View source for Phoenix, Arizona

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Arizona, U.S.}}
{{Redirect2|Phoenix, United States|Phoenix (city)|other cities|Phoenix (disambiguation)#Places}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Phoenix <!--Do not add state, per Infobox:settlement.-->
| settlement_type    = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align            = center
| image1                   = Downtown Phoenix Aerial Looking Northeast.jpg
| caption1                 = [[Downtown Phoenix]]
| image2                   = Arizona State Capitol (16399533605).jpg
| caption2                 = [[Arizona State Capitol]]
| image3                   = 2013, Hole in the Rock, Papago Park - panoramio.jpg
| caption3                 = [[Papago Park]]
| image4                   = Rosso House-1.jpg
| caption4                 = [[Rosson House]]
| image5                   = St. Mary's Basilica-9.jpg
| caption5                 = [[St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix)|St. Mary's Basilica]]
| image6                   = Mystery Castle (14242518270).jpg
| caption6                 = [[Mystery Castle]]
| image7                   = Reserve A-10 Warthogs Flyover 2023 World Series (8099146).jpg
| caption7                 = [[Chase Field]]
}}|
| image_flag         = Flag of Phoenix, Arizona.svg
| image_seal         = 
| image_blank_emblem = Phoenix-logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| nickname           = {{hlist|Valley of the Sun|The Valley}}
| image_map          = {{maplink
  | frame              = yes
  | plain              = yes
  | frame-align        = center
  | frame-width        = 270
  | frame-height       = 270
  | frame-coord        = {{coord|33.5853|-112.0739}}
  | zoom               = 9
  | type               = shape
  | marker             = city
  | stroke-width       = 2
  | stroke-color       = #0096FF
  | fill               = #0096FF
  | id2                = Q16556
  | type2              = shape-inverse
  | stroke-width2      = 2
  | stroke-color2      = #5F5F5F
  | stroke-opacity2    = 0
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| map_caption        = Interactive map of Phoenix
| pushpin_map        = Arizona#USA
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arizona##Location in the United States
| coordinates        = {{coord|33|26|54|N|112|04|26|W|type:city(161,000)_region:US-AZ|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Arizona|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Arizona}}
| subdivision_name2  = [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{start date and age|1867}}
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1  = February 25, 1881
| government_type    = [[Council–manager]]
| governing_body     = [[Phoenix City Council]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Phoenix|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Kate Gallego]]
| leader_party       = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]
| total_type         = State capital
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 519.28
| area_total_km2     = 1344.94
| area_land_sq_mi    = 518.27
| area_land_km2      = 1342.30
| area_water_sq_mi   = 1.02
| area_water_km2     = 2.63
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic Names Information System |url=https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/44784 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=edits.nationalmap.gov}}</ref>
| elevation_ft       = 1086
| population_total   = 1608139
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2023-POP-04.xlsx|date=May 2024|title= Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Arizona: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref>
| population_est     = 1673164 {{gain}}
| pop_est_as_of      = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="l838">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/LFE041223 | access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 3102.92
| population_density_km2 = 1198.04
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 4845832 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|10th]])
| population_rank    = [[List of North American cities by population|10th]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|5th]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Arizona|1st]] in Arizona
| population_urban   = 3,976,313 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|11th]])
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,382.5
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 3,580.7
| population_demonym = Phoenician<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Billock |first=Jennifer |date=2021-07-12 |title=From Chicagoan to Phoenician, here's what to call the residents of the biggest US cities |url=https://www.popsci.com/diy/resident-nickname-most-populous-us-cities/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |magazine=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total Gross Domestic Product for Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ (MSA)|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP38060|website=fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = $398.129 billion (2023)
| timezone           = [[Mountain Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset         = −07:00
| postal_code_type   = ZIP Codes
| postal_code        = 85001–85024, 85026-85046, 85048, 85050-85051, 85053-85054, 85060-85076, 85078-85080, 85082-85083, 85085-85087
| area_code_type     = Area codes
| area_code          = * East: [[Area code 480|480]]
* Central: [[Area code 602|602]]
* West: [[Area code 623|623]]
| blank_name_sec1    = FIPS code
| blank_info_sec1    = {{FIPS|04|55000}}
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info_sec1   = 44784
| website            = {{URL|https://www.phoenix.gov/|phoenix.gov}}
| footnotes          = 
| named_for          = [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix, mythical creature]]
| founder            = [[Jack Swilling]]
| elevation_m        = 331
}}

'''Phoenix''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|n|ᵻ|k|s|audio=En-us-Phoenix.ogg}} {{respell|FEE|niks|}}<ref>{{langx|nv|Hoozdo}}, {{IPA|nv|xòːztò|}}[[Oʼodham language|O'odham]]: ''S-ki:kigk''{{Cite web|url=https://thediggings.com/places/az0132411414|title=Phoenix, Arizona Mining Claims And Mining Mines &#124; The Diggings™}}</ref><ref>{{langx|yuf-x-wal|Banyà:nyuwá}} Watahomigie, Lucille, Jorigine Bender, Akira Yamamoto, University of Los Angeles. Hualapai reference grammar. 1982.</ref>) is the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Arizona#List of cities and towns|most populous city]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Arizona]]. With over 1.6 million residents at the 2020 census, it is the [[List of United States cities by population|fifth-most populous city in the United States]] and the [[List of capitals in the United States|most populous state capital]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-state-capitals.html |title = The 10 Most Populated State Capitals|date = September 3, 2020}}</ref>

Phoenix is the most populous city of the [[Phoenix metropolitan area]], also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is part of the [[Salt River Valley]] and [[Arizona Sun Corridor]]. The metro area is the [[Metropolitan statistical area|10th-largest by population]] in the United States with approximately 4.95 million people {{As of|2020|lc=y}}, making it the most populous in the [[Southwestern United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix metro area population 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/815239/phoenix-metro-area-population/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brunn Zeigler Hays-Mitchell Graybill 2020 p. 29">{{cite book | last1=Brunn | first1=S.D. | last2=Zeigler | first2=D.J. | last3=Hays-Mitchell | first3=M. | last4=Graybill | first4=J.K. | title=Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-5381-2635-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5_LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 | access-date=March 23, 2023 | page=29}}</ref> Phoenix, the seat of [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], is the largest city by population and area in Arizona, with an area of {{convert|517.9|sqmi}}, and is also the [[List of United States cities by area|11th-largest city by area]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf |title=County and City Data Book: 2007 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |edition=14 |page=712 |year=2007 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116083442/http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt]] and [[Gila River]]s and was incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of [[Arizona Territory]] in 1889.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/arizona-turns-106-wednesday|title=Arizona turns 106 Wednesday|last=Villarreal|first=Phil|date=February 14, 2018|publisher=KNXV|access-date=February 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Its [[Arizona Canal|canal system]] led to a thriving farming community with the original settlers' crops, such as [[alfalfa]], [[cotton]], [[citrus]], and [[hay]], remaining important parts of the [[Economy of Phoenix|local economy]] for decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching |title=Farming and Ranching |publisher=arizonaexperience.org |access-date=February 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228015804/http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html |title=A Short History of South Phoenix from 1865 to the early 1930s |publisher=barriozona |access-date=March 22, 2016 |first=Christine |last=Marin, Ph.D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030023/http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cotton, [[cattle]], citrus, [[climate]], and [[copper]] were known locally as the "Five C's" anchoring Phoenix's economy. These remained the driving forces of the city until after [[World War II]], when [[High tech|high-tech]] companies began to move into the valley and [[air conditioning]] made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.<ref name=azsos />

Phoenix is the cultural center of Arizona.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernard |first1=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5CNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |title=Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II |last2=Rice |first2=Bradley R. |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780292769823 |page=315 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It is in the northeastern reaches of the [[Sonoran Desert]] and is known for its [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]].<ref name="ViennaKoppen">{{cite web|last1=Kottek|first1=M.|last2=Grieser|first2=J.|last3=Beck|first3=C.|last4=Rudolf|first4=B.|last5=Rubel|first5=F.|title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035800/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |url-status=live|website=Climate Change & Infectious Diseases Group, Institute for Veterinary Public Health|publisher=University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna|access-date=January 30, 2018|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="HESKoppen">{{cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=M. C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L.|last3=McMahon|first3=T. A.|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|date=October 11, 2007|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1633–1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/58779|doi-access=free |issn=1027-5606}}</ref> The region's [[gross domestic product]] reached over $362 billion by 2022.<ref name="FREDGDP">{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area {{!}} FRED {{!}} St. Louis Fed |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> The city averaged a four percent annual [[population growth]] rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s,<ref name=igg>{{cite web |url=http://www.azigg.com/phoenix.html|title=Why Phoenix?|publisher=AZ International Growth Group|year=2016|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> and was among the nation's ten most populous cities by 1980. Phoenix is also one of [[List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations|the largest plurality Hispanic cities]] in the United States, with 42% of its population being [[Hispanic]].<ref name="azbigmedia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/hispanic-population-is-now-the-majority-in-phoenix-census-shows/|title=Hispanic population is now the majority in Phoenix, Census shows|first=Kyle|last=Backer|date=August 31, 2021|website=AZ Big Media}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Phoenix, Arizona}}
{{For timeline}}

===Early history===
[[File:OasisAmerica-es.svg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Map portraying ancestral Hohokam lands circa 1350|Map of [[Hohokam]] lands {{circa|1350}}]]

The [[Hohokam]] people occupied the Phoenix area for 2,000 years.<ref name=Phxgov>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html |title=History of Phoenix |publisher=City of Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415163536/http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Trimble |first=Marshall |title=Arizoniana |publisher=American Traveler Press |year=1988 |page=103 |isbn=978-1-885590-89-3 }}</ref> They created roughly {{convert|135|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable, and paths of these canals were used for the [[Arizona Canal]], [[Central Arizona Project]] Canal, and the [[Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct]]. They also carried out extensive trade with the nearby [[Anasazi|Ancient Puebloans]], [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]], and [[Sinagua]], as well as with the more distant [[Mesoamerican]] civilizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html |publisher=Desert USA |title=Prehistoric Desert Peoples: The Hohokam |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317004347/http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is believed periods of drought and severe floods between 1300 and 1450 led to the Hohokam civilization's abandonment of the area.{{sfn|Trimble|1988|p=105}}

After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of [[Akimel O'odham]] (commonly known as Pima), [[Tohono O'odham]], and [[Maricopa people|Maricopa]] tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the [[Yavapai people|Yavapai]] and Apache.{{sfn|Montero|2008|pp=10–11}} The O'odham were offshoots of the [[Sobaipuri]] tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the Hohokam.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I | last=Seymour | first=Deni J. | issue=2007b | journal=New Mexico Historical Review | page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp |title=Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People |publisher=Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community |access-date=February 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm |title=The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico |publisher=Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office |year=1906 |access-date=March 24, 2016 |editor=Hodge, Frederick Webb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140218050828/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 18, 2014 }}</ref>

The Akimel O'odham were the major group in the area. They lived in small villages with well-defined irrigation systems that spread over the Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food as well as cotton and tobacco. They banded with the Maricopa for protection against incursions by the Yuma and Apache tribes.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009142008/http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history |archive-date=October 9, 2014 | url=http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history | title=Gila River Indian Community History | publisher=Gila River Indian Community | access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people; however, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with other Yuma tribes, settling among the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.<ref name=srpmic>{{cite web | url=http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | title=Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People | publisher=Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community | access-date=February 17, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | archive-date=August 5, 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm | title=Maricopa Tribe | access-date=February 17, 2014| date=July 9, 2011 }}</ref>{{sfn|Montero|2008|pp=10–11}}

The Tohono O'odham also lived in the region, but largely to the south and all the way to the Mexican border.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta | last=McIntyre | first=Allan | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | year=2008 | isbn=9780738556338}}</ref> The O'odham lived in small settlements as seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils, sugar cane, and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and [[javelina]] for meat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html | title=San Xavier del Bac Mission-Tohono O'odham | publisher=San Xavier Mission | access-date=February 24, 2014 | archive-date=February 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104732/http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/ton_history.aspx | title=Tohono O'odham History | access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Mexican–American War]] ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, and the region's residents became U.S. citizens. The Phoenix area became part of the [[New Mexico Territory]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Spencer C. |last=Tucker |title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican–American War: A Political, Social, and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ceNvefrToC&pg=PA255 |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=255 |isbn=978-1-85109-854-5}}</ref> In 1863, the mining town of [[Wickenburg, Arizona|Wickenburg]] was the first to be established in Maricopa County, to the northwest of Phoenix. Maricopa County had not been incorporated; the land was within [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]], which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg.

The Army created [[Fort McDowell, Arizona|Fort McDowell]] on the [[Verde River]] in 1865 to forestall Indian uprisings.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joan |last=Fudala |title=Historic Scottsdale: A Life from the Land |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSiRm6fUk4IC&pg=PA28 |year=2001 |publisher=HPN Books |page=28 |isbn=978-1-893619-12-8 | access-date=March 19, 2016}}</ref> The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. Other nearby settlements later merged to become the city of [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm#FIRS |publisher=Tempe.gov |title=Tempe History Timeline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105115517/http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref>

===Founding and incorporation===
[[File:Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery Adobe-1895-2.JPG|thumb|The Phillip Darrell Duppa adobe house was built in 1870 and is the oldest house in Phoenix. The homestead is named after "Lord" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming Phoenix and Tempe as well as founding the town of New River.]]

The history of Phoenix begins with [[Jack Swilling]], a Confederate veteran of the Civil War who prospected in the nearby mining town of [[Wickenburg]] in the newly formed [[Arizona Territory]]. As he traveled through the [[Salt River Valley]] in 1867, he saw a potential for farming to supply Wickenburg with food. He also noted the eroded mounds of dirt that indicated previous canals dug by native peoples who had long since left the area. He formed the Swilling Irrigation and Canal Company that year, dug a large canal that drew in river water, and erected several crop fields in a location that is now within the eastern portion of central Phoenix near its airport. Other settlers soon began to arrive, appreciating the area's fertile soil and lack of frost, and the farmhouse Swilling constructed became a frequently-visited location in the valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glorecords.blm.gov/details/survey/default.aspx?dm_id=107721&sid=xzdik1aw.jli#surveyDetailsTabIndex=1|title=Survey Details – BLM GLO Records|website=glorecords.blm.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wateruseitwisely.com/arizona-water-pioneers-jack-swilling/|title=Arizona Water Pioneers – Part 1 &#124; Jack Swilling|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714175458/https://wateruseitwisely.com/arizona-water-pioneers-jack-swilling/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Phillip Darrell Duppa|Lord Darrell Duppa]] was one of the original settlers in Swilling's party, and he suggested the name "Phoenix", as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization.<ref name=Phxgov />

The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and the first post office was established the following month with Swilling as the postmaster.<ref name=Phxgov /> In October 1870, valley residents met to select a new townsite for the valley's growing population. A new location three miles to the west of the original settlement, containing several allotments of farmland, was chosen, and lots began to officially be sold under the name of Phoenix in December of that year. This established the downtown core in a grid layout pattern that has been the hallmark of Phoenix's urban development ever since.

On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County by dividing Yavapai County; it was the sixth one formed in the Arizona Territory. The first election for county office was held in 1871 when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff. He ran unopposed when the other two candidates (John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite) fought a duel; Chenowth killed Favorite and was forced to withdraw from the race.<ref name=Phxgov />

The town grew during the 1870s, and President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] issued a land patent for the site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, 16 saloons, and four dance halls, but the townsite-commissioner form of government needed an overhaul. An election was held in 1875, and three village trustees and other officials were elected.<ref name=Phxgov /> By 1880, the town's population stood at 2,453.<ref name=Moffat>{{cite book |last=Moffatt |first=Riley |title=Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990 |publisher=Scarecrow |place=Lanham, MD |year=1996 |page=14}}</ref>

[[File:Phoenix1885-AerialMap HiRes.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|right|Aerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885]]

By 1881, Phoenix's continued growth made the board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing a mayor-council government; Governor [[John C. Fremont]] signed the bill on February 25, 1881, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with a population of around 2,500.<ref name=Phxgov />

The railroad's arrival in the valley in the 1880s was the first of several events that made Phoenix a trade center whose products reached eastern and western markets. In response, the [[Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce|Phoenix Chamber of Commerce]] was organized on November 4, 1888.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixchamber.com/about/history |title=History |publisher=Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref> The city offices moved into the new City Hall at Washington and Central in 1888.<ref name=Phxgov /> The territorial capital moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889, and the territorial offices were also in City Hall.<ref>{{cite book | title=Early Phoenix | editor-first=Kathleen | editor-last=Garcia | page=18| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F25aMroD_IUC&pg=PA18| publisher=Arcadia Publishing | year=2008 | isbn=978-0738548395 }}</ref> The arrival of the [[Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway]] in 1895 connected Phoenix to Prescott, Flagstaff, and other communities in the northern part of the territory. The increased access to commerce expedited the city's economic rise. The [[Phoenix Union High School]] was established in 1895 with an enrollment of 90.<ref name=Phxgov />

===1901 to World War II===
[[File:Phoenix1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Refer to caption|Central Avenue, Phoenix, 1908]]

On February 25, 1901, Governor [[Oakes Murphy]] dedicated the permanent [[Arizona State Capitol|Capitol building]],<ref name=Phxgov /> and the [[Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park|Carnegie Free Library]] opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04 |publisher=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407100007/http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04 |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Newlands Reclamation Act|National Reclamation Act]] was signed by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1902, which allowed dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm |publisher=Center for Columbia River History |title=Reclamation Act/Newlands Act of 1902 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171114/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first dam constructed under the act, [[Theodore Roosevelt Dam|Salt River Dam#1]], began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming [[Theodore Roosevelt Lake|a lake]] in the mountains east of Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx |publisher=Salt River Project |title=Theodore Roosevelt Dam |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200331/http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dam would be renamed after Teddy Roosevelt in 1917,<ref>{{cite web|title=GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Dam|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42945|website=USGS|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> and the lake would follow suit in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|title=GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Lake|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42942|website=USGS|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref>

