son. Philippe collapsed onto his son after suffering a fatal [[stroke]]<ref>{{harvnb|Pevitt|1997|p=57}}</ref> at noon 9 June 1701 at the age of sixty.<ref name="Barker, p 231"/> Louis XIV, upon hearing his only sibling had died, said "I cannot believe I will never see my brother again."<ref name="Fraser, p 320">{{harvnb|Fraser|2006|p=320}}</ref> The Duchess of Burgundy, his granddaughter, was likewise distraught, avowing that she "had loved Monsieur very much".<ref name="Mitford, p 204">{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=204}}</ref> Philippe's heart was taken to the [[Val-de-Grâce]] convent on 14 June,<ref name="Barker, p 231"/> and his body was taken on 21 June to the [[Basilica of St Denis]], where it remained until the [[French Revolution]], at which time the basilica was desecrated and all graves destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1989|p=232}}</ref>

Worried that she would be put in a convent, a stipulation of her [[marriage contract]] in the event of Philippe's death,<ref>{{harvnb|Cooke Taylor|1849|p=161}}</ref> Elizabeth Charlotte was assured by the king that she could remain at court as long as she wished.<ref name="Fraser, p 320"/> She burnt all the letters of Philippe's lovers through the years,<ref>{{harvnb|Gerard|Hekma|1989|p=111}}</ref> lest they fall into "the wrong hands",<ref>{{harvnb|Buckley|2008|p=338}}</ref> observing that the scent of the perfumed letters nauseated her.<ref name="Fraser, p 320"/> Louis XIV assured the new Duke of Orléans, formerly the Duke of Chartres, that the past was forgotten and that henceforth he was to look on him as his father.<ref name="Mitford, p 204"/> The court was devastated,{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=367}} and his old friend, Louis XIV's discarded mistress [[Madame de Montespan]], was also greatly affected, the two having been very close.<ref>{{harvnb|Mitford|1966|p=206}}</ref> The widowed Elizabeth Charlotte continued to write frequently to her [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans|daughter]] and [[Anne Marie d'Orléans|stepdaughter]] and to her friends, the fellow German princesses the [[Duchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Duchess of Modena]] and the [[Caroline of Ansbach|Princess of Wales]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gerard|Hekma|1989|p=112}}</ref> She herself died at Saint-Cloud in December 1722,<ref>{{harvnb|Cooke Taylor|1849|p=170}}</ref> and was also buried at Saint-Denis.{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=188}}

==Portrayals in media==
Philippe has been portrayed in various modern media:

*''[[The Private Life of Louis XIV]]'' (1935 film), played by [[Hans Stüwe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmportal.de/film/liselotte-von-der-pfalz-frauen-um-den-sonnenkoenig_1ad363ba8c6345d792be08b7f26e3fb9|title=Liselotte von der Pfalz. Frauen um den Sonnenkönig|language=German|trans-title=Liselotte of the Palatinate. Women around the Sun King|publisher=[[filmportal.de]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Liselotte of the Palatinate (1966 film)|Liselotte of the Palatinate]]'' (1966 film), played by [[Harald Leipnitz]]<ref>{{cite book | editor-first1 = Hans-Michael | editor-last1 = Bock | editor-link1 = Hans-Michael Bock | editor-first2 = Tim | editor-last2 = Bergfelder | title = The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema | publisher = Berghahn Books | year = 2009 | location = New York | page = 13 | isbn = 978-1-57181-655-9 }}</ref>
*''[[The Taking of Power by Louis XIV]]'' (1966 film), played by Pierre Pernet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/film/La_Prise_de_pouvoir_par_Louis_XIV/406964/details|title=La Prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV|language=French|trans-title=The Taking of Power by Louis XIV|publisher=Sens Critique|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Marquise (film)|Marquise]]'' (1997 film), played by Franck de La Personne<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/marquise/cast/2030012785/|title=Marquise - Full Cast & Crew|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)|The Man in the Iron Mask]]'' (1998 film), played by [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-13-ca-28293-story.html|title=All in a Masquerade|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Vatel (film)|Vatel]]'' (2000 film), played by [[Murray Lachlan Young]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/vatel-1200462324/|title=Vatel|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Charles II: The Power and the Passion]]'' (2003 mini-series), played by [[Cyrille Thouvenin]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/10_october/23/charles_ii.pdf|title=Charles II – The Power & The Passion|publisher=[[BBC One]]|format=PDF|page=5|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Le Roi Soleil (musical)|Le Roi Soleil]]'' (2005 musical), played by [[Christophe Maé]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.fr/article/le-roi-soleil-tournee-emmanuel-moire-christophe-mae-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-le-retour-de-la-comedie-musicale-culte|title=« Le Roi Soleil » : tournée, Emmanuel Moire, Christophe Maé… ce qu'il faut savoir sur le retour de la comédie musicale culte|language=French|trans-title="The Sun King": tour, Emmanuel Moire, Christophe Maé... what you need to know about the return of the cult musical|publisher=[[Femina (France)]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[A Little Chaos]]'' (2015 film), played by [[Stanley Tucci]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/16/a-little-chaos-review-peter-bradshaw|title=A Little Chaos review – a load of compost|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Versailles (TV series)|''Versailles'']] (2015 TV series), played by [[Alexander Vlahos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/alexander-vlahos-interview-an-evening-with-exclusive/|title=Alexander Vlahos: 'I wouldn't be cast in Versailles today'|magazine=[[Radio Times]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==Issue==
[[File:Orleans orders crown.svg |right|thumb|Philippe's coat of arms from 1660 until his death: ''[[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]], three [[fleur-de-lis]] [[Or (heraldry)|Or]], [[Cadency|differenced]] by a label [[Argent]]'']]

===First marriage===
Married his first cousin, Princess [[Henrietta of England]], daughter of [[Charles I of England]] and [[Henrietta Maria of France]], on 31 March 1661, at the Palais-Royal. The couple had three children, in addition to four miscarriages and one stillbirth:

#[[Marie Louise d'Orléans]] (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married [[Charles II of Spain]], no issue{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=286}}
#Miscarriage (1663)<ref name=Weir254>Weir 2011, p. 254.</ref>
#[[Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois|Philippe Charles d'Orléans]], Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=328}}
#Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665){{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=188}}
#Miscarriage (1666)<ref name="Weir254"/>
#Miscarriage (1667)<ref name="Weir254"/>
#Miscarriage (1668)<ref>Weir 2011, p. 255.</ref>
#[[Anne Marie d'Orléans]] (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married [[Victor Amadeus II]], Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue<ref>{{cite web |title=Henrietta Anne Of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henrietta-Anne-of-England |website=Britannica |date=26 June 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>

===Second marriage===
Married [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], daughter of [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]] and [[Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel|Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=286}} on 16 November 1671 at [[Châlons-en-Champagne|Châlons]]. The couple had three children:<ref>{{cite web |title=PRINCESS PALATINE |url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/princess-palatine |website=Château de Versailles |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Ministère de la culture}}</ref>

#Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673&nbsp;– 16 March 1676) died in childhood;{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=328}}
#[[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]] (2 August 1674&nbsp;– 2 December 1723) married [[Françoise Marie de Bourbon]], ''Légitimée de France'', and had issue;{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=327}}
#[[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]] (13 September 1676&nbsp;– 24 December 1744) married [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]], and had issue.{{sfn|Stokes|1913|p=329}}

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Philippe of France
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans'''
|2= 2. [[Louis XIII of France]]
|3= 3. [[Anne of Austria]]
|4= 4. [[Henry IV of France]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=145–146}}
|5= 5. [[Marie de' Medici]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=145–146}}
|6= 6. [[Philip III of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Anna von Oesterreich">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich) |volume=6 |page=152}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Anna von Oesterreich"/>
|8= 8. [[Antoine of Navarre]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=143–144}}
|9= 9. [[Jeanne d'Albret|Jeanne III of Navarre]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=143–144}}
|10= 10. [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]<ref name="Britannica-Marie">{{Britannica|365073|Marie de Médicis}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Joanna of Austria]]<ref name="Britannica-Marie"/>
|12= 12. [[Philip II of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp III. |volume=7 |page=120}}</ref> 
|13= 13. [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III"/>
|14= 14. [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien) |volume=7 |page=13}}</ref>
|15= 15. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1551)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha"/>
}}