On February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President [[William Howard Taft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |publisher=History.com |title=Arizona |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position on the recall of judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html |publisher=National Archives |title=President William Howard Taft's veto of H.J. Res. 14 to admit the territories of New Mexico and Arizona as States into the Union, August 15, 1911 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403094105/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1913, Phoenix's move from a mayor-council system to [[Council-Manager government|council-manager]] made it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate; eight years later, its population reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the [[Heard Building]]; it was the tallest building in the state until the completion of the [[Luhrs Building]] in 1924.<ref name=Phxgov /> In 1929, [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor]] was officially opened, at the time owned by [[Grand Canyon Airlines|Scenic Airways]]. The city purchased it in 1935 and continues to operate it today.<ref name=Skyharbor>{{cite web |url=http://skyharbor.com/about/earlyYears.html |title=1935 and The Farm – Sky Harbor's Early Years and Memories |publisher=skyharbor.com |date=August 30, 1930 |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Phoenix downtown03.ca1940s.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of the skyline of downtown Phoenix circa 1940|Phoenix skyline, c. 1940]]

On March 4, 1930, former U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist [[Will Rogers]], who was on hand as a guest speaker joked, "If that was my lake, I'd mow it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/ |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=Arizona scenic drive: Globe to Safford |date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922220009/https://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/ |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Phoenix's population had nearly doubled during the 1920s and by 1930 stood at 48,118.<ref name=Phxgov /> It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called "The Valley of the Sun", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.<ref name=Valley101>{{Cite book | publisher=Primer Publishers | year=1999 | last=Thompson | first=Clay | title=Valley 101: A Slightly Skewed Guide to Living in Arizona | pages=[https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1 1–2] | isbn=978-0-935810-71-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1 }}</ref>

During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, transforming into an "embryonic industrial city" with the mass production of military supplies.<ref name=Phxgov/> There were three air force fields in the area: [[Luke Air Force Base|Luke Field]], [[Williams Air Force Base|Williams Field]], and [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]], as well as two large pilot training camps, [[Thunderbird Field No. 1]] in Glendale and [[Scottsdale Airport|Thunderbird Field No. 2]] in Scottsdale.<ref name=Phxgov /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history.asp |title=Scottsdale Airport History |publisher=scottsdaleaz.gov |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Thomas A. |year=2005 |title=History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofaireduc00gop |publisher=Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC |place=Randolph AFB, Texas |isbn=978-1-178-48983-5}}</ref>

===Post-World War II explosive growth===
A town that had just over 65,000 residents in 1940 became America's fifth most populous city by 2020, with a population of nearly 1.6 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs. After the war, many of the men who had undergone their training in Arizona returned with their new families. Learning of this large untapped labor pool enticed many large industries to move their operations to the area.<ref name=Phxgov /> In 1948, high-tech industry, which would become a staple of the state's economy, arrived in Phoenix when [[Motorola]] chose Phoenix as the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. Seeing the same advantages as Motorola, other high-tech companies, such as [[Intel]] and [[McDonnell Douglas]], moved into the valley and opened manufacturing operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/history/2015/05/14/125-republic-anniversary-arizona-internment-camps-high-tech-firms/27188081/ |newspaper=Arizona Republic |date=May 14, 2015 |title=1940s in Arizona: Internment camps and high-tech firms |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075921/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/history/2015/05/14/125-republic-anniversary-arizona-internment-camps-high-tech-firms/27188081/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Urbanization and Sustainability | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGa-DCN5ODoC&pg=PA164 | editor-first1=Christopher G. | editor-last1=Boone |editor-first2=Michail |editor-last2=Fragkias | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | year=2012 | pages=64–65 | isbn=9789400756663 }}</ref>

By 1950, over 105,000 people resided in the city and thousands more in surrounding communities.<ref name=Phxgov /> The 1950s growth was spurred on by advances in air conditioning, which allowed homes and businesses to offset the extreme heat experienced in Phoenix and the surrounding areas during its long summers. There was more new construction in Phoenix in 1959 alone than from 1914 to 1946.<ref name=AZed>{{cite web |url=http://www.arizonaedventures.com/reference-guide/arizona-history-timeline/20th-century/ |title=20th Century |publisher=Arizona Edventures |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055917/http://www.arizonaedventures.com/reference-guide/arizona-history-timeline/20th-century/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Like many emerging American cities at the time, Phoenix's spectacular growth did not occur evenly. It largely took place on the city's north side, a region that was nearly all Caucasian. In 1962, one local activist testified at a [[United States Commission on Civil Rights|US Commission on Civil Rights]] of hearing that of 31,000 homes that had recently sprung up in this neighborhood, not a single one had been sold to an African-American.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest|last = Needham|first = Andrew|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2014|location = Princeton, NJ|pages = 84}}</ref> Phoenix's African-American and Mexican-American communities remained largely sequestered on the south side of town. The color lines were so rigid that no one north of [[Van Buren Street (Arizona)|Van Buren Street]] would rent to the African-American baseball star [[Willie Mays]], in town for spring training in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest|last = Needham|first = Andrew|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2014|location = Princeton, NJ|pages = 86}}</ref> In 1964, a reporter from ''[[The New Republic]]'' wrote of segregation in these terms: "Apartheid is complete. The two cities look at each other across a golf course."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest|last = Needham|first = Andrew|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2014|location = Princeton, NJ|pages = 87}}</ref>

===1960s to present===
[[File:The View of Phoenix's Urban Sprawl from 4000 Ft. South Mountain in Background , 6 1972.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Phoenix in May 1972, with [[South Mountains (Arizona)|South Mountain]] in the background]]

The continued rapid population growth led more businesses to the valley to take advantage of the labor pool,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.azcentral.com/business/articles/2011/09/01/20110901biz-centennial0902trends1960s.html |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=1960s trends in Arizona |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and manufacturing, particularly in the electronics sector, continued to grow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf |publisher=History.com |title=Development of Metropolitan Phoenix: Historical, Current and Future Trends |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324102211/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf |first=Tom R. |last=Rex |page=9 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The convention and tourism industries saw rapid expansion during the 1960s, with tourism becoming the third largest industry by the end of the decade.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=42}} In 1965, the [[Phoenix Corporate Center]] opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/phoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010641/http://www.emporis.com/building/phoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |title=Phoenix Corporate Center |publisher=Emporis |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref> The 1960s saw many other buildings constructed as the city expanded rapidly, including the Rosenzweig Center (1964), today called [[Phoenix City Square]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/complex/phoenix-city-square-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221184444/http://www.emporis.com/complex/phoenix-city-square-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |title=Phoenix City Square |publisher=Emporis |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref> the landmark [[Phoenix Financial Center]] (1964),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://modernphoenix.net/phoenixfinancial.htm |title=The Phoenix Financial Center a.k.a. Western Savings and Loan |publisher=ModernPhoenix.net |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135937/http://modernphoenix.net/phoenixfinancial.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as many of Phoenix's residential high-rises. In 1965 the [[Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum]] opened at the [[Arizona State Fairgrounds]], west of downtown. When Phoenix was awarded an [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] franchise in 1968, which would be called the [[Phoenix Suns]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origin.nba.com/suns/history/00827382.html |title=Suns Timeline |publisher=National Basketball Association |access-date=February 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205184137/http://origin.nba.com/suns/history/00827382.html |archive-date=February 5, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf |title=Season Review 68–69 |publisher=National Basketball Association |page=122 |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208210906/http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> they played their home games at the Coliseum until 1992, after which they moved to [[Talking Stick Resort Arena|America West Arena]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf |title=Season Review 92–93 |publisher=National Basketball Association |page=170 |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208210906/http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1968, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] approved the [[Central Arizona Project]], assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor between them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cap-az.com/about-us/history |publisher=Central Arizona Project |title=History |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303061616/http://www.cap-az.com/about-us/history |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.library.arizona.edu/collections/mo_cap/index.php |publisher=University of Arizona |title=Morris Udall Papers – Central Arizona Project |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065806/http://content.library.arizona.edu/collections/mo_cap/index.php |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following year, [[Pope Paul VI]] created the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix|Diocese of Phoenix]] on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson, with [[Edward A. McCarthy]] as the first Bishop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diocesephoenix.org/about-history.php |title=History of the Diocese of Phoenix |publisher=The Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix |access-date=February 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227211250/http://www.diocesephoenix.org/about-history.php |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 1970s the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture. The nine original villages{{sfn|Luckingham|1995|pp=235–237}} have expanded to 15 over the years (see [[#Cityscape|Cityscape]] below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. The [[Phoenix Symphony Hall]] opened in 1972;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=Valley Arts Guide |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515180922/http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html |archive-date=May 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> other major structures which saw construction downtown during this decade were the [[Wells Fargo Plaza (Phoenix)|First National Bank Plaza]], the [[Chase Tower (Phoenix)|Valley Center]] (the tallest building in Arizona),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chasetower-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106135205/http://www.emporis.com/building/chasetower-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |title=Chase Tower |publisher=Emporis |access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> and the [[U.S. Bank Center (Phoenix)|Arizona Bank building]].<!--These were the names of the buildings at the times they were built. Please do not change.-->

On September 25, 1981, Phoenix resident [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] broke the gender barrier on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], when she was sworn in as the first female justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Today/SandraDayO'Connor.html |title=First Woman to Supreme Court |publisher=History Central |access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> In 1985, the [[Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station]], the nation's largest nuclear power plant, began electrical production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=5 |title=Arizona Centennial |publisher=The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com |access-date=February 27, 2014 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Mother Teresa]] both visited the Valley in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=7 |title=Arizona Centennial |publisher=The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com |access-date=February 27, 2014 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There was an influx of refugees due to low-cost housing in the [[Sunnyslope, Arizona|Sunnyslope]] area in the 1990s, resulting in 43 different languages being spoken in local schools by 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcl.com/about/timeline/1990s |title=John C. Lincoln Timeline – 1990s |publisher=John C. Lincoln Health Network |access-date=February 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064753/http://www.jcl.com/about/timeline/1990s |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new 20-story [[Phoenix City Hall|City Hall]] opened in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4219 |title=Phoenix City Hall |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref>

Phoenix has maintained a growth streak in recent years, growing by 24.2% before 2007. This made it the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, surpassed only by [[Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA|Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/31/property-cities-growth-forbeslife-cx_mw_1031realestate_slide_3.html?thisSpeed=15000 |title=In Pictures: America's Fastest-Growing Cities from |work=Forbes |date=October 31, 2007 |access-date=June 30, 2010 |first=Matt |last=Woolsey}}</ref> In 2008, Squaw Peak, the city's second tallest mountain, was renamed [[Piestewa Peak]] after Army Specialist [[Lori Ann Piestewa]], an Arizonan and the first [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] woman to die in combat while serving in the U.S. military, as well as being the first American female casualty of the [[Iraq War|2003 Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-04-10-2715750201_x.htm |title=Feds OK naming Phoenix peak for soldier |newspaper=USA Today |last=Myers |first=Amanda Lee |date=April 10, 2008 |access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> 2008 also saw Phoenix as one of the cities hardest hit by the [[subprime mortgage crisis]], and by early 2009 the median home price was $150,000, down from its $262,000 peak in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.foreclosures/ |publisher=CNN |title=Obama expected to announce foreclosure plan |date=February 17, 2009 |first1=Mary |last1=Snow |first2=Jim |last2=Acosta |access-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref> Crime rates in Phoenix have fallen in recent years, and once troubled, decaying neighborhoods such as [[South Phoenix|South Mountain]], [[Alhambra, Phoenix, Arizona|Alhambra]], and [[West Phoenix|Maryvale]] have recovered and stabilized. On June 1, 2023, the State of Arizona announced the decision to halt new housing development in the Phoenix metropolitan area that relies solely on [[groundwater]] due to a predicted water shortfall.<ref name="PhoenixRunningOutOfWater">{{cite web |first=Brandon |last=Loomis |date=June 1, 2023 |title=Arizona will halt new home approvals in parts of metro Phoenix as water supplies tighten |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2023/06/01/new-arizona-groundwater-model-shows-shortfall-state-will-halt-growth/70279189007/ |website=azcentral.com |access-date=June 1, 2023 |agency=USA TODAY Network}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Phoenix by Sentinel-2, 2020-09-09.jpg|alt=A photo taken from space of the Phoenix Area|thumb|Sentinel-2 satellite image of the Phoenix metro area in 2020]]

Phoenix is in the south-central portion of Arizona; about halfway between [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] to the southeast and [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] to the north, in the [[Southwestern United States]]. By car, the city is approximately {{convert|150|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} north of the US–Mexico border at [[Sonoyta]] and {{convert|180|mi|abbr=on}} north of the border at [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]]. The metropolitan area is known as the "Valley of the Sun" due to its location in the Salt River Valley.<ref name=Valley101 /> It lies at a mean elevation of 1,086 feet (331 m), in the northern reaches of the [[Sonoran Desert]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:44784,Phoenix |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Feature Detail Report for: Phoenix |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109063347/http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:44784,Phoenix |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other than the mountains in and around the city, Phoenix's topography is generally flat, which allows the city's main streets to run on a precise grid with wide, open-spaced roadways. Scattered, low mountain ranges surround the valley: [[McDowell Mountains]] to the northeast, the [[White Tank Mountains]] to the west, the [[Superstition Mountains]] far to the east, and both [[South Mountains (Arizona)|South Mountain]] and the [[Sierra Estrella]] to the south/southwest. [[Camelback Mountain]], North Mountain, [[Sunnyslope Mountain]], and [[Piestewa Peak]] are within the heart of the valley. The city's outskirts have large fields of irrigated cropland and Native American reservation lands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/phoenix-mountains-and-neighboring-ranges/285171 |title=Phoenix Mountain Overview |publisher=summitpost.org |access-date=March 5, 2014}}</ref> The Salt River runs westward through Phoenix, but the riverbed is often dry or contains little water due to large irrigation diversions. South Mountain separates the community of [[Ahwatukee]] from the rest of the city.
[[File:231209-2 Ahwatukee and South Mountain.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Ahwatukee, Phoenix|Ahwatukee]] neighborhoods and the [[South Mountains (Arizona)|South Mountains]]]]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of {{cvt|517.9|sqmi}}, of which {{cvt|516.7|sqmi}} is land and {{cvt|1.2|sqmi}}, or 0.2%, is water.

[[Maricopa County, Arizona#Demographics|Maricopa County]] grew by 711% from 186,000 in 1940 to 1,509,000 by 1980, due in part to air conditioning, cheap housing, and an influx of retirees. The once "modest urban sprawl" now "grew by 'epic' proportions—not only a myriad of residential tract developments on both farmland and desert." Retail outlets and office complexes spread out and did not concentrate in the small downtown area. There was low population density and a lack of widespread and significant high-rise development.<ref>James W. Elmore (1985). ''A Guide to the architecture of Metro Phoenix''. p. 20.</ref> As a consequence Phoenix became a textbook case of [[urban sprawl]] for geographers.<ref>Paul M. Torrens, "Simulating sprawl." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96.2 (2006): 248–275.</ref><ref>Carol E. Heim, "Leapfrogging, urban sprawl, and growth management: Phoenix, 1950–2000." ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'' 60.1 (2001): 245–283.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 15, 1999 |title=A hydra in the desert |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/1999/07/15/a-hydra-in-the-desert |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walters |first=Joanna |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Plight of Phoenix: how long can the world's 'least sustainable' city survive? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/20/phoenix-least-sustainable-city-survive-water |work=The Guardian |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Kaila |date=October 6, 2016 |title='Onion' article mocks Phoenix's suburban sprawl |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/10/06/onion-article-mocks-phoenix-suburban-sprawl/91677190/ |work=Arizona Republic |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Egan |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Egan |date=December 29, 1996 |title=Urban Sprawl Strains Western States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/29/us/urban-sprawl-strains-western-states.html |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref> Even though it is the fifth most populated city in the United States, the large area gives it a low density rate of approximately 2,797 people per square mile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Phoenix (city) QuickFacts |access-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |archive-date=May 21, 2012 }}</ref> In comparison, [[Philadelphia]], the sixth most populous city with nearly the same population as Phoenix, has a density of over 11,000 people per square mile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html |title=Philadelphia (city) Quickfacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624025704/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html |archive-date=June 24, 2011 }}</ref>

Like most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe [[daylight saving time]]. In 1973, Governor [[Jack Williams (American politician)|Jack Williams]] argued to the U.S. Congress that energy use would increase in the evening should Arizona observe DST. He went on to say energy use would also rise early in the day "because there would be more lights on in the early morning." Additionally, he said daylight saving time would cause children to go to school in the dark.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111247/http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |title=Arizona does not need daylight saving time|journal=Arizona Daily Star |date=May 19, 2005 |access-date=June 19, 2012}}</ref>

===Cityscape===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Phoenix}}

{{wide image|Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg|1000px|alt=aerial view of the Phoenix skyline, showing the tall buildings of downtown Phoenix to the left of the photo, mountains in the background, the flatness of the rest of the city, with Sky Harbor airport |align-cap=center|A panoramic view of Phoenix from the South Mountain range, winter 2008, with Sky Harbor International Airport on the far right}}

====Neighborhoods====
[[File:Phoenix Urban Villages.svg|thumb|alt=a graphic representation showing how Phoenix is broken up into 15 urban villages|Map of the urban villages of Phoenix]]

Since 1979, the city of Phoenix has been divided into [[urban village]]s, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities that have since been annexed into Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pdd/pz/village-planning-committees |publisher=City of Phoenix |title=Village Planning Committees |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325080714/https://www.phoenix.gov/pdd/pz/village-planning-committees |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each village has a planning committee appointed directly by the city council. According to the city-issued village planning handbook, the purpose of the village planning committees is to "work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village, concentrate development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/pdd_pz_pdf_00020.pdf |publisher=City of Phoenix |title=The Village Planning Handbook |page=1 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327021820/https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/pdd_pz_pdf_00020.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 15 urban villages: [[Ahwatukee, Phoenix|Ahwatukee Foothills]], [[Alhambra, Phoenix|Alhambra]], [[Camelback East, Phoenix|Camelback East]], [[Central City, Phoenix|Central City]], [[Deer Valley, Phoenix|Deer Valley]], Desert View, [[Encanto, Phoenix|Encanto]], [[Estrella, Phoenix|Estrella]], [[Laveen, Arizona|Laveen]], [[Maryvale, Phoenix|Maryvale]], North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley, [[Rio Vista, Phoenix|Rio Vista]], and South Mountain.

The urban village of Paradise Valley is distinct from the nearby [[Paradise Valley, Arizona|Town of Paradise Valley]]. Although the urban village is part of Phoenix, the town is independent.

In addition to the above urban villages, Phoenix has a variety of commonly referred-to regions and districts, such as [[Downtown Phoenix|Downtown]], [[Midtown, Phoenix, Arizona|Midtown]], Uptown,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/ReinventPHX%20Uptown%20District%20Profile.pdf |publisher=City of Phoenix |title=ReinventPHX District Profile: Uptown |access-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102180553/https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/ReinventPHX%20Uptown%20District%20Profile.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> West Phoenix, [[North/Northwest Phoenix|North Phoenix]], [[South Phoenix]], [[Biltmore Area]], [[Arcadia, Phoenix, Arizona|Arcadia]], and [[Sunnyslope, Phoenix|Sunnyslope]].

===Flora and fauna===
While some of the native flora and fauna of the [[Sonoran Desert]] can be found within Phoenix city limits, most are found in the suburbs and the undeveloped desert areas that surround the city. Native mammal species include [[coyote]], [[Collared Peccary|javelina]], [[bobcat]], [[Cougar|mountain lion]], [[Sylvilagus audubonii|desert cottontail rabbit]], [[jackrabbit]], [[antelope ground squirrel]], [[mule deer]], [[ring-tailed cat|ringtail]], [[coati]], and multiple species of bats, such as the [[Mexican free-tailed bat]] and [[western pipistrelle]], that roost in and around the city. There are many species of native birds, including [[Costa's hummingbird]], [[Anna's hummingbird]], [[Gambel's quail]], [[Gila woodpecker]], [[mourning dove]], [[white-winged dove]], the [[greater roadrunner]], the [[cactus wren]], and many species of raptors, including [[falcons]], [[hawks]], [[owls]], [[vultures]] (such as the [[turkey vulture]] and [[black vulture]]), and [[eagle]]s, including the [[golden eagle|golden]] and the [[bald eagle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phoenix.gov/parks/trails/things-to-do/wildlife |title=The Wildlife of the Phoenix Mountain Preserves |publisher=phoenix.gov |access-date=September 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919085511/https://www.phoenix.gov/parks/trails/things-to-do/wildlife |archive-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_az_wildlife.shtml |title=Living With Wildlife – Arizona Wildlife |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |access-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011519/http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_az_wildlife.shtml |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

The greater Phoenix region is home to the only thriving feral population of [[rosy-faced lovebird]]s in the U.S. This bird is a popular [[birdcage]] pet, native to southwestern Africa. Feral birds were first observed living outdoors in 1987, probably escaped or released pets, and by 2010 the Greater Phoenix population had grown to about 950 birds. These [[lovebird]]s prefer older neighborhoods where they nest under untrimmed, dead [[palm tree]] fronds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://azfo.org/journal/Rosy-facedLovebird2011.html |title=Status of the Rosy-faced Lovebird in Phoenix, Arizona |first1=Kurt A. |last1=Radamaker |first2=Troy E. |last2=Corman |date=September 15, 2011 |work=Arizona Field Ornithologists |access-date=September 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PF-Lovebird">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Greg |title=Peach-faced Lovebird Range Expansion Data in Greater Phoenix, Arizona Area |url=http://mirror-pole.com/collpage/pf_loveb/pfl_1.htm |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref>

The area is also home to a plethora of native reptile species including the [[Crotalus atrox|Western diamondback rattlesnake]], [[Crotalus cerastes cercobombus|Sonoran sidewinder]], several other types of rattlesnakes, [[Micruroides|Sonoran coral snake]], dozens of species of non-venomous snakes (including the [[Sonoran gopher snake]] and the [[California kingsnake]]), the [[gila monster]], [[Sceloporus magister|desert spiny lizard]], several types of [[Teiidae|whiptail lizards]], the [[chuckwalla]], [[desert horned lizard]], [[western banded gecko]], [[Sonora mud turtle]], and the [[desert tortoise]]. Native amphibian species include the [[Scaphiopus couchii|Couch's spadefoot toad]], [[Chiricahua leopard frog]], and the [[Incilius alvarius|Sonoran desert toad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixsnakeremoval.com/snakes-of-phoenix.php |title=Common Snakes of the Phoenix Area |publisher=Phoenix Snake Removal |access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref>

Phoenix and the surrounding areas are also home to a wide variety of native invertebrates including the [[Arizona bark scorpion]], [[giant desert hairy scorpion]], [[Arizona blond tarantula]], [[Sonoran Desert centipede]], [[tarantula hawk wasp]], [[solifugae|camel spider]], and [[amblypygi|tailless whip scorpion]]. Of great concern is the presence of [[Africanized bee]]s which can be extremely dangerous—even lethal—when provoked.

The Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert (of which Phoenix is a part) has "the most structurally diverse flora in the United States." One of the most well-known types of succulents, the [[Saguaro|giant saguaro cactus]], is found throughout the city and its neighboring environs. Other native species are the [[Stenocereus thurberi|organpipe]], [[Barrel cactus|barrel]], [[Fishhook cactus|fishhook]], [[Pachycereus schottii|senita]], [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] and [[Cylindropuntia|cholla]] cacti; [[Fouquieria|ocotillo]]; [[Parkinsonia aculeata|Palo Verde trees]] and [[Parkinsonia microphylla|foothill]] and [[Parkinsonia florida|blue paloverde]]; [[Washingtonia filifera|California fan palm]]; [[agave]]s; [[Yucca elata|soaptree yucca]], [[Hesperoyucca whipplei|Spanish bayonet]], [[Dasylirion wheeleri|desert spoon]], and [[Hesperaloe parviflora|red yucca]]; [[Olneya|ironwood]]; [[mesquite]]; and the [[Larrea tridentata|creosote bush]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desertmuseum.org/center/swbiodiversity.php |title=Sonoran Desert Region Flora – Maricopa County |publisher=Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum |access-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222050828/http://www.desertmuseum.org/center/swbiodiversity.php |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html |title=Natural Vegetation of Arizona |publisher=University of Arizona Library |access-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224024058/http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many non-native plants also thrive in Phoenix including, but not limited to, the [[date palm]], [[Washingtonia robusta|Mexican fan palm]], [[Phoenix canariensis|pineapple palm]], [[Pinus brutia|Afghan pine]], [[Pinus canariensis|Canary Island pine]], [[Pachycereus marginatus|Mexican fencepost cactus]], [[Pachycereus pringlei|cardon cactus]], [[acacia]], [[eucalyptus]], [[aloe]], [[bougainvillea]], [[Nerium|oleander]], [[lantana]], [[Melaleuca citrina|bottlebrush]], [[olive]], [[citrus]], and [[Caesalpinia pulcherrima|red bird of paradise]].

=== Climate ===
{{main|Climate of Phoenix}}
[[File:Hummingbird Springs Wilderness (9412743529).jpg|thumb|The [[Sonoran Desert]] surrounding Phoenix]]
Phoenix has a [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen:]] ''BWh''),<ref name="ViennaKoppen"/><ref name="HESKoppen"/> typical of the [[Sonoran Desert]], and is the largest city in the [[Americas]] in this climatic zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/phoenix-america-s-desert-metropolis/28262/|title=Phoenix: America's Desert Metropolis {{!}} Smart Cities Dive|website=www.smartcitiesdive.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. The city is within one of the world's sunniest regions, with its [[sunshine duration]] comparable to the [[Sahara]] region. With 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/the-10-sunniest-cities-in-the-world/|title=The 10 Sunniest Cities In The World|last=Stanley|first=Courtney|date=April 25, 2016|access-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States.<ref name=Farmers>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |publisher=The Farmer's Almanac |title=America's Hottest Cities |last=Weatherbee |first=Caleb |date=July 9, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917062714/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On average, there are 111 days annually with a high of at least {{convert|100|°F|0}}, including most days from the end of May through late September. Highs top {{convert|110|°F|0}} an average of 21 days during the year.<ref name = NOAA >{{cite web|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=psr|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date = July 21, 2023}}</ref> On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of {{convert|122|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix-az.knoji.com/10-alltime-hottest-weather-temperature-days-in-phoenix/ |title=10 All-Time Hottest Weather Temperature Days in Phoenix |publisher=Knoji |access-date=February 5, 2014 |last=Dorish |first=Joe}}</ref> The annual minimum temperature in Phoenix is in the mid-to-low 30s.<ref name="NOAA"/> It rarely drops to {{cvt|32|°F}} or below. Snow is rare.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} 

==== Recent changes ====
In July 2023, Phoenix became the first major city in the US to have an average monthly temperature of over {{convert|100|°F|0}} with an average daily mean temperature for the month at {{convert|102.7|°F|0}}, which is also the hottest month ever recorded in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Annie |title=What's the hottest month in Arizona? What to know about record-setting summer temperatures |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2024/07/02/july-is-the-hottest-month-arizona-heres-why/74273152007/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref> That same month the city had an unprecedented streak of 31 days with {{convert|110|°F|0}}+ highs that lasted from June 30 to July 30.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Historical Extreme Temperatures in Phoenix and Yuma |url=https://www.weather.gov/psr/ExtremeTemps |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> That year the city also had a record 55 days of daily highs topping {{convert|110|°F|0}}+, which also made summer of 2023 the hottest on record there,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eagerton |first=Audrey |title=After a record-breaking weekend, cooler temperatures and rain chances are expected |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2023/09/10/phoenix-hits-new-record-55-days-of-110-plus-temperatures/70818380007/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref> until it was beaten by the summer of 2024 with the hottest ever June at {{convert|97.0|°F|0}},<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=June 2024 |title=June 2024 Climate Summary |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/June2024Climate.pdf |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona}}</ref> the third hottest August<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=August 2024 |title=August 2024 Climate Summary |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/August2024Climate.pdf |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona}}</ref> at {{convert|98.7|°F|0}} and the 2nd hottest July record at {{convert|101.1|°F|0}} by average daily temperature respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=July 2024 |title=July 2024 Climate Summary |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/July2024Climate.pdf |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona}}</ref> That same year in 2024, it also recorded an unprecedented 113 day streak of daily highs topping {{convert|100|°F|0}}+ that lasted from May 27 to September 16 and ultimately recorded a record 70 {{convert|110|°F|0}} days in a single year, ending by October 7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=2024-09-18 |title=Phoenix finally snaps record streak of triple-digit temperatures after 113 days |url=https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/phoenix-100-degree-temperature-streak-ends |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=FOX Weather |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=National Weather Service |first=NOAA |title=Historical Extreme Temperatures in Phoenix, Yuma, and El Centro |url=https://www.weather.gov/psr/ExtremeTemps |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref>  Because extreme heat is so common, nearly all homes in Phoenix have [[air conditioning]], though poorer residents may not be able to afford to repair or operate them when needed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |last2=Nock |first2=Destenie |last3=Samaras |first3=Constantine |last4=Qiu |first4=Yueming (Lucy) |last5=Xing |first5=Bo |date=2023-12-01 |title=Climate change impacts on future residential electricity consumption and energy burden: A case study in Phoenix, Arizona |journal=Energy Policy |volume=183 |pages=113811 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113811 |issn=0301-4215|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023EnPol.18313811J }}</ref>

Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix, was ranked seventh for most [[Tropospheric ozone|ozone pollution]] in the United States according to the [[American Lung Association]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/04/24/phoenix-ranked-7th-most-ozone-pollution-nation/3553111002/|title=Phoenix ranked seventh for most ozone pollution in the nation, receives 'F' on new report|last=Totiyapungprasert|first=Priscilla|date=April 24, 2019|work=The Arizona Republic|publisher=Arizona Republic}}</ref> Vehicle emissions are cited as precursors to ozone formation. Phoenix also has high levels of [[Particulates|particulate]] pollution; although, cities in California lead the nation in this hazard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Air Quality Report Card|url=https://www.lung.org/research/sota/city-rankings/states/california|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.lung.org|language=en}}</ref> PM2.5 particulate matter, which is a component of diesel engine exhaust, and larger PM10 particles, which can come from dust, can both reach concerning levels in Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lung.org/local-content/_content-items/about-us/media/press-releases/new-report-phoenix-air.html|title=New Report: Phoenix Air Quality Worsened for Pollution|website=American Lung Association|language=en|access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> In fact, people, pets, and other animals exposed to high concentrations of PM10 dust particles―primarily from dust storms or from disturbed agricultural or construction sites―are at risk of contracting [[Valley Fever]], a fungal lung infection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761|title=Valley Fever|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>

Unlike most desert locations which have drastic fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, the [[urban heat island]] effect limits Phoenix's [[diurnal temperature variation]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Matthew|first=Rozsa|date=February 1, 2021|title=Why Phoenix may be uninhabitable by the end of this century|url=https://www.salon.com/2021/01/31/why-phoenix-may-be-uninhabitable-by-the-end-of-this-century/|access-date=February 1, 2021|magazine=Salon|language=en}}</ref> As the city has expanded, average summer low temperatures have been steadily rising. Pavement, sidewalks, and buildings store the Sun's heat and radiate it at night.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insider's Guide: Phoenix & Scottsdale |publisher=Morris Book Publishing|editor-last=Sirois|editor-first=Kevin |isbn=978-0-7627-7321-3 |edition=7th |year=2012 |page=186}}</ref> The daily normal low remains at or above {{convert|80|°F|0}} for an average of 74 days per summer.<ref name = NOAA/> On July 19, 2023, at the height of an unprecedent heatwave that caused daily highs to top {{convert|110|°F|0}} or higher that lasted for 31 days straight, Phoenix set its record for the warmest daily low temperature, at {{convert|97|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name = NOAA/>

[[File:PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=photo of a dust storm, called a haboob, sweeping in over the city of Phoenix|A 2011 [[haboob]]]]

The city averages approximately 300 days of sunshine, or over 85% of daylight hours, per year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm |publisher=Arizona State University |title=Abstract on the Climate of Phoenix |first=Harold |last=Bulk |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119101009/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html
 |newspaper=Arizona Republic
 |title=Weather in the desert covers the spectrum
 |access-date=March 20, 2016
|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516044129/http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html
 |archive-date=May 16, 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and receives scant rainfall―the average annual total at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is {{convert|7.22|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The region's trademark dry and sunny weather is interrupted by sporadic Pacific storms in the winter and the arrival of the [[North American monsoon]] in the summer.<ref name="BATTG19">{{Cite journal|last=Battaglia|first=Steven M.|date=November 1, 2019|title=No Fairy Tale Ending: The Future of Water and the American Southwest|journal=[[Weatherwise]]|volume=72|issue=6|pages=36–43|doi=10.1080/00431672.2019.1659034|bibcode=2019Weawi..72f..36B |s2cid=214466152|issn=0043-1672}}</ref> Historically, the monsoon officially started when the average [[dew point]] was {{convert|55|°F|0}} for three days in a row—typically occurring in early July. To increase monsoon awareness and promote safety, however, the National Weather Service decreed that starting in 2008, June 15 would be the official "first day" of the monsoon, and it would end on September 30.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm |title=Phoenix Monsoon Facts |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201736/http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> When active, the monsoon raises humidity levels and can cause heavy localized precipitation, flash floods, hail, destructive winds, and [[Dust storm#Dust storm visibility of ¼ mile or less, or meters or less|dust storms]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.researchhistory.org/2011/07/08/worst-dust-storm-in-arizona-history/ |title=Sweeping Dust Storm in Arizona History |date=July 8, 2011 |publisher=Research History |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref>—which can rise to the level of a [[haboob]] in some years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html |work=HuffPost |title=Haboob Alert! Giant Dust Storms Engulf Phoenix Area, Leaving Thousands Without Power |first=Dominique |last=Mosbergen |date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161828/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Phoenix weatherbox}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Median Household Income Maricopa County.png|thumb|left|Median household income across metro Phoenix; the darker the green, the higher the income.<ref>{{cite web|title=Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2016 Inflation-adjusted Dollars)|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1901&prodType=table|website=American Fact Finder|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=March 21, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060708/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1901&prodType=table|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:Poverty in Maricopa County.png|thumb|left|Percent of people living in poverty across metro Phoenix; the darker the red, the higher the concentration of poverty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1701&prodType=table|website=American Fact Finder|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=March 21, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060605/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1701&prodType=table|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
{{US Census population
| 1870 = 240
| 1880 = 1708
| 1890 = 3152
| 1900 = 5544
| 1910 = 11314
| 1920 = 29053
| 1930 = 48118
| 1940 = 65414
| 1950 = 106818
| 1960 = 439170
| 1970 = 581572
| 1980 = 789704
| 1990 = 983403
| 2000 = 1321045
| 2010 = 1445632
| 2020 = 1608139
| estyear = 2024
| estimate = 1673164
| estref = <ref name="l838">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/LFE041223 | access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref>
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref><br />2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 19, 2021}}</ref>
}}

As of 2020, Phoenix was the fifth most [[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|populous city in the United States]], with the census bureau placing its population at 1,608,139, edging out [[Philadelphia]] with a population of 1,567,872.<ref name="FN170525">{{cite web|date=May 25, 2017|title=Phoenix now the 5th-largest city in the US, census says|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/phoenix-now-the-5th-largest-city-in-the-us-census-says|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525225247/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/05/25/phoenix-now-5th-largest-city-in-us-census-says.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|access-date=May 27, 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel}}</ref> In the aftermath of the Great Recession, Phoenix had a population of 1,445,632 according to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]], the sixth largest city and still the most populous state capital in the United States.<ref name=azcentral3>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/phoenix/articles/2011/03/13/20110313phoenix-6th-largest-city-philadelphia.html |title=Arizona Republic: "Phoenix drops to sixth largest city." |first=Lynh |last=Bui |work=The Arizona Republic |date=March 13, 2011 |access-date=June 19, 2012}}</ref> Prior to the Great Recession, in 2006, Phoenix's population was 1,512,986, the fifth largest just ahead of Philadelphia.<ref name=azcentral3/>

After leading the U.S. in population growth for over a decade, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, followed by the recession, led to a slowing in the growth of Phoenix. There were approximately 77,000 people added to the population of the Phoenix metropolitan area in 2009, which was down significantly from its peak in 2006 of 162,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/032410_census/census-estimates-show-sharp-drop-arizonas-population-growth/ |title=Census estimates show sharp drop in Arizona's population growth |publisher=Tucson Sentinel |last=Van Velzer |first=Ryan |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-04-07-1Acities07_ST_N.htm |title=Most major U.S. cities show population declines |publisher=US Today |last=El Nasser |first=Haya |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> Despite this slowing, Phoenix's population grew by 9.4% since the 2000 census (a total of 124,000 people), while the entire Phoenix metropolitan area grew by 28.9% during the same period. This compares with an overall growth rate nationally during the same time frame of 9.7%.<ref name="phoenix.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/cs/living/a/census01_2.htm |title=Arizona Statistics: Taking a Look at Census 2010 |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222559/http://phoenix.about.com/cs/living/a/census01_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=MSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0020.pdf |title=Large Metropolitan Statistical Areas – Population: 1990 to 2010 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510135436/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0020.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Not since 1940–50, when the city had a population of 107,000, had the city gained less than 124,000 in a decade. Phoenix's recent growth rate of 9.4% from the 2010 census is the first time it has recorded a growth rate under 24% in a census decade.<ref name="Cox">{{cite web |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/002115-phoenix-population-counts-lower-expected |title=Phoenix Population Counts Lower than Expected |publisher=newgeography.com |last=Cox |first=Wendell |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> However, in 2016, Phoenix once again became the fastest growing city in the United States, adding approximately 88 people per day during the preceding year.<ref name=FN170525 />

The Phoenix [[Metropolitan statistical area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (MSA) (officially known as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler MSA<ref>OMB Bulletin 18-04, September 14, 2018</ref>), is one of 10 MSAs in Arizona, and was the 11th largest in the United States, with a 2018 U.S. census population estimate of 4,857,962, up from the 2010 census population of 4,192,887. Consisting of both Pinal and Maricopa counties, the MSA accounts for 65.5% of Arizona's population.<ref name="phoenix.about.com"/><ref name=MSA/> Phoenix only contributed 13% to the total growth rate of the MSA, down significantly from its 33% share during the prior decade.<ref name="Cox"/> Phoenix is also part of the [[Arizona Sun Corridor]] [[Megaregions of the United States|megaregion]] (MR), which is the tenth most populous of the 11 MRs, and the eighth largest by area. It had the second largest growth by percentage of the MRs (behind only the Gulf Coast MR) between 2000 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html |title=Megaregions |publisher=america2050 |access-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The population is almost equally split between men and women, with men making up 50.2% of city's citizens. The population density is 2,797.8 people per square mile, and the city's median age is 32.2 years, with only 10.9 of the population being over 62. 98.5% of Phoenix's population lives in households with an average household size of 2.77 people.

There were 514,806 total households, with 64.2% of those households consisting of families: 42.3% married couples, 7% with an unmarried male as head of household, and 14.9% with an unmarried female as head of household. 33.6% of those households have children below the age of 18. Of the 35.8% of non-family households, 27.1% have a householder living alone, almost evenly split between men and women, with women having 13.7% and men occupying 13.5%.

{{as of|2020}}, Phoenix has 590,149 dwelling units, with an occupancy rate of 87.2%. The largest segment of vacancies is in the rental market, where the vacancy rate is 14.9%, and 51% of all vacancies are in rentals. Vacant houses for sale only make up 17.7% of the vacancies, with the rest being split among vacation properties and other various reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055711/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref>

The city's median household income was $47,866, and the median family income was $54,804. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. The city's per capita income was $24,110. 21.8% of the population and 17.1% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 31.4% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213801/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Selected Economic Characteristics: 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref>

===Ethnicity===
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Phoenix.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Phoenix]]
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Phoenix (5560484318).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Phoenix, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition  !! 1940<ref name="census" />!! 1970<ref name="census" />!! 1990<ref name="census" />!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts – Phoenix (city), Arizona |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |archive-date=May 21, 2012 }}</ref>
!2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=2020 Census|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/PST045219}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White (Non-Hispanic)]] || n/a|| 81.3% || 71.8% || 46.5% || 42.2%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]|| n/a|| 12.7% || 20.0% || 40.8% || 42.6%
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 6.5%|| 4.8% || 5.2% || 6.0% || 7.1%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.8%|| 0.5% || 1.7% || 3.0% || 3.9%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Mixed]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || 1.7% || 3.4%
|-
|}

According to the 2020 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.statesmanjournal.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/phoenix-city-arizona/160-0455000/|title=Phoenix city, Arizona Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census|website=Statesman Journal}}</ref>
* [[White people|White]]: 49.7% (42.2% non-Hispanic)
* [[African American|Black or African American]]: 7.8%
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]: 2.6%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 4.1%
* [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]: 0.2%
* Other race: 20.1%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]: 15.5%
* [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]: 41.1%

According to the 2010 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210601/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 |access-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref>
* [[White people|White]]: 65.9% (46.5% non-Hispanic)
* [[African American|Black or African American]]: 6.5% (6.0% non-Hispanic)
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]: 2.2%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 3.2% (0.8% Indian, 0.5% Filipino, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Thai, 0.1% Burmese)
* [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]: 0.2%
* Other race: 18.5%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]: 3.6%

Phoenix's population has historically been predominantly white.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} From 1890 to 1970, over 90% of the citizens were white.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} In recent years, this percentage has dropped, reaching 65% in 2010. However, a large part of this decrease can be attributed to new guidelines put out by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] in 1980, when a question regarding Hispanic origin was added to the census questionnaire. This has led to an increasing tendency for some groups to no longer self-identify as white, and instead categorize themselves as "other races".<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>

20.6% of the population of the city was foreign born in 2010. Of the 1,342,803 residents over five years of age, 63.5% spoke only English, 30.6% spoke Spanish at home, 2.5% spoke another Indo-European language, 2.1% spoke Asian or Islander languages, with the remaining 1.4% speaking other languages. About 15.7% of non-English speakers reported speaking English less than "very well". The largest national ancestries reported were Mexican (35.9%), German (15.3%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.4%), Black (6.5%), Italian (4.5%), French (2.7%), Polish (2.5%), American Indian (2.2%), and Scottish (2.0%).<ref name="SSC">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP02&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150316025439/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP02&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |title=Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref>
[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics or Latinos]] of any race make up 40.8% of the population. Of these the largest groups are at 35.9% Mexican, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Guatemalan, 0.3% Salvadoran, 0.3% Cuban.

Phoenix has the largest urban Native American population in Arizona. Phoenix has around 200 Dakota Sioux, approximately 100 Minnesota Chippewas, 100 Kiowas, about 175 Creeks, 100 Choctaws, several hundred Cherokees, several hundred Pueblos, and smaller numbers of Shawnees, Blackfeet, Pawnees, Cheyennes, Iroquois, Tlingit, Yakimas and other Native Americans from far away states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/urban-indians-of-arizona/section/cc607495-3790-45f9-99fb-b7341a5b2dfb|title="2. Phoenix" in "Urban Indians of Arizona: Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff" on University of Arizona Press|website=open.uapress.arizona.edu}}</ref>

Hispanics are now the majority in Phoenix.<ref name="azbigmedia.com"/> African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans live primarily in the southern portion of Phoenix, below the downtown district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenix-Arizona/People|title=Phoenix - Indigenous, Settlers, Pioneers |website=Britannica }}</ref>

According to the [[National Immigration Forum]], the majority of Phoenix's immigrants are from Latin America: Mexico (196,941), Guatemala (5.093), El Salvador (2,980); Asia: India (10,128), Philippines (5.756), Vietnam (4,698); Africa: Ethiopia (1,157), Liberia (1,089), Sudan (1,067) and Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina (2.944), Germany (2,847) and Romania (1,658).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Immigration-2020-Phoenix.pdf|title=PHOENIX: AN IMMIGRATION SNAPSHOT}}</ref>

According to a 2014 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], 66% of the population of the city identified themselves as [[Christians]],<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref> while 26% claimed [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]]. The same study says other religions (including [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], and [[Hinduism]]) collectively make up about 7% of the population. In 2010, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives, which conducts religious census each ten years, 39% of those polled in Maricopa county considered themselves a member of a religious group. Of those who expressed a religious affiliation, the area's religious composition was reported as 35% [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], 22% to [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]] denominations, 16% [[Latter-Day Saints]] (LDS), 14% to [[Nondenominational Christianity|nondenominational]] congregations, 7% to [[Mainline Protestant]] denominations, and 2% [[Hindu]]. The remaining 4% belong to other religions, such as Buddhism and Judaism.

While the number of religious adherents increased by 103,000 during the decade, the growth did not keep pace with the county's overall population increase of almost three-quarters of million individuals during the same period. The largest aggregate increases were in the LDS (a 58% increase) and Evangelical Protestant churches (14% increase), while all other categories saw their numbers drop slightly or remain static. The Catholic Church had an 8% drop, while mainline Protestant groups saw a 28% decline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/c/04/rcms2010_04013_county_tradition_2010.asp |title=2010 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. |publisher=The Association of Religious Data Archives |access-date=March 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429154429/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/c/04/rcms2010_04013_county_tradition_2010.asp |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the 2022 [[Point-In-Time Count|Point-In-Time]] Homeless Count, there were 3,096 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Services Homeless Information |url=https://www.phoenix.gov/humanservices/homelesshelp |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=www.phoenix.gov}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Phoenix}}
[[File:Downtown Phoenix Aerial Looking Northeast.jpg|thumb|[[Downtown Phoenix]]]]
Phoenix's early economy focused on agriculture and natural resources, especially the "5Cs" of copper, cattle, climate, cotton, and citrus.<ref name=azsos>{{cite web |url=http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/kids/five_Cs.htm |title=The Five C's – An Arizona History Lesson |publisher=azsos.gov |access-date=February 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429150023/http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/Kids/five_Cs.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2014 }}</ref> With the opening of the Union Station in 1923, the establishment of the Southern Pacific rail line in 1926, and the creation of Sky Harbor airport in 1928, the city became more easily accessible.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=44}} The Great Depression affected Phoenix, but Phoenix had a diverse economy and by 1934 the recovery was underway.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=79}}{{sfn|Luckingham|1995|p=102}} At the conclusion of [[World War II]], the valley's economy surged, as many men who had completed their military training at bases in and around Phoenix returned with their families. The construction industry, spurred on by the city's growth, further expanded with the development of [[Sun City, Arizona|Sun City]]. It became the template for suburban development in post-WWII America,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Levittown: the Archetype for Suburban Development |journal=American History Magazine |date=October 2007}}</ref> and Sun City became the template for retirement communities when it opened in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/lizearly/id/32 |title=Opening day of first model homes in Sun City |publisher=Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163003/http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/lizearly/id/32 |archive-date=April 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896472,00.html |magazine=Time |title=The Family: A Place in the Sun |date=August 3, 1962 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044503/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896472,00.html |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s.<ref name=igg/>

As the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] began, construction in Phoenix collapsed and housing prices plunged.<ref>{{cite journal |page=2 |journal=Arizona's Economy |publisher=Eller College of Management |title=Economic Outlook for 2009–2010: Riding Out the Storm |last=Vest |first=Marshall J. |date=January 2009 |issue=Winter}}</ref> Arizona jobs declined by 11.8% from peak to trough; in 2007 Phoenix had 1,918,100 employed individuals, by 2010 that number had shrunk by 226,500 to 1,691,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.wpcarey.asu.edu/economic-outlook/greater-phoenix-blue-chip/archive/ |publisher=W.P. Carey School of Business |title=Historical Data |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the end of 2015, the employment number in Phoenix had risen to 1.97 million, finally regaining its pre-[[Great Recession|recession]] levels,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/01/22/arizona-ends-2015-on-strong-job-growth.html | newspaper=Phoenix Business Journal | title=Arizona ends 2015 on strong job growth | first=Eric Jay | last=Toll | date=January 22, 2016 | access-date=March 20, 2016 }}</ref> with job growth occurring across the board.<ref name=BLSJan2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az_phoenix_msa.htm |title=Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301233712/http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az_phoenix_msa.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{As of|2017}}, the Phoenix MSA had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of just under $243 billion. The top five industries were: [[real estate]] ($41.96), [[finance and insurance]] ($19.71), [[manufacturing]] ($19.91), [[retail trade]] ($18.64), and [[health care industry|health care]] ($19.78). Government (including federal, state and local), if it had been a private industry, would have been ranked second on the list, generating $23.37 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?acrdn=2&isuri=1&reqid=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=38060&7036=-1&7001=2200&7002=2&7090=70&7007=2014&7093=levels|title=Regional Date GDP and Personal Income for Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Metropolitan Statisitical Area|year=2017|website=Bureau of Economic Analysis|access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref>

In Phoenix, real estate developers face few constraints when planning and developing new projects.<ref name="Hudgins">{{Cite news|title = Some Investors Bid High on Phoenix Office Market|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/some-investors-bid-high-on-phoenix-office-market-1438703866|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|access-date = November 10, 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Matt|last = Hudgins}}</ref>

As of January 2016, 10.5% of the workforce were government employees, a high number because the city is both the county seat and state capital. The civilian labor force was 2,200,900, and the unemployment rate stood at 4.6%.<ref name=BLSJan2016 />

Phoenix is home to four Fortune 500 companies: electronics corporation [[Avnet]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metrophoenixinvestmentproperties.listinglab.com/AvnetGlobalHeadquarters/ |title=Avnet Global Headquarters |publisher=Colliers International |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114137/http://metrophoenixinvestmentproperties.listinglab.com/AvnetGlobalHeadquarters/ |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mining company [[Freeport-McMoRan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fcx.com/company/index.htm |title=Freeport-McMoRan – Who We Are |publisher=fcx.com |access-date=February 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328105510/http://www.fcx.com/company/index.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2014 }}</ref> retailer [[PetSmart]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=93506&p=irol-homeprofile |title=PetSmart Company Information |publisher=PetSmart |access-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref> and waste hauler [[Republic Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/states/AZ.html |title=Fortune 500 2012: States: Arizona |publisher=CNN |date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref> [[Honeywell Aerospace|Honeywell's Aerospace division]] is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aerospace.honeywell.com/about-us |title=A History Of... Tim Mahoney |publisher=Honeywell Aerospace |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402145941/https://aerospace.honeywell.com/about-us |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intel has one of their largest sites in the area, employing about 12,000 employees, the second largest Intel location in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/corporate-responsibility/intel-in-arizona.html |title=Intel in Arizona |publisher=Intel.com |access-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref> The city is also home to the headquarters of [[U-Haul|U-HAUL International]], [[Best Western]], and [[Apollo Group]], parent of the [[University of Phoenix]]. Southwest is the largest carrier at Phoenix's Sky Harbor International Airport. [[Mesa Air Group]], a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mesa-air.com/content.aspx?pageID=16425 |publisher=Mesa Airlines |title=Facts |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212543/http://www.mesa-air.com/content.aspx?pageID=16425 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The U.S. military has a large presence in Phoenix, with [[Luke Air Force Base]] in the western suburbs. The city was severely affected by the effects of the
sub-prime mortgage crash. However, Phoenix has recovered 83% of the jobs lost
due to the recession.<ref name="Hudgins"/>

==Arts and culture==

===Performing arts===
[[File:Orpheum AZ.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of the front entrance of the Orpheum theater, with the red marquee clearly displaying the Orpheum name, contrasted with the pale brown of the stone building|Interior of the [[Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix, Arizona)|Orpheum Theatre]]]]
The city has many performing arts venues, most of which are in and around downtown Phoenix or Scottsdale. The Phoenix Symphony Hall is home to the [[Phoenix Symphony|Phoenix Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Arizona Opera]] and [[Ballet Arizona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm |title=Symphony Hall |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221205424/http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Arizona Opera company also has intimate performances at its new Arizona Opera Center, which opened in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/ |title=$5.2M Arizona Opera Center |publisher=frontdoor news |access-date=February 8, 2014 |date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061839/http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another venue is the [[Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix)|Orpheum Theatre]], home to the [[Phoenix Opera]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixopera.org/orpheum/ |title=Phoenix Opera |publisher=phoenixopera.org |access-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref> Ballet Arizona, in addition to the Symphony Hall, also has performances at the Orpheum Theatre and the Dorrance Theater. Concerts also regularly make stops in the area. The largest downtown performing art venue is the [[Herberger Theater Center]], which houses three performance spaces and is home to two resident companies, the [[Arizona Theatre Company]] and the Centre Dance Ensemble. Three other groups also use the facility: [[Valley Youth Theatre]], iTheatre Collaborative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itheatreaz.org/ |title=2013–14 Season |publisher=iTheatre Collaborative |access-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224015851/http://www.itheatreaz.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Actors Theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbergertheater.org/about |title=About Herberger Theater Center |publisher=herbergertheater.org |access-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref>

Concerts take place at [[PHX Arena]] and [[Comerica Theatre]] in downtown Phoenix, [[Ak-Chin Pavilion]] in Maryvale, [[Gila River Arena]] in Glendale, and [[Gammage Memorial Auditorium|Gammage Auditorium]] in Tempe (the last public building designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asugammage.com/about/history |title=ASU Gammage from the beginning |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref> Several smaller theaters including [[Trunk Space]], the [[Mesa Arts Center]], [[The Van Buren]], the Crescent Ballroom, [[Celebrity Theatre]], and Modified Arts support regular independent musical and theater performances. Music can also be seen in some of the venues usually reserved for sports, such as the [[Wells Fargo Arena (Tempe)|Wells Fargo Arena]] and [[State Farm Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenix-theater.com/ |title=Phoenix Theatre |publisher=phoenix-theater.com |access-date=February 16, 2014}}</ref>

Several television series have been set in Phoenix, including ''[[Alice (American TV series)|Alice]]'' (1976–85), the 2000s paranormal drama ''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]'', the 1960–61 [[Television syndication|syndicated]] crime drama ''[[The Brothers Brannagan]]'', and ''[[The New Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' from 1971 to 1974.

===Museums===
[[File:Musical Instrument Museum 2, Phoenix AZ.JPG|thumb|The [[Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)|Musical Instrument Museum]] features a collection of over 15,000 musical instruments]]
The valley has dozens of museums. They include the [[Phoenix Art Museum]], [[Arizona State Capitol#Arizona Capitol Museum|Arizona Capitol Museum]], [[Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art]], Arizona Military Museum, [[Hall of Flame Fire Museum]], [[Phoenix Police Museum]], the [[Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites|Pueblo Grande Museum Archaeological Park]], [[Monroe School (Phoenix, Arizona)#Children's Museum of Phoenix|Children's Museum of Phoenix]], [[Arizona Science Center]], and the [[Heard Museum]]. In 2010, the [[Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)|Musical Instrument Museum]] opened their doors, featuring the biggest musical instrument collection in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/18/20100418musical-instrument-museum-phoenix-CP.html |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=Music Instrument Museum opens in Phoenix |first=Richard |last=Nilsen |date=April 18, 2010 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515182512/http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/18/20100418musical%2Dinstrument%2Dmuseum%2Dphoenix%2DCP.html |archive-date=May 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015 the [[Monroe School (Phoenix, Arizona)|Children's Museum of Phoenix]] was recognized as one of the top three [[children's museum]]s in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earlychildhoodeducationzone.com/best-childrens-museums/ |publisher=Early Childhood Education Zoon |title=The 25 Best American Children's Museums |date=October 9, 2015 |access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref>

Designed by [[Alden B. Dow]], a student of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], the Phoenix Art Museum was constructed in a single year, opening in November 1959.<ref name=Phxart>{{cite web |url=http://www.phxart.org/visit/aboutus/historyandmission |title=History & Mission |publisher=phxart.org |access-date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093835/http://www.phxart.org/visit/aboutus/historyandmission |archive-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref> The Phoenix Art Museum has the southwest's largest collection of visual art, containing more than 17,000 works of contemporary and modern art from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitphoenix.com/things-to-do/1016/phoenix-art-museum/details.aspx |title=Phoenix Art Museum |publisher=VisitPhoenix |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/od/entermus/ss/phxartmuseum.htm |title=Phoenix Art Museum – Permanent Collection |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222854/http://phoenix.about.com/od/entermus/ss/phxartmuseum.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixasap.com/arts-museums.html |title=Major Metro Phoenix Area Museums |publisher=phoenixasap.com |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> Interactive exhibits can be found in nearby [[Peoria, Arizona|Peoria]]'s Challenger Space Center, where individuals learn about space, renewable energies, and meet astronauts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azchallenger.org/ |title=AZ Challenger Space Center |publisher=Azchallenger.org |access-date=June 24, 2013}}</ref>

The Heard Museum has over {{cvt|130,000|sqft}} of gallery, classroom and performance space. Some of the museum's signature exhibits include a full [[Navajo people|Navajo]] [[hogan]], the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection of 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the [[Barry Goldwater]] Collection of 437 historic [[Hopi]] [[kachina]] dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th-century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum attracts about 250,000 visitors a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heard.org/ |title=Heard Museum: Welcome |publisher=Heard Museum |access-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

===Cultural heritage resources===
{{See also|Phoenix Historic Property Register}}
Arizona has museums, journals, societies, and libraries that serve as sources of important [[cultural heritage]] knowledge. They include the Arizona State Archives Historic Photographs Memory Project,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/digital/collection/histphotos|title=CONTENTdm|website=azmemory.azlibrary.gov|access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> which includes over 90,000 images that focus on the unique history of Arizona as a state and territory, the Arizona Historical Society,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arizonahistoricalsociety.org/|title=Arizona Historical Society|website=Arizona Historical Society|language=en-US|access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> the ''Journal of Arizona History'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/journal/jarizhist|title=The Journal of Arizona History on JSTOR|website=jstor.org|language=en|access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> and numerous museum databases.

===Fine arts===
[[File:HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png|thumb|upright|''[[Her Secret Is Patience|Her Secret is Patience]]'' by [[Janet Echelman]]]]

The Artlink organization and the galleries downtown launched a [[First Friday (public event)|First Friday]] cross-Phoenix gallery opening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/03/11/art-detour-30-5-pioneers-who-built-downtown-phoenix-studio-scene/408866002/|title=Art Detour at 30: 5 pioneers who built the downtown Phoenix studio scene|website=The Arizona Republic|language=en|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> In April 2009, artist [[Janet Echelman]] installed ''[[Her Secret Is Patience]]'', a netted sculpture suspended above [[Phoenix Civic Space Park]] that makes patterns of desert wind visible. During the day, the {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall sculpture hovers above the park, and at night, the illumination changes color gradually through the seasons.<ref name="Prebles">{{cite book |last=Frank |first=Patrick |title=Prebles' Artformes |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-205-79753-0}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:Taliesin West Complex DSCN2137.jpg|thumb|[[Taliesin West]] was a home and studio of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]]]
Phoenix is the home of a unique architectural tradition and community. [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] moved to Phoenix in 1937 and built his winter home, [[Taliesin West]], and the main campus for The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herberholz |first1=B |title=Taliesin West and Frank Lloyd Wright |journal=Arts and Activities |year=1997 |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=30–32}}</ref> Over the years, Phoenix has attracted notable architects who have made it their home and grown successful practices. These architectural studios embrace the desert climate, and are unconventional in their approach to the practice of design. They include the [[Paolo Soleri]] (who created [[Arcosanti]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://architect.architecture.sk/paolo-soleri-architect/paolo-soleri-architect.php |publisher=Architecture.sk |title=Paolo Soleri : architect biography |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914014915/http://architect.architecture.sk/paolo-soleri-architect/paolo-soleri-architect.php |archive-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> [[Al Beadle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicphoenix.com/architecture/al-beadle/ |publisher=Historic Phoenix |title=Modern Architecture: Al Beadle |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211082211/http://www.historicphoenix.com/architecture/al-beadle/ |archive-date=December 11, 2013}}</ref> [[Will Bruder]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.residentialarchitect.com/award-winners/will-bruders-extensive-career-attests-to-the-tran.aspx |publisher=Residential Architect |title=Hall of Fame: Will Bruder, AIA |last=Snider |first=Bruce D. |date=October 18, 2011 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923070044/http://www.residentialarchitect.com/award-winners/will-bruders-extensive-career-attests-to-the-tran.aspx |archive-date=September 23, 2013}}</ref> Wendell Burnette,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herbergerinstitute.asu.edu/directory/pics/burnette_wendell/Burnette_CV2011.pdf |publisher=ASU-Herberger Institute |title=Wendell Burnette Architects |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160519054337/http://herbergerinstitute.asu.edu/directory/pics/burnette_wendell/Burnette_CV2011.pdf |archive-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> and [[Blank Studio Architecture|Blank Studio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.residentialarchitect.com/live-work/project-of-the-year.aspx |publisher=Residential Architect |title=xeros residence, phoenix: project of the year |date=May 8, 2008 |first=Meghan |last=Drueding |access-date=December 22, 2014}}</ref> architectural design studios. Another major force in architectural landscape of the city was [[Ralph Haver]] whose firm, Haver & Nunn, designed commercial, industrial and residential structures throughout the valley. Of particular note was his trademark, "Haver Home", which were affordable contemporary-style tract houses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernphoenix.net/haver/haverbiography.htm |publisher=The Modern Phoenix |title=Ralph Haver: Everyman's Modernist |first=Alison |last=King |year=2011 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401134026/http://modernphoenix.net/haver/haverbiography.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref>

===Tourism===
The tourist industry is the longest running of the top industries in Phoenix. Starting with promotions back in the 1920s, the industry has grown into one of the top 10 in the city.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phoenix Magazine |title=Phoenix in the 1920s |first=Douglas |last=Towne |date=December 2010 |page=88}}</ref> With nearly 28,000 hotel rooms in over 175 hotels and resorts Phoenix sees over 19 million visitors each year, most of whom are leisure travelers. [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]], which serves the Greater Phoenix area, serves about 45 million passengers a year, ranking it among the nation's 10 busiest airports.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Phoenix Facts |url=https://www.visitphoenix.com/about-us/phoenix-facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506184948/https://www.visitphoenix.com/about-us/phoenix-facts/ |archive-date=May 6, 2023 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=Visit Phoenix |publisher=visitphoenix.com}}</ref>

One of the biggest attractions of the Phoenix area is golf, with over 200 golf courses.<ref name=About>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitphoenix.com/about-phoenix/facts/index.aspx |title=About Phoenix- Fun Facts |publisher=visitphoenix.com |access-date=February 11, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113312/http://www.visitphoenix.com/about-phoenix/facts/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition to the sites of interest in the city, there are many attractions near Phoenix, such as [[Agua Fria National Monument]], [[Arcosanti]], [[Casa Grande Ruins National Monument]], [[Lost Dutchman State Park]], [[Montezuma Castle National Monument|Montezuma's Castle]], [[Montezuma Well|Montezuma's Well]], and [[Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument]]. Phoenix also serves as a central point to many of the sights around the state of Arizona, such as the [[Grand Canyon]], [[Lake Havasu]] (where the London Bridge is located), [[Meteor Crater]], the [[Painted Desert (Arizona)|Painted Desert]], the [[Petrified Forest National Park|Petrified Forest]], [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Kartchner Caverns State Park|Kartchner Caverns]], [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]] and [[Lowell Observatory]] in Flagstaff.

===Other attractions and annual events===
[[File:Papagopark1025.JPG|thumb|[[Papago Park]] is home to the [[Desert Botanical Garden]], [[Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)|Hole-in-the-Rock butte]] and [[Phoenix Zoo]]]]
Due to its natural environment and climate, Phoenix has a number of outdoor attractions and recreational activities. The [[Phoenix Zoo]] is the largest privately owned nonprofit zoo in the United States. Since opening in 1962, it has developed an international reputation for its efforts on animal conservation, including breeding and reintroducing endangered species into the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenixzoo.org/about/ |title=History of the Zoo |publisher=The Phoenix Zoo |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> The adjacent [[Desert Botanical Garden|Phoenix Botanical Gardens]], opened in 1939, are acclaimed worldwide for their art and flora exhibits and educational programs, featuring the largest collection of arid plants in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dbg.org/about-the-garden |title=About the Garden |publisher=Desert Botanical Garden |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/od/gardensandzoos/a/dbg.htm |title=Desert Botanical Garden |publisher=About.com |access-date=March 21, 2014 |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002005/http://phoenix.about.com/od/gardensandzoos/a/dbg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnn.com/your-home/organic-farming-gardening/stories/13-must-see-botanical-gardens |title=13 must-see botanical gardens |publisher=Mother Nature Network |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> [[South Mountain Park]], the largest municipal park in the U.S., is also the highest desert mountain preserve in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/south-mountain-park.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911090133/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/south-mountain-park.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |title=South Mountain Park and Preserve |publisher=Discover Phoenix Arizona |access-date=March 21, 2014 }}</ref>

Other popular sites in the city are [[Ro Ho En|Japanese Friendship Garden]], [[Heritage and Science Park|Historic Heritage Square]], [[Phoenix Mountain Preserve|Phoenix Mountains Park]], [[Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites|Pueblo Grande Museum]], [[Tovrea Castle]], [[Camelback Mountain]], [[Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)|Hole in the Rock]], [[Mystery Castle]], [[St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix)|St. Mary's Basilica]], [[Taliesin West]], and the [[Wrigley Mansion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/points-of-pride |title=Phoenix Points of Pride |publisher=City of Phoenix |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914220635/https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/points-of-pride |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many annual events in and near Phoenix celebrate the city's heritage and its diversity. They include the [[Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show]], the world's largest horse show; [[Japanese festivals#Outside Japan|Matsuri]], a celebration of Japanese culture; Pueblo Grande Indian Market, an event highlighting Native American arts and crafts; Grand Menorah Lighting, a December event celebrating Hanukah; ZooLights, a December evening event at the Phoenix Zoo that features millions of lights; the [[Arizona State Fair]], begun in 1884; Scottish Gathering & Highland Games, an event celebrating Scottish heritage; [[Estrella War]], a celebration of medieval life; and the [[Tohono O'odham Nation]] Rodeo & Fair, Oldest Indian rodeo in Arizona<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html |title=Annual Phoenix Events |publisher=Discover Phoenix |access-date=March 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327023430/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html |archive-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arizonaguide.com/events-calendar/heritage-cultural |title=Heritage & Cultural |publisher=Arizona Guide |access-date=March 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413135624/http://www.arizonaguide.com/events-calendar/heritage-cultural |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arizonascots.com/# |title=50th Scottish Gathering & Highland Games |publisher=The Caledonian Society of Arizona |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://estrellawar.org/newcomers-portal/ |title=Estrella War XXX: Newcomer's Guide |publisher=EstrellaWar.org |access-date=March 21, 2014 |date=August 8, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210101936/http://estrellawar.org/newcomers-portal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
Phoenix is also renowned for its [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican food]], thanks to its large [[Hispanic]] population and its proximity to Mexico. Some of Phoenix's restaurants have a long history. The Stockyards steakhouse dates to 1947, while Monti's La Casa Vieja (Spanish for "The Old House") was in operation as a restaurant since the 1890s, but closed its doors November 17, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stockyardssteakhouse.com/history.html |title=Stockyards Steakhouse |publisher=stockyardssteakhouse.com |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008050458/http://www.stockyardssteakhouse.com/history.html |archive-date=October 8, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/11/03/tempes-iconic-montis-la-casa-vieja-closing-nov/18436845/ | newspaper=The Arizona Republic | date=November 4, 2014 | title=Tempe's iconic Monti's La Casa Vieja closing Nov. 17 | first=Amy | last=Edelen | access-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> Macayo's (a Mexican restaurant chain) was established in Phoenix in 1946, and other major Mexican restaurants include Garcia's (1956) and Manuel's (1964).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macayo.com/about-us/history.php |title=History |publisher=Macayo's |access-date=March 20, 2014 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221451/http://macayo.com/about-us/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The population boom has brought people from all over the nation, and to a lesser extent from other countries, and has since influenced the local cuisine. Phoenix boasts cuisines from all over the world, such as [[barbecue]], [[Cajun cuisine|Cajun]]/[[Louisiana Creole cuisine|Creole]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaiian]], [[Irish cuisine|Irish]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Fusion cuisine|fusion]], [[Iranian cuisine|Persian]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian (South Asian)]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Cuisine of the Southwestern United States|southwestern]], [[Tex-Mex]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Brazilian cuisine|Brazilian]], and [[French cuisine|French]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixrestaurants.com/cuisine_all.cfm |title=Phoenix Restaurants by Cuisine Type |publisher=phoenixrestaurants.com |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref>

The first [[McDonald's]] franchise was sold by the McDonald brothers to a Phoenix entrepreneur in 1952. Neil Fox paid $1,000 for the rights to open an establishment based on the McDonald brothers' restaurant.<ref name=around>{{cite web |url=http://doney.net/aroundaz/celebrity/mcdonald_bros.htm |title=McDonald Brothers |publisher=Around Arizona |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> The hamburger stand opened in 1953 on the southwest corner of [[Central Avenue Corridor|Central Avenue]] and [[Indian School Road]], on the growing north side of Phoenix, and was the first location to sport the now internationally known golden arches, which were initially twice the height of the building. Three other franchise locations opened that year, two years before [[Ray Kroc]] purchased McDonald's.<ref name=around />

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Phoenix}}

===Major league===
Phoenix is home to several professional sports franchises, and until recently, was one of only 13 U.S. metropolitan areas to have representatives of all four [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional sports leagues]], although only one of these teams actually carry the city name and two of them play within the city limits.<ref>{{cite news|last=McMillan|first=Keith|title=Where the game's always on|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/sports/wp/2015/04/14/where-the-games-always-on/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 14, 2015|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gaines|first=Cork|title=Chart: Some US Cities May Have Too Many Pro Sports Teams|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-some-us-cities-may-have-too-many-pro-sports-teams-2013-11|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 8, 2013|access-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Footprint Center 2022.jpg|thumb|alt=photo showing the semi-circular entrance to the Footprint Center in downtown Phoenix, blue sky in background|[[PHX Arena]] in downtown Phoenix, home to the [[Phoenix Suns]]]]

The [[Phoenix Suns]] were the first major sports team in Phoenix, being granted a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/suns/history/68_69recap.html |title=The Suns Rise in Phoenix |publisher=National Basketball Association |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> They lost the [[1976 NBA Finals|1976 NBA Championship]] to the [[Boston Celtics]] in 6 games. They had originally played at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum before moving to America West Arena (now [[PHX Arena]]) in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/suns/history/00692486.html |title=A Storybook Season |publisher=National Basketball Association |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> The year following their move to the new arena, the Suns made it to the [[1993 NBA Finals|NBA Finals]] for the second time in franchise history, losing to [[Michael Jordan]]'s [[Chicago Bulls]], four games to two.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/suns/history/1993_retrospective.html |title=1993 Retrospective |publisher=National Basketball Association |access-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref> The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the [[1995 NBA All-Star Game|1995]] and the [[2009 NBA All-Star Game]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nba.com/history/all-star/index.html |title=NBA All-Star Game History |newspaper=Nba.com |publisher=National Basketball Association |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> They also lost the [[2021 NBA Finals]] in six games to the [[Milwaukee Bucks]].

The [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] of [[Major League Baseball]] began play as an expansion team in 1998. The team has played all of its home games in the same downtown park, now known as [[Chase Field]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arizonaexperience.org/people/professional-sports-teams#quicktabs-professional_sports=2 |publisher=The Arizona Experience |title=Arizona Diamondbacks – Major League Baseball |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912035705/http://www.arizonaexperience.org/people/professional-sports-teams#quicktabs-professional_sports=2 |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jdbaseball.com/pictures/arizona-diamondbacks/bank-one-ballpark.htm |title=Bank One Ballpark |publisher=JDBaseball |access-date=March 18, 2014}}</ref> It is the second highest stadium in the U.S. (after [[Coors Field]] in Denver), and is known for its swimming pool beyond the outfield fence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/stadium/bank_one_ballpark.shtml |title=Bank One Ballpark / Chase Field |publisher=Baseball Almanac |access-date=March 18, 2014}}</ref> In 2001, the Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees four games to three in the World Series,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/2001_WS.shtml |title=2001 World Series |publisher=baseball-reference.com |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> becoming the city's first professional sports franchise to win a national championship while in Arizona. The win was also the fastest an expansion team had ever won the World Series, surpassing the old mark of the [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] of five years, set in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/baseball/diamondbacks-win-world-series-1.280327 |title=Diamondbacks win World Series |publisher=cbcsports |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:State Farm Stadium Super Bowl LVII by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=photo of State Farm Stadium taken from the parking lot, showing the domed stadium against an overcast sky|[[State Farm Stadium]] has hosted [[Super Bowl XLII]], [[Super Bowl XLIX|XLIX]], and [[Super Bowl LVII|LVII]]]]
The [[Arizona Cardinals]] are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the nation. Founded in 1898 in Chicago, they moved to Phoenix from [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] in 1988 and play in the [[NFC West|Western Division]] of the [[National Football League]]'s [[National Football Conference]]. Upon their move to Phoenix, the Cardinals played their home games at [[Sun Devil Stadium]] on the campus of [[Arizona State University]] in nearby Tempe. In 2006, they moved to the new [[State Farm Stadium]] in suburban Glendale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcardinals.com/history/franchise.html |title=Franchise History |publisher=Arizona Cardinals |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105212420/http://www.azcardinals.com/history/franchise.html |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since moving to Phoenix, the Cardinals have made one championship appearance, [[Super Bowl XLIII]] in 2009, where they lost 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/43 |title=Alone On Top |publisher=The National Football League |access-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref>

Sun Devil Stadium held [[Super Bowl XXX]] in 1996. State Farm Stadium hosted [[Super Bowl XLII]] in 2008, [[Super Bowl XLIX]] in 2015, and [[Super Bowl LVII]] in 2023 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history |publisher=National Football League |title=History |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229074531/http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history |archive-date=February 29, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2777500-nfl-officially-awards-super-bowl-57-58-to-arizona-and-new-orleans|title=NFL Officially Awards Super Bowl 57, 58 to Arizona and New Orleans|last=Chiari|first=Mike|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref>

The [[Arizona Coyotes]] of the [[National Hockey League]], formerly the original [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]], moved to the area in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/phxaz/coyotes.html |title=Phoenix Coyotes Historical Moments |publisher=sportsecyclopedia.com |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> They originally played their home games at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix before moving in December 2003 to the Glendale Arena (now named the [[Desert Diamond Arena]]) in Glendale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coyotes.nhl.com/v2/ext/PHX_MG%202013-14_CLR_FINAL.pdf#page=248 |title=Team History |publisher=National Hockey League |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002205/http://coyotes.nhl.com/v2/ext/PHX_MG%202013-14_CLR_FINAL.pdf#page=248 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, the Coyotes lost their lease in Glendale and moved to the then newly opened [[Mullett Arena]] on the campus of Arizona State University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coyotes, Arizona State reach multi-year agreement to play home games at Sun Devils' new arena |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/coyotes-arizona-state-reach-multi-year-agreement-to-play-home-games-at-sun-devils-new-arena/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=CBSSports.com |date=February 10, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> They were working with the city of Tempe to create a new entertainment district. However, after residents of Tempe rejected a bond initiative to pay for a new stadium, the Coyotes were deactivated, and the team's assets were moved to [[Salt Lake City]], Utah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona Coyotes relocating to Utah: NHL board of governors approves sale to Jazz owner|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5424825/2024/04/18/coyotes-move-to-utah-salt-lake-city/|work=The Athletic|date=April 18, 2024|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref> The Coyotes have a five-year window to get a new arena in the area where they will be reactivated as an expansion franchise, otherwise the league will cease all operations for the franchise.<ref name="SLCMove">{{cite web|title=Board Approves Establishment of New Franchise in Utah, Future Reactivation of Arizona Franchise Should Conditions Be Met|url=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/17935|date=April 18, 2024|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref>

[[Phoenix Rising FC]] is a professional soccer team that competes in the [[USL Championship]], the second tier of US professional soccer. Phoenix Rising FC started as Arizona United SC in 2014 and played at the [[Peoria Sports Complex]] and [[Scottsdale Stadium]] from 2014 to 2016. Rebranded in 2017 as Phoenix Rising FC, the team started play from 2017 to 2020 at the [[Casino Arizona Field]]. In 2021, the club moved to a new home, the [[Phoenix Rising Soccer Complex at Wild Horse Pass]], which was located inside the [[Gila River Indian Community]] near [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] and played there throughout the 2022 season. The club began play in 2023 at the newly constructed [[Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium]], which is modular in design and located in an area north of [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azfamily.com/2023/03/31/phoenix-rising-fc-unveils-new-stadium-ahead-season-home-opener/|title=Phoenix Rising FC unveils new stadium ahead of home opener|website=azfamily.com|date=March 31, 2023|access-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>

In 2018, the now-defunct [[Alliance of American Football]] announced the league's Phoenix franchise, the [[Arizona Hotshots]], would begin playing in 2019.<ref name="azcentral">{{cite web |last1=Moore |first1=Greg |title=New Arizona football team is called the Hotshots: Disrespectful or paying homage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/2018/09/25/alliance-american-football-arizona-hotshots-remaining-names-revealed/1418113002/ |website=The Arizona Republic |access-date=October 16, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Professional teams in the Phoenix area
|-
!Club
!Sport
!Year started operations
!League
!Venue
!Titles
|-
| [[Arizona Cardinals]]
| [[American football|Football]]
|1988*
| [[National Football League|NFL]]
| [[State Farm Stadium]]
|align=center|2*
|-
| [[Arizona Diamondbacks]]
| [[Baseball]]
|1998
| [[Major League Baseball|MLB]]
| [[Chase Field]]
|align=center|1
|-
| [[Phoenix Suns]]
| [[Basketball]]
|1968
| [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]
| [[PHX Arena]]
|align=center|0
|-
| [[Phoenix Mercury]]
| [[Basketball]]
|1997
| [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]]
| [[PHX Arena]]
|align=center|3
|-
| [[Arizona Rattlers]]
| [[Indoor American football|Indoor football]]
|1992
| [[Indoor Football League|IFL]]
| [[Desert Diamond Arena]]
|align=center|7
|-
| [[Phoenix Rising FC]]
| [[Soccer]]
|2014
| [[USL Championship|USLC]]
| [[Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium]]
|align=center|1

|}
{{small|''*Note: The Cardinals won their two pre-modern era championships while in Chicago.''}}
{{small|''*Note: The Cardinals moved to Phoenix from St. Louis in 1988.''}}

===Other sports===
The Phoenix area hosts two annual college football bowl games: the [[Fiesta Bowl]], played at State Farm Stadium,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiestabowl.org/fiesta-bowl/ |publisher=Fiesta Bowl |title=45th Annual Battle Frog Fiesta Bowl |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212231/https://fiestabowl.org/fiesta-bowl/ |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Rate Bowl]] (which has undergone several name changes), held at Chase Field.<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Phoenix bowl game renamed Rate Bowl as part of rebrand |url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/downtown-phoenix-bowl-game-renamed-rate-bowl-as-part-of-rebrand/ |website=azbigmedia.com |date=October 17, 2024 |accessdate=October 17, 2024}}</ref>

Phoenix has an [[Indoor American football|indoor football]] team, the [[Arizona Rattlers]] of the [[Indoor Football League]]. Their games are played at the [[Desert Diamond Arena]]. They played in the [[Arena Football League]] from 1992 to 2016 and had won five AFL championships before leaving the league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2014/08/parade-celebrates-arizona-rattlers-third-straight-afl-championship/ |title=Parade celebrates Arizona Rattlers' third straight AFL championship |publisher=Cronkite News |access-date=October 9, 2015 |last=Reed |first=Bethany |date=August 27, 2014}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Phoenix Mercury]] were one of the original eight teams to launch the [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/archives/seasons.html |publisher=WNBA |title=Phoenix Mercury 1997 Season |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330173044/http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/archives/seasons.html |archive-date=March 30, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They also play at PHX Arena. They have won the WNBA championship three times: first in 2007 when they defeated the [[Detroit Shock]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/news/celebration_070918.html |publisher=WNBA |title=Mercury Bask in Victory Celebration |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330164829/http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/news/celebration_070918.html |archive-date=March 30, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> again in 2009 when they defeated the [[Indiana Fever]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/top-5-wnba-playoffs-games-ever.html |title=Top 5 WNBA Playoffs Games Ever |publisher=WNBA.com |first=Jake |last=Emen |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401035115/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/top-5-wnba-playoffs-games-ever.html |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2014 when they swept the [[Chicago Sky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slamonline.com/other-ballers/womens/phoenix-mercury-win-2014-wnba-championship/#ZbIfq1kvsSlE7yJT.97 |publisher=Slam |title=Phoenix Mercury Win 2014 WNBA Championship |date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209230007/http://www.slamonline.com/other-ballers/womens/phoenix-mercury-win-2014-wnba-championship/ |archive-date=February 9, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Greater Phoenix area is home to the [[Cactus League]], one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball. With the move by the [[Colorado Rockies]] and the Diamondbacks to their new facility in the [[Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community|Salt River Indian Community]], the league is entirely based in the Greater Phoenix area. With the [[Cincinnati Reds]]' move to [[Goodyear, Arizona|Goodyear]], half of MLB's 30 teams are now included in the Cactus League.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/springtraining/index.jsp |title=Sun, scenery, history mark Spring Training baseball in Arizona, Florida |publisher=Major League Baseball |access-date=February 12, 2014}}</ref>

[[Phoenix International Raceway]] was built in 1964 with a {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on|spell=in}} oval, with a one-of-a-kind design, as well as a {{convert|2.5|mi|km|adj=on}} road course.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixraceway.com/About-Us/Timeline.aspx |title=Timeline |publisher=phoenixraceway.com |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116194647/http://www.phoenixraceway.com/About-Us/Timeline.aspx |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It hosts several [[NASCAR]] events per season, and the annual Fall NASCAR weekend, which includes events from four different NASCAR classes, is a huge event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/sprint-cup-series/schedule/tracks/phoenix-international-raceway.html |title=Phoenix International Raceway Schedule |publisher=NASCAR.com |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=March 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326050648/http://www.nascar.com/en_us/sprint-cup-series/schedule/tracks/phoenix-international-raceway.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2014/2/7/toyota-mexico-series-race-phoenix-international-raceway.html |title=Mexico Series returning to Phoenix in 2014 |publisher=NASCAR.com |date=February 7, 2014 |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> [[Wild Horse Pass Motorsports Park]] (formerly Firebird International Raceway) hosts [[National Hot Rod Association|NHRA]] events in the Phoenix metropolitan area.

The city also hosts several major professional golf events, including the [[LPGA]]'s [[RR Donnelley LPGA Founders Cup|Founder's Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lpgafounderscup.com/ |title=LPGA Vision for Founders Cup Now Long-Term Reality |publisher=LPGA |date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> and, since 1932, The [[Phoenix Open]] of the [[PGA Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmphoenixopen.com/category/history/ |title=Waste Management Phoenix Open |publisher=wmphoenixopen.com |access-date=February 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209051522/http://wmphoenixopen.com/category/history/ |archive-date=February 9, 2014 }}</ref>
The Phoenix Marathon is a new addition to the city's sports scene, and is a qualifier for the [[Boston Marathon]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bmo-harris-bank-announces-multi-year-sponsorship-of-the-phoenix-marathon-2013-09-17-121731557 |title=BMO Harris Bank Announces Multi-Year Sponsorship of The Phoenix Marathon |newspaper=marketwatch |access-date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> The [[Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon|Rock 'n' Roll Marathon]] series has held an event in Phoenix every January since 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbs5az.com/story/27879994/rock-n-roll-marathon-takes-over-phoenix-streets | publisher=CBS 5 (KPHO Broadcasting Corporation) | title=Rock 'n' Roll Marathon takes to Phoenix streets | first=Phil | last=Benson | date=January 18, 2015 | access-date=March 20, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331210223/http://www.cbs5az.com/story/27879994/rock-n-roll-marathon-takes-over-phoenix-streets | url-status=live | archive-date=March 31, 2016}}</ref> Phoenix is also home to a [[soccer]] club, [[Phoenix Rising FC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2016/11/28/arizona-united-sc-reveals-new-name-and-logo-plus-stadium-plans-2017-season/94569050/|title=Arizona United SC reveals new name and logo, plus stadium plans for 2017 season|work=Alejandro Barahona|publisher=Arizona Republic|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref>

==Parks and recreation==
[[File:Camelback Mountain aerial view.jpg|thumb|[[Camelback Mountain]] is part of the [[Phoenix Mountains]] range]]
Phoenix is home to a large number of parks and recreation areas. The city of Phoenix includes national parks, [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]] parks and city parks. [[Tonto National Forest]] forms part of the city's northeast boundary, while the county has the largest park system in the country.<ref>Sirois 2012, page 195</ref>

The city park system established to preserve the desert landscape in areas that would otherwise have succumbed to development includes [[South Mountain Park]], the world's largest [[municipal park]] with {{convert|16500|acre|km2}}.<ref>Sirois 2012, page 201</ref> The system's 182 parks contain over {{convert|41900|acres|0|abbr=on}}, making it the largest municipal park system in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe_CityParkFacts_2010.pdf |publisher=The Trust for Public Land |title=2010 City Park Facts |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102180556/http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe_CityParkFacts_2010.pdf |pages=4–9 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The park system has facilities for hiking, camping, swimming, horseback riding, cycling, and climbing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/parks |title=Parks and Recreation Department |publisher=City of Phoenix |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317064657/https://www.phoenix.gov/parks |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the system's other notable parks include [[Camelback Mountain]], [[Encanto Park]], [[Phoenix Mountains Preserve]] and [[Sunnyslope Mountain]], also known as "S" Mountain.<ref>Sirois 2012, page 196</ref>

[[Papago Park]] in east Phoenix is home to both the [[Desert Botanical Garden]] and the [[Phoenix Zoo]], in addition to several golf courses and the [[Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)|Hole-in-the-Rock]] geological formation. The Desert Botanical Garden, which opened in 1939, is one of the few public gardens in the country dedicated to desert plants and displays desert plant life from all over the world. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned non-profit zoo in the United States and is internationally known for its programs devoted to saving endangered species.<ref>Sirois 2012, page 147</ref>

==Government==
{{See also|List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona}}
[[File:Azcap.jpg|thumb|alt=frontal view of the Arizona State Capitol, in winter, framed by the bare limbs of trees, showing the Arizona granite of the building topped by a copper dome|The [[Arizona State Capitol]], which used to house the state legislature, is now a museum.]]
In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, switching from the mayor-council system to the council-manager system, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government, where a [[city manager]] supervises all city departments and executes the policies adopted by the council.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=73}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/city-publications/city-history |publisher=City of Phoenix |title=City of Phoenix History: Establishing a Council-Manager Government |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114832/https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/city-publications/city-history |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Today, Phoenix represents the largest municipal government of this type in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/executive-team/ed-zuercher |publisher=City of Phoenix |title=City Manager Ed Zuercher |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911132043/https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/executive-team/ed-zuercher |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[city council]] consists of a [[List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona|mayor]] and eight city council members. While the mayor is elected in a citywide election, [[Phoenix City Council]] members are elected by votes only in the districts they represent, with both the Mayor and the Council members serving four-year terms.<ref name="phoenix.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/how-city-organized |title=How the City Works |publisher=City of Phoenix |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907070327/https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/how-city-organized |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mayor of Phoenix is [[Kate Gallego]]. The mayor and city council members each have equal voting power in regards to setting city policy and passing rules and regulations.<ref name="phoenix.gov"/> [[Sunshine Review]] gave the city's website a Sunny Award for its [[government transparency|transparency]] efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ballotpedia.org/2010_Sunny_Awards |title=2010 Sunny Awards |publisher=ballotpedia.org |access-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204024404/http://ballotpedia.org/2010_Sunny_Awards |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===State government facilities===
[[File:Phoenix city hall-1600x1200.jpg|thumb|alt=photos showing the short obelisk signage showing City Hall, and topped with the seal of the city, a stylized maroon phoenix. The semi-circular front of the building in the background, adorned with a stylized sunburst.|left|Phoenix City Hall, showing the city's logo, [[Phoenix (mythology)|the phoenix bird]]]]
As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the [[Arizona Legislature|state legislature]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://azleg.gov/MemberRoster.asp?Body=H&SortBy=1 |publisher=Arizona State Legislature |title=Member Roster |access-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-date=March 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180026/http://www.azleg.gov/MemberRoster.asp?Body=H&SortBy=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> along with numerous state government agencies, many of which are in the State Capitol district immediately west of downtown. The [[Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections]] operates the [[Adobe Mountain School|Adobe Mountain]] and Black Canyon Schools in Phoenix.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081225054351/http://www.juvenile.state.az.us/Contacts/Facilities.htm Safe Schools/Secure Facilities]." Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</ref> Another major state government facility is the Arizona State Hospital, operated by the [[Arizona Department of Health Services]]. This is a mental health center and is the only medical facility run by the state government.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/arizona-state-hospital-6860230/details |title=Arizona State Hospital Stats & Services |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> The headquarters of numerous Arizona state government agencies are in Phoenix, with many in the State Capitol district.

===Federal government facilities===
The [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] operates the [[Federal Correctional Institution, Phoenix|Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) Phoenix]], which is within the city limits, near its northern boundary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/phx/ |title=FCI Phoenix |publisher=Federal Bureau of Prisons |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Sandra Day O'Connor United States Courthouse|Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse]], the U.S. District Court of Arizona, is on Washington Street downtown. It is named in honor of retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], who was raised in Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/locations/phoenix |title=Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse |publisher=United States District Court, District of Arizona |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>

The Federal Building is at the intersection of Van Buren Street and First Avenue downtown. It contains various federal field offices and the local division of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/unitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626050959/http://www.emporis.com/building/unitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |title=United States Federal Building and Courthouse |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> This building formerly housed the U.S. District Court offices and courtrooms, but these were moved in 2001 to the new Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse. Before the construction of this building in 1961, federal government offices were housed in the historic [[U.S. Post Office (Phoenix, Arizona)|U.S. Post Office]] on Central Avenue, completed in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/exploreByBuilding/buildingId/043# |title=Federal Building–U.S. Post Office, Phoenix, AZ |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Crime===
[[File:Arizona State Capitol Executive Tower DSC 2708 ad.JPG|thumb|Arizona State Capitol Executive Tower at 1700 W. Washington St.]]
{{Main|Crime in Phoenix}}

By the 1960s, crime was a major problem in Phoenix, and by the 1970s, crime continued to increase in the city at a faster rate than almost anywhere else in the country.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=252}} It was during this time frame when an incident occurred in Phoenix which would have national implications. On March 16, 1963, [[Ernesto Miranda]] was arrested and charged with rape. The subsequent Supreme Court ruling on June 13, 1966, ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'', has led to practice in the United States of issuing a [[Miranda warning|Miranda Warning]] to all suspected criminals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirandawarning.org/historyofmirandawarning.html |title=History of Miranda Warning |publisher=mirandawarning.org |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>

With Phoenix's rapid growth, one of the prime areas of criminal activity was land fraud. The practice became so widespread that newspapers would refer to Phoenix as ''the Tainted Desert''.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|pp=252–253}} These land frauds led to one of the more infamous murders in the history of the valley, when ''Arizona Republic'' writer [[Don Bolles]] was murdered by a car bomb in 1976.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=253}}{{sfn|Luckingham|1995|pp=211–212}} It was believed his investigative reporting on organized crime and land fraud in Phoenix made him a target.<ref name=AZCentral1>{{cite web |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/specials/special01/articles/0528bolles-overview.html |title=Journalism students revisit the death of Don Bolles |publisher=Arizona Republic/azcentral.com |date=March 28, 2006 |access-date=April 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140404185249/http://archive.azcentral.com/specials/special01/articles/0528bolles-overview.html |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1993-02-10/news/the-bolles-trial-goes-into-reruns/full |title=The Bolles Trial Goes Into Reruns |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Tom |date=February 10, 1993 |website=Phoenix New Times |access-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627180127/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1993-02-10/news/the-bolles-trial-goes-into-reruns/full |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=bolles>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special01/0528bolles-keyplayers.html |title=Key players in the Bolles' case |publisher=Arizona Republic/azcentral.com |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref>
Bolles was the only reporter from a major U.S. newspaper to be murdered on U.S. soil due to his coverage of a story.<ref name=AZCentral1/> Max Dunlap was convicted of first-degree murder in the case.<ref name=bolles />

Street gangs and the drug trade had turned into public safety issues by the 1980s, and the crime rate in Phoenix continued to grow.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=323}}
After seeing a peak in the early and mid-1990s, the city has seen a general decrease in crime rates. The Maricopa County Jail system is the fourth-largest in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.mcso.org/documents/AnnualReport.pdf |publisher=Maricopa County Sheriff's Office |access-date=December 26, 2018 |page=42 |date=December 31, 2017 |archive-date=December 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040915/https://www.mcso.org/documents/AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The violent crime rate peaked in 1993 at 1146 crimes per 100,000 people, while the property crime rate peaked a few years earlier, in 1989, at 9,966 crimes per 100,000.<ref name=fbi>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeJurisbyJurisLarge.cfm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516072620/http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeJurisbyJurisLarge.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |title=Uniform Crime Reports |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=March 21, 2016 }}</ref>

In 2001 and 2002, Phoenix ranked first in the nation in vehicle thefts, with over 22,000 and 25,000 cars stolen each year respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.888notheft.com/888main/pages/III%20-%20Auto%20Theft%20is%20up!.htm |title=Auto Theft, Key Facts |publisher=Insurance Information Institute |access-date=February 19, 2014 |date=June 2002}}</ref> It has declined every year since then, eventually falling to 7,200 in 2014, a drop of almost 70% during that timeframe.<ref name="fbi2014">{{cite web |title=2014 Crime in the United States: Arizona |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-8/table-8-by-state/Table_8_Offenses_Known_to_Law_Enforcement_by_Arizona_by_City_2014.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328050652/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-8/table-8-by-state/Table_8_Offenses_Known_to_Law_Enforcement_by_Arizona_by_City_2014.xls |archive-date=March 28, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> The Phoenix MSA has dropped to 70th in the nation in terms of car thefts in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nicb.org/theft_and_fraud_awareness/top-places-for-vehicle-thefts |title=Hot Spots 2012 |publisher=NICB |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref>

On August 2, 2022, [[2022 Phoenix shooting|a mass shooting]] took place in the [[Deer Valley, Phoenix|Deer Valley]] area of Phoenix. The shooter killed two bystanders and injured five others before committing [[suicide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=A gunman clad in tactical gear and armed with a semi-automatic rifle killed 2 and injured 5 others in Phoenix shooting, police say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/29/us/phoenix-shooting-gunman-tactical-gear-rifle/index.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Politics ===

Long a swing region in Arizona, Phoenix's city limits have increasingly trended toward the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in recent years, leading a shift seen across the rest of the state. [[Margaret Hance]] was elected the city's first female mayor in 1975.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin:1em; font-size:95%;"
|+ '''Phoenix city limits presidential election results'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::4ee8ecf2-14b7-4a8d-99bc-82fa633a9305/| title=Dra 2020 }}</ref>
!Year
![[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
![[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
![[Third party (United States)|Third parties]]
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2024 United States presidential election in Arizona|2024]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''56.4%''' ''350,095''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |42.3% ''262,560''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |1.2% ''7,594''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2020 United States presidential election in Arizona|2020]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''59.6%''' ''388,435''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |38.9% ''253,250''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |1.6% ''10,238''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2016 United States presidential election in Arizona|2016]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''53.9%''' ''271,946''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |38.7% ''195,513''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |7.4% ''37,389''
|}

==Education==
{{See also|List of school districts in Phoenix, Arizona}}
33 school districts provide public education in the Phoenix area. This is a legacy of numerous annexations over the years; many of the school districts existed before their territories became part of Phoenix.

There are 21 elementary school districts, which have over 215 elementary schools, paired with four high school districts with 31 high schools serving Phoenix. Three of the high school districts ([[Glendale Union High School District|Glendale Union]], [[Tempe Union High School District|Tempe Union]], and [[Tolleson Union High School District|Tolleson Union]]) only partially serve Phoenix. With over 27,000 students, and spread over {{convert|220|sqmi}}, [[Phoenix Union High School District]] is one of the largest high school districts in the country, containing 16 schools and nearly 3,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phxhs.k12.az.us/domain/55 |title=Welcome to the Phoenix Union High School District |publisher=Phoenix High School |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043552/http://www.phxhs.k12.az.us/domain/55 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, there are four unified districts, which cover grades K–12, which add an additional 58 elementary schools and four high schools to Phoenix's educational system. Of those four, only the [[Paradise Valley Unified School District|Paradise Valley district]] completely serves Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Districts A – Z|url=http://jphxprd.phoenix.gov/PhoenixSchools/search-all-districts.do|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222737/http://jphxprd.phoenix.gov/PhoenixSchools/search-all-districts.do|archive-date=February 23, 2016|access-date=March 20, 2016|publisher=City of Phoenix}}</ref> Phoenix is also served by a growing number of [[charter school]]s, with well over 100 operating in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ade.az.gov/wizard/labels/04906275.htm |title=List of Charter Schools in Maricopa County |publisher=Arizona Department of Education |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419024223/http://www.ade.az.gov/wizard/labels/04906275.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Post-secondary education===
[[File:ASU Downtown - SoJ SWC - 2008-12-29.jpg|thumb|The [[Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication]] at the [[Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus]]]]

[[Arizona State University]] (ASU) is the region's largest institution of higher education. Primarily based in [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], it has a significant presence at the [[Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus]]. The campus features programs from ten of ASU's colleges, including the primary locations for the [[Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication]], [[Watts College of Public Service & Community Solutions]], and [[Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asu.edu/ |title=Arizona State University: Home |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref> Over 10,000 students are enrolled at ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asu.edu/about/facts-and-figures |title=Facts and figures |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=February 18, 2024}}</ref>

The [[University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix]] is also located in downtown Phoenix,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenixmed.arizona.edu/ |title=College of Medicine, Phoenix |publisher=University of Arizona |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://medicine.arizona.edu/about-college/campuses|title=Campuses {{!}} College of Medicine – Tucson|website=medicine.arizona.edu|language=en|access-date=October 11, 2017}}</ref> as well as a satellite Phoenix Biomedical Campus of [[Northern Arizona University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.nau.edu/AZCampuses/Phoenix/ |title=NAU Phoenix Campus |publisher=Northern Arizona University |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nau.edu/chhs/phoenix-biomedical-campus/|title=Welcome – Phoenix Biomedical Campus – Northern Arizona University|website=nau.edu|access-date=October 11, 2017}}</ref>

The [[Maricopa County Community College District]] includes ten [[community college]]s and two skills centers throughout Maricopa County, providing adult education and job training. [[Phoenix College]], part of the district, was founded in 1920 and is the oldest community college in Arizona and one of the oldest in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixcollege.edu/about/discover-pc |title=Discover PC |publisher=Phoenix College |access-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223161155/http://www.phoenixcollege.edu/about/discover-pc |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city is also home to many other institutions of higher learning such as the [[Phoenix Seminary]], a Protestant seminary that imparts degree in biblical studies, Christian theology, church history and counseling. Notable institutions include: [[Barrow Neurological Institute]], the world's largest neurological disease treatment and research institution;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lochhead |first1=RA |last2=Abla |first2=AA |last3=Mitha |first3=AP |last4=Fusco |first4=D |last5=Almefty |first5=K |last6=Sanai |first6=N |last7=Oppenlander |first7=ME |last8=Albuquerque |first8=FC |title=A history of the Barrow Neurological Institute |journal=World Neurosurgery |date=July 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2010.07.011 |pmid=21299987}}</ref> [[Grand Canyon University]], a private Christian university initially founded in 1949 as a non-profit school,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcu.edu/About-Us.php |title=About Grand Canyon University |publisher=Grand Canyon University |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref> it now operates as a [[For-profit higher education in the United States|for-profit institution]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=17607 |title=Grand Canyon Univ. sold; trustees in advisory role |date=February 10, 2004 |last=Ledbetter |first=Tammi Reed |publisher=Baptist Press |access-date=February 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225201525/http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=17607 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 }}</ref> the [[University of Phoenix]], also a [[For-profit colleges in the United States|for-profit college]], is based out of the city.

==Media==
{{see also|List of radio stations in Arizona|List of films shot in Arizona}}
Phoenix's first newspaper was the weekly ''Salt River Valley Herald'', established in 1878, which would change its name the following year to the ''Phoenix Herald''. The paper would go through several additional name changes in its early years before finally settling on the ''Phoenix Herald'', which still exists today in an online form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87062081/ |title=About Salt River herald |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> Today, the city is served by one major daily newspaper: ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'', which along with its online entity, ''azcentral.com'', serves the greater metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/topic/e85b7e4c-ae59-4084-9af1-020df1406d1d/the-arizona-republic-online/ |title=The Arizona Republic Online |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/ |title=East Valley Tribune |newspaper=The East Valley Tribune |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> The ''[[Jewish News of Greater Phoenix]]'' is an independent weekly newspaper established in 1948. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and alternative weeklies such as the ''[[Phoenix New Times]]''' the ''[[East Valley Tribune]]'', which primarily serves the cities of the East Valley; and Arizona State University's ''[[State Press|The State Press]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usnpl.com/aznews.php |title=Arizona Newspapers |publisher=USNPL |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref>

The Phoenix metro area is served by many local television stations and is the largest [[designated market area]] (DMA) in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], and the 12th largest in the U.S., with over 1.8 million homes (1.6% of the total U.S.).<ref name="nielsen">"[http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/us-television-households-increase-13-for-2007-2008-season-1385/nielsen-us-tv-2007-2008-top-50-dmajpg/ Nielsen Reports 1.3% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2007–08 Season]." ''[[Nielsen Media Research]].'' (September 22, 2007) Retrieved on March 3, 2008.</ref> The major network television affiliates are [[KPHO-TV|KPHO]] 5 ([[CBS]]), [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]]-licensed [[KAZT-TV]] 7 ([[The CW]]), [[KAET]] 8 ([[PBS]], operated by Arizona State University), [[KSAZ-TV|KSAZ]] 10 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[KPNX]] 12 ([[NBC]]), [[KNXV-TV|KNXV]] 15 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), and [[KUTP]] 45 ([[MyNetworkTV]]). Other network television affiliates operating in the area include [[KPAZ-TV|KPAZ]] 21 ([[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]]), [[KTVW-DT]] 33 ([[Univision]]), [[KFPH-DT]] ([[UniMás]]), [[KTAZ]] 39 ([[Telemundo]]), and [[KPPX-TV]] 51 ([[ION Television|ION]]). [[KTVK]] 3 (3TV) and [[KASW]] 61 are independent television stations operating in the metro area. [[KSAZ-TV]], [[KUTP]], [[KPAZ-TV]], [[KTVW-DT]], [[KFPH-DT]], and [[KTAZ]] are network [[owned-and-operated station]]s.

Many major feature films and television programs have been filmed in the city. From the opening sequences in ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'',<ref name=pnt140519>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/10-movies-you-didnt-know-were-filmed-in-arizona-6559636 |website=Phoenix New Times |title=10 Movies You Didn't Know Were Filmed in Arizona |first=Heather |last=Hoch |date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314220025/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/10-movies-you-didnt-know-were-filmed-in-arizona-6559636 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to the night attack by the aliens in 1953's ''[[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)|The War of the Worlds]]'',<ref name=pnt110713>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/top-10-movies-shot-in-and-around-phoenix-6570061 |website=Phoenix New Times |title=Top 10 Movies Shot in (and around) Phoenix |first=Bryan Scott |last=Dugan |date=July 13, 2011 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624072619/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/top-10-movies-shot-in-and-around-phoenix-6570061 |archive-date=June 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to freeway scenes in ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'',<ref name=pnt140519 /> Phoenix has been the location for numerous major feature films. Other notable pictures filmed at least partially in Phoenix include ''[[Raising Arizona]]'', ''[[A Home at the End of the World (film)|A Home at the End of the World]]'',<ref name=pnt110713 /> ''[[Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure]]'', ''[[Days of Thunder]]'', ''[[The Gauntlet (film)|The Gauntlet]]'', ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]'', ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' and ''[[Bus Stop (1956 film)|Bus Stop]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2014/09/28/movies-made-arizona/16393461/ |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=30 movies made in Arizona |date=September 29, 2014 |first1=Randy |last1=Cordova |first2=Bill |last2=Goodykoontz |first3=Kerry |last3=Lengel |first4=Barbara |last4=Vandenburgh |access-date=March 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140929233409/http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2014/09/28/movies-made-arizona/16393461/ |archive-date=September 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The radio airwaves in Phoenix cater to a wide variety of musical and talk radio interests. Stations include classic rock formats of [[KOOL-FM]] and [[KSLX-FM]], to pop stations like [[KYOT]] and alternative stations like [[KDKB-FM]], to the talk radio of [[KFYI-AM]] and [[KKNT|KKNT-AM]], the pop and top 40 programming of [[KZZP-FM]] and [[KALV-FM]], and the country sounds of [[KMLE-FM]]. With its large Hispanic population there are numerous Spanish stations, such as [[KHOT-FM]] and [[KOMR-FM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb057 |publisher=Radio Online |title=#14 Phoenix |access-date=March 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023710/http://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb057 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
{{main|Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona}}

====Air====
[[File:phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg|alt=aerial view of Sky Harbor airport, showing the spoke structure of the terminals and gates, with the spike of the control tower toward the lower left of the picture.| thumb|An aerial view of the [[control tower]] at Phoenix Sky Harbor that began operations on January 17, 2007]]
[[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]] {{airport codes|PHX|KPHX}}, one of the ten busiest airports in the United States, serves over 110,000 people on over 1,000 flights per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyharbor.com/about/airportFacts.html |title=Airport Facts |publisher=skyharbor.com |access-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> Centrally located in the metro area near several major freeway interchanges east of downtown Phoenix, the airport serves more than 100 cities with non-stop flights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyharbor.com/airlinesflights/whereWeFly.html |title=Where We Fly |publisher=skyharbor.com |access-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref>

[[Air Canada]], [[Air France]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skyharbor.com/about-phx/news-media/press-releases/air-france-to-begin-phoenix-paris-flight/ |title=Air France to Begin Phoenix-Paris Flight |publisher=Air France |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=October 2, 2024}}</ref> [[British Airways]], [[Condor Flugdienst|Condor]], [[Volaris]], and [[WestJet]] are among several international carriers as well as American carrier [[American Airlines]] (which maintains a hub at the airport) that provide flights to destinations such as Canada, [[Costa Rica]], Mexico, and [[Heathrow Airport|London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyharbor.com/Flights/WhereWeFly/InternationalDestinations |title=International Destinations |access-date=December 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227232324/https://skyharbor.com/Flights/WhereWeFly/InternationalDestinations |archive-date=February 27, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition to American, other domestic carriers include [[Alaska Airlines]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], [[Frontier Airlines|Frontier]], [[Hawaiian Airlines|Hawaiian]], [[JetBlue Airways|JetBlue]], [[Southwest Airlines|Southwest]], [[Spirit Airlines|Spirit]], [[Sun Country Airlines|Sun Country]], and [[United Airlines|United]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyharbor.com/Flights/Airlines |title=Airlines |access-date=December 23, 2016 |publisher=Sky Harbor Airport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114507/https://www.skyharbor.com/Flights/Airlines |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport]] {{airport codes|AZA|KIWA}} in neighboring Mesa also serves the area's commercial air traffic. It was converted from Williams Air Force Base, which closed in 1993. The airport has recently received substantial commercial service with [[Allegiant Air]] opening a hub operation at the airport with non-stop service to over a dozen destinations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224030239/http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |title=Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport continues to break passenger records |last=Totten |first=Steven |date=December 7, 2016 |newspaper=Phoenix Business Journal |access-date=December 23, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html |title=Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport celebrates eight million Allegiant passengers since 2007 |date=December 16, 2016 |publisher=Queen Creek Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152439/http://queencreekindependent.com/business/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-celebrates-eight-million-allegiant-passengers-since-2007/ |archive-date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=December 23, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Smaller airports that primarily handle private and corporate jets include [[Phoenix Deer Valley Airport]], in the Deer Valley district of north Phoenix, and [[Scottsdale Airport]], just east of the Phoenix/Scottsdale border. There are also other municipal airports including [[Glendale Municipal Airport]], [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field Airport]] in Mesa, and [[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]].

====Rail and bus====
[[File:Union Station Phoenix - North - 2009-12-08.JPG|thumb|alt=front view of the southwestern architecture of the closed Union railroad station in Phoenix, surrounded by a chain link fence|left|Union Station Phoenix – 2009]]
Amtrak served [[Union Station (Phoenix)|Phoenix Union Station]] until 1996 when the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP) proposed abandoning the route between [[Yuma, Arizona]], and Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azta.org/transit_resources/archived_hot_topic/arizona-passenger-railmore-than-just-light-rail-streetcar-and-trolley/ |title=Arizona Transit Association |publisher=Azta.org |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100536/http://www.azta.org/transit_resources/archived_hot_topic/arizona-passenger-railmore-than-just-light-rail-streetcar-and-trolley/ |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amtrak rerouted trains to [[Maricopa, Arizona|Maricopa]], {{convert|30|mi|km}} south of downtown Phoenix, where passengers can board the ''[[Texas Eagle]]'' (Los Angeles-San Antonio-Chicago) and ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' (Los Angeles-New Orleans).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.texaseagle.com/stations/MRC.htm |title=Amtrak's Texas Eagle &#124; Maricopa, AZ |publisher=Texaseagle.com |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-date=September 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908221859/http://www.texaseagle.com/stations/MRC.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/usarail/phoenix.htm |title=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=TrainWeb.org |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> UP retained the trackage and the station remains. In 2021, Amtrak developed a plan to bring rail service back to Phoenix with connections to Tucson and Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amtrakconnectsus.com/maps/phoenix-tucson/|title=Phoenix–Tucson|website=Amtrak Connects US}}</ref> This service is supported by the [[Bipartisan infrastructure bill]] and could take several years for service to be implemented.

Amtrak Thruway buses connect Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] for connection with the Los Angeles-Chicago ''[[Southwest Chief]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/amtrak/w_chief.html |title=Amtrak's Southwest Chief |publisher=TrainWeb.org |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> Phoenix is also served by [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] bus service, which stops at 24th Street near the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/search?city=Phoenix&state=AZ&zip=&q=Phoenix%2C+AZ |title=Phoenix Greyhound Station |publisher=Greyhound |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221004925/http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/arizona/phoenix/bus-station-860431 |archive-date=February 21, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Phoenix Exterior 0550.2009.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of streamlined light rail car pulling into a station|Valley Metro Rail station – 2009]]
[[Valley Metro]] provides public transportation throughout the metropolitan area, with its trains, buses, and a [[Carpool|ride-share]] program. 3.38% of workers commute by public transit. Valley Metro's {{convert|38.5|mi|km|adj=on}} [[light rail]] system called [[Valley Metro Rail]] consists of the [[A Line (Valley Metro Rail)|A Line]] and [[B Line (Valley Metro Rail)|B Line]]. Two light rail extensions of more than {{convert|10.8|mi|km}} are planned to open by 2030. The first segment of the light rail open in December 27, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valleymetro.org/projects_and_planning/current_projects |title=Current Valley Metro Projects |publisher=Valley Metro |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325065046/http://www.valleymetro.org/projects_and_planning/current_projects |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Roads and freeways====
{{Main|Roads and freeways in metropolitan Phoenix}}

Phoenix auto traffic depends on both freeways and surface streets. Freeways fall under the auspices of the [[Arizona Department of Transportation]] (ADOT). Phoenix ranks first in the nation in the quality of its urban freeways, and the state as a whole ranks first in the nation in the quality of bridges.<ref>{{cite book |title=20th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems |publisher=Reason Foundation |date=July 2013 |first1=David T. |last1=Hartgen |first2=M. Gregory |last2=Fields |first3=Elizabeth |last3=San José}}</ref> While being the fifth most populous city in the nation, Phoenix's freeways do not suffer from the same type of congestion seen in other large cities. In fact, in a recent study, there is not a single stretch of freeway in Phoenix ranked in the 100 worst freeways for either congestion or unreliability.<ref>{{cite book |title=TTI's 2011 Congested Corridors Report |first1=Bill |last1=Eisele |first2=David |last2=Schrank |first3=Tim |last3=Lomax |publisher=Texas A&M-Texas Transportation Institute |date=November 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Interstate 10 and Interstate 17 Interchange at Night.2012.jpg|thumb|alt=photo showing the multiple levels of roadways at the interchange between Interstates ten and seventeen, called "the stack" in downtown Phoenix at night.|left|The Stack (Interstates 10 and 17) interchange at night in 2012]]Part of the reason for this is the extensive freeway system in the city, due to most of that system being funded by local, rather than federal funds, through a half-cent general sales tax measure approved by voters in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf |publisher=Build America Transportation Investment Center |title=Maricopa County Sales Tax Referendum Case Study |access-date=March 22, 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009123333/http://www.transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another offshoot of this local funding is that Phoenix is the largest city in the United States to have at least two Interstate Highways, but no three-digit interstates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/?redirect |title=Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002 |publisher=[[Federal Highway Administration]] |access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>

{{As of|2005}}, the metropolitan area of Phoenix contains one of the nation's largest and fastest growing freeway systems, consisting of over {{convert|1,405|mi|km|disp=preunit|lane }}.<ref name="aadt">{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/2008/09/07/20080907vip-lavsphx0907.html |title=Transformation into Big City has Benefits, Burdens |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |first1=Yuri |last1=Artibise |first2=Grady Jr. |last2=Gammage |first3=Nancy |last3=Welch |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref> The freeway system is a mix of Interstate, U.S., and state highways which include [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]], [[Interstate 17]], [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]], [[Arizona State Route 101|Loop 101]], [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]], [[Arizona State Route 51|SR 51]], [[Arizona State Route 143|SR 143]], and [[Arizona State Route 303|Loop 303]]. There are still major additions to routes 101, 202 and 303 underway, as well as several other smaller projects around the valley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azdot.gov/projects/phoenix-metro-area |title=Phoenix Metro Area Projects |publisher=ADOT |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> State Routes [[Arizona State Route 87|87]], [[Arizona State Route 85|85]], and [[Arizona State Route 74|74]] connect Phoenix with other areas of the Valley and Arizona.<ref name=Discover>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115072541/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2014 |title=Phoenix Streets and Freeways |publisher=discoverphoenix.com |access-date=February 13, 2014 }}</ref>

The street system in Phoenix (and some of its suburbs) is laid out in a grid system, with most roads oriented either north–south or east–west, and the zero point of the grid being the intersection of Central Avenue and Washington Street.<ref name=Discover /> The one notable exception to this is the diagonal [[Grand Avenue (Phoenix)|Grand Avenue]], which runs northwest–southeast. The original plan was for the east–west streets to be named after U.S. Presidents, with the north–south streets named after Native Americans; but the north–south streets were quickly changed to numbers, with numbered Avenues running to the west of Central, and numbered Streets to its east.<ref name=Phxgov /> Major arterial streets are spaced {{convert|1|mile|spell=in}} apart, divided into smaller blocks approximately every {{convert|1/8|mi|m}}. For example, Scottsdale Road, being the 7200 block east, lies {{convert|9|mi|km|spell=in}} to the east of Central Avenue (72 / 8).<ref name=Discover />

Freeways and state highways in Phoenix:<ref name=Discover />
{{div col|colwidth=11em}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|I|10}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|I|17}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|AZ|51}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|US|60}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|AZ|85}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|Loop|101}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|AZ|143}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202}}
* {{jct|state=AZ|Loop|303}}
{{div col end}}

====Cycling====
The [[Maricopa Association of Governments]] has a bicycle advisory committee working to improve conditions for bicycling on city streets and off-road paths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azmag.gov/Committees/Committee.asp?CMSID=1044 |title=Bicycle and Pedestrian Committee |publisher=Maricopa Association of Governments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226205403/http://www.azmag.gov/Committees/Committee.asp?CMSID=1044 |archive-date=February 26, 2014 |access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Utilities===
[[File:CAPCanal.2013.jpg|alt=picture of a straight blue ribbon of water, the canal, running through the desert, from a vantage point of one of the mountains surrounding the city.|thumb|Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal]]
Being in the desert, Phoenix relies on a water supply delivered to the city via a system of canals which divert water from the region's rivers and lakes, with the largest portion of the city's water coming from the [[Colorado River]] through the [[Central Arizona Project]]'s canal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://water.ezinemark.com/geography-information-phoenix-az-17ffe0fea6c.html |title=Geography Information: Phoenix, AZ |publisher=ezinemark.com |access-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001606/http://water.ezinemark.com/geography-information-phoenix-az-17ffe0fea6c.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city's electrical needs are served primarily by Arizona Public Service, although some customers receive their electricity from the [[Salt River Project]] (SRP). The main sources of electrical generation are nuclear and coal power plants. Arizona is home to the [[Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station]], the largest nuclear-generating facility in the United States. SRP is also the largest water provider in Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azenergy.gov/doclib/AZ_Energy_Infrastructure.pdf |title=Arizona's Energy Infrastructure |publisher=azenergy.com |access-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055115/http://www.azenergy.gov/doclib/AZ_Energy_Infrastructure.pdf |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

===Health care===
{{Main|List of hospitals in Phoenix|List of hospitals in Arizona}}

In 2011 (the last year for which information is available), Phoenix had a slightly younger population than the country as a whole. While the United States had 13.3% of its population over the age of 65, Phoenix's percentage stood significantly lower, at 8.1%. Phoenix's percentage of 18.8% in the next age group, 45–64 was also a great deal lower than the national average of 26.6%. This results in 73% of Phoenix's population being 44 or younger, as compared to the national percentage of 60.<ref name=mphs>{{cite book |title=Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011 |publisher=Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology |date=May 2013 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |page=86 |url=http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2010 (the last year for nationally reported figures), Phoenix was at or below national levels for most reportable diseases, with the exception of both hepatitis A and B, where they were slightly over the national average (0.8 and 1.8 to 0.5 and 1.1%, respectively).<ref>{{cite book |title=Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011 |publisher=Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology |date=May 2013 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |page=87 |url=http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg|thumb|left|Maricopa Medical Center]]
In most major categories, Phoenix had a lower incidence of death than the rest of the nation. Only deaths due to Alzheimer's (29.7 to 27.2 deaths per 100,000) and pre-natal conditions (5.3 to 3.8 deaths per 100,000) were slightly above the national average. Deaths due to HIV and liver disease were exactly at the national average of 2.5 and 10.8 respectively. However, in several major categories, Phoenix had significantly lower indices of death: deaths by cancer stood at only 57% (106) of the national average of 184.6 deaths per 100,000; deaths due to heart disease, 56.1% of the national rate of 249.8 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011 |publisher=Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology |date=May 2013 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |page=88 |url=http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref> Cancer and heart disease were the two top causes of death in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=61 |issue=4 |date=May 8, 2013 |first1=Sherry L. |last1=Murphy B.S. |first2=Jiaquan |last2=Xu, M.D. |first3=Kenneth D. |last3=Kochanek, M.A. |publisher=CDC, Division of Vital Statistics |page=7 |title=Deaths: Final Data for 2010 |pmid=24979972 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612204715/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Low-weight births (7.5%) were below the national average of 8.1%, yet infant mortality (7.2[[Per mille|‰]] [per thousand]) was higher than the rest of the U.S. (6.1‰). Births to teen mothers were significantly higher than the rest of the country, sitting at 12.2% as compared to 8.4% nationally.<ref name=mphs />

The Phoenix metropolitan area is serviced by 56 hospitals and medical centers.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/phoenix-az |title=Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz. |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mayo Clinic]] is a not-for-profit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. Phoenix is one of two other locations with Mayo Clinic campuses (the other being [[Jacksonville, Florida]]).<ref name="mayoinfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic |title=About Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> It is the first and largest integrated not-for-profit medical group practice in the world; Mayo Clinic has been near or at the top of the U.S. News & World Report List of "Best Hospitals" for more than 20 years.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals |title=Top American Hospitals – US News Best Hospitals |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref>

[[St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center]] is part of [[Dignity Health]] (formerly Catholic Healthcare West), one of the largest healthcare systems in the western United States. St. Joseph's is a not-for-profit hospital with special advocacy for the poor and underserved. John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital is a general medical and surgical hospital, which performed nearly at the level of nationally ranked U.S. News Best Hospitals in four adult specialties.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/john-c-lincoln-north-mountain-hospital-6860253 |title=John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> The [[Phoenix Children's Hospital]] is nationally ranked in five pediatric specialties according to U.S. News & World Report. It is a 425-bed children's teaching hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/phoenix-childrens-hospital-6860210 |title=Phoenix Children's Hospital |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Arizona Heart Institute]], opened in 1971, is known internationally as one of the first freestanding outpatient clinics dedicated exclusively to cardiovascular health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azheart.com/?id=12&sid=2 |title=Arizona Heart Institute – To Care. To Teach. To Pioneer. |publisher=azheart.com |access-date=February 13, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230141/http://www.azheart.com/?id=12&sid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Banner Health]] is a non-profit health system in the United States, based in Phoenix. It operates 23 hospitals as well as specialized facilities. The health system is the largest employer in Arizona, employing more than 43,440.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/subscriber-only/2023/07/14/arizonas-largest-employers.html |title=Arizona's Largest Employers |work=Phoenix Business Journal |date=November 12, 2023 |access-date=October 2, 2024}}</ref> Banner Health was created in 1999 through a merger of Lutheran Health Systems, based in North Dakota, and Samaritan Health System, based in Phoenix. Of the top ten rated hospitals in the city (top 12 in the state), four are Banner hospitals.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/phoenix-az |title=Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz. |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref>

Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) at [[St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center]] is the world's largest dedicated neurosurgical center and a leader in neurosurgical training, research, and patient care.<ref name="lochhead">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lochhead RA, Abla AA, Mitha AP, Fusco D, Almefty K, Sanai N, Oppenlander ME, Albuquerque FC |title=A history of the Barrow Neurological Institute |journal=World Neurosurg |date=July 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=71–80|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2010.07.011 |pmid=21299987 }}</ref>

[[Valleywise Health]] is a public hospital and healthcare system based in Phoenix with Community Heath Centers located throughout [[Maricopa County, Arizona]].  Valleywise Health includes the Valleywise Health Medical Center, the renowned Diane & Bruce Halle Arizona Burn Center,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanek |first=Corina |date=7 January 2025 |title=Hawaii fireworks burn victims will likely spend six months to a year recovering in Arizona |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2025/01/07/hawaii-fireworks-burn-victims-treated-in-az-could-be-here-for-months/77497054007/ |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=AZ Central Arizona Republic}}</ref> the Comprehensive Health Center, three Behavioral Health Centers and a network of Community Health Centers located throughout Maricopa County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Safety Net |url=https://www.arizonasafetynet.org/clinics/valleywise-health |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Arizona Safety Net}}</ref>  Valleywise Health is the areas largest public teaching hospital and is a founding partner in the Creighton University Arizona Health Education Alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Health Education Alliance |url=https://www.creighton.edu/healthsciences/phoenix/alliance |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Creighton University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Creighton University Arizona Health Education Alliance |url=https://valleywisehealth.org/health-education-alliance/ |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Valleywise Health About Us}}</ref> In 2024, Valleywise Health opened its new 10-story 240 bed Valleywise Medical Center on its Roosevelt Campus near downtown Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santaella |first=Noemi |date=16 June 2024 |title=Valleywise Health unveils state of the art Medical Center |url=https://chamberbusinessnews.com/2024/06/16/valleywise-health-unveils-state-of-the-art-medical-center/ |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=Chamber Business News |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Innes |first=Stephanie |title=Valleywise Health Medical Center new hospital coming to Phoenix |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2024/01/10/valleywise-health-medical-center-new-hospital-coming-to-phoenix/71964373007/ |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=Arizona Republic AZ Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Valleywise Health About Us |url=https://valleywisehealth.org/about/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=Valleywise Health}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<!-- Please do not add individual names here, please add to appropriate list below -->
{{Main list|List of people from Phoenix}}
{{Further|List of Arizona State University alumni}}

==Sister cities==
[[File:PhoenixSisterCities gobeirne.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of signpost with ten signs pointing in the direction of Phoenix's sister cities, stating their names and distances from Phoenix.|150px|Signpost showing Phoenix's sister cities]]
With the creation of the Phoenix Sister Cities (PSC) organization in 1972, Phoenix became a member of the international Sister City movement. They filed for Articles of Incorporation in 1975, and entered into their first Sister City agreement in 1976 with [[Hermosillo, Mexico]].<ref name=phsis>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/sister-cities/|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities|access-date=March 30, 2022}}</ref> The organization's mission statement states their purpose is to "foster relationships between the people of Phoenix and our Sister Cities around the world to promote friendship, peace and prosperity."<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/about-us/|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities|access-date=March 30, 2022}}</ref>

Phoenix has twelve [[sister cities]].{{r|KJZZ 2023-06-15}} Phoenix and Prague have shared a Capital Cities relationship since May 1991, which was expanded to Sister City Status in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/index.php/sister-city-committees-27/cityinfo|title=Prague, Czech Republic|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities |access-date=April 17, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070247/http://phoenixsistercities.org/index.php/sister-city-committees-27/cityinfo|archive-date=April 23, 2014}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Calgary, Alberta]], Canada (1997)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Catania, Sicily]], Italy (2001)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu, Sichuan]], China (1987)
*{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ennis]], [[County Clare]], Ireland (1988)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grenoble]], [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], France (1990)
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Hermosillo, Sonora]], Mexico (1976)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeji, Hyōgo]], Japan (1976)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic (2013)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ramat Gan]], Israel (2005)
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1979)<ref name="Phoenix sisters">{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org |title=Phoenix Sister Cities |access-date=6 August 2013 |publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/ |archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Suwon]], South Korea (2022)
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Medellin]], Colombia (2023)<ref name="KJZZ 2023-06-15">{{Cite news |last=Estes |first=Christina |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Medellin, Colombia, becomes Phoenix's 12th sister city |url=https://kjzz.org/content/1849640/medellin-colombia-becomes-phoenixs-12th-sister-city |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=KJZZ |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Arizona|Cities}}
{{col div}}
* [[6th Avenue Hotel-Windsor Hotel]]
* [[El Cid Castle]]
* [[Largest cities in the Americas]]
* [[List of historic properties in Phoenix]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Phoenix]]
* [[Pioneer and Military Memorial Park]]
* [[USS Arizona salvaged artifacts|USS ''Arizona'' salvaged artifacts]]
* [[USS Phoenix|USS ''Phoenix'']], at least 3 ships
* [[:Category:People from Phoenix, Arizona]]
{{col div end}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Metropolitan Phoenix | last=Gober | first=Patricia | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8122-3899-0}}
* {{cite book | title=Out Of The Ruins | last=Grady| first=Patrick | publisher=Arizona Pioneer Press | year=2012 |isbn=978-0-615-55511-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson | first=G. Wesley Jr. |title=Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History |year=1993 |publisher=Diane Pub Co |isbn=978-0-7881-6249-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson | first=G. Wesley Jr. |title=Phoenix, Valley of the Sun |year=1982 |publisher=Continental Heritage Press |isbn=978-0-932986-33-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Kelli L. |last2=Gustafson |first2=Annie |last3=Hirt |first3=Paul |date=April 2009 |title=Insatiable Thirst and a Finite Supply: An Assessment of Municipal