==See also==
* [[Descendants of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
* [[Antoine II Coëffier de Ruzé]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Anselme de Sainte-Marie |first=Père |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |volume=1 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |location=Paris |language=fr |edition=3rd |year=1726 |ref={{harvid|Anselme|1726}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Anthony |first=Louisa|year=1852 |title= Footsteps to history, being an epitome of the histories of England and France, from the fifth to the nineteenth century}}
*{{cite book |title=Brother to the Sun King, Philippe, Duke of Orléans |url=https://archive.org/details/brothertosunking00nanc |url-access=registration |first=Nancy Nichols |last=Barker |author-link=Nancy Nichols Barker |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780801837913 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=Veronica |author-link= Veronica Buckley|title=Madame de Maintenon: The secret wife of Louis XIV |date=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-0747580980}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cartwright |first1=Julia |author-link=Julia Cartwright Ady
|title=Madame: A life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I and Duchess of Orléans |date=1900 |publisher=Seeley and Co. Ltd |location=London}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Orleans, Philip I., Duke of |volume=20 |page=286}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cooke Taylor |first1=William |author-link=William Cooke Taylor |title=Memoirs of the house of Orléans: Volume 1 |year=1849 |publisher= R. Bentley }}
*{{cite book |last1=Crompton |first1=Louis |author-link= Louis Crompton|title=Homosexuality & Civilization |date=2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-02233-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Dufresne |first= Claude |author-link=Claude Dufresne |title=Les Orléans
|publisher= Criterion |location=Paris |year=1991}}
*Erlanger, Philippe: ''Louis XIV'', translated from French by Stephen Cox, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1970
*{{cite book |last=Fraser |first= Antonia |author-link= Antonia Fraser|title=Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King |publisher= Anchor Books |location=London |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7538-2293-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gerard |first1=Kent |last2=Hekma |first2=Gert |date=1989 |title=The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-86656-491-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Lynn |first=John |author-link= John A. Lynn |title=The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 |location=New York |publisher=Longman |year=1999 |isbn=0-582-05629-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kleinman |first1=Ruth |title=Anne of Austria: Queen of France |date=1985 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=University of California |isbn=9780814203897 |pages=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li-yAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Mitford |first= Nancy |author-link=Nancy Mitford |title=The Sun King |year=1966 |isbn=0-14-023967-7 |publisher= Penguin Publishing |location=London}}
*{{cite book |first=Christine |last=Pevitt |title=The Man Who Would be King:The Life of Philippe d'Orléans, Regent of France |isbn=9780753804599 |year=1997 |publisher= 	Weidenfeld & Nicolson History}}
*{{cite book |last=Sackville-West |first=Vita |author-link= Vita Sackville-West|title=Daughter of France: The life of Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, duchesse de Montpensier 1627–1693 |url=https://archive.org/details/daughteroffrance00sack/page/74/mode/2up|year=1959 |location=London |publisher=Michael Joseph}}
*Saint-Albin, Philippe de:''Palais de Saint-Cloud, résidence impériale'', Paris, 1864
* {{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Hugh |title=A Prince of Pleasure: Philip of France and His Court, 1640-1701 |date=1913 |publisher=H. Jenkins, Limited |location=University of Virginia |isbn=1230222510 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LuqmnRaPgoC}}
*{{cite book| last = Van der Cruysse| first = Dirk| title = ''Madame Palatine, princesse européenne''| publisher = Fayard| year = 1988| language = fr| isbn = 978-2-213-02200-0}}
*{{cite book |first=Jean |last=Vatout |title=Histoire du Palais-royal |location=Paris |year=1830}}
*{{cite book |first=H. Noel |last= Williams |title=A Rose of Savoy, Marie Adelaide of Savoy, duchesse de Bourgogne, Mother of Louis XV |publisher= [[Scribner's]] |year=1909 |location= New York}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans}}
*{{cite book |last1=Carretier |first1=Christian |title=Les cinq cent douze quartiers de Louis XIV |date=1980 |location=Angers-Paris}}
*{{cite book |last=Hilton |first= Lisa |author-link= Lisa Hilton (writer)|title=Athénaïs: The Real Queen of France |publisher= Little Brown |location= London |year=2002 |isbn=0-316-85878-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Lurgo |first=Elisabetta |title=Une histoire oubliée. Philippe d'Orléans et la Maison de Savoie |year=2018 |location=Chambéry |publisher=Société Savoisienne d'Histoire et d'Archéologie |isbn=978-2-85092-037-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Lurgo |first=Elisabetta |title=Philippe d'Orléans, frère de Louis XIV|year=2018 |location=Paris|publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-26207-516-3}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Orléans]]|21 September|1640|9 June|1701|[[House of Bourbon]]}}
{{s-reg|fr}}
|-
{{s-vac|rows=3|last=[[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Orléans]]|years=10 May 1661&nbsp;– 9 June 1701}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe II]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Chartres]]|years=1661&nbsp;– 1674}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Anjou]]|years=1640&nbsp;– 1660}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou|Philippe Charles]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Dukes of Anjou}}
{{Dukes of Orléans}}
{{Dukes of Chartres}}
{{Princes of France (House of Bourbon)}}
{{Princes of Orléans}}
{{House of Bourbon (France)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippe 1}}
[[Category:1640 births]]
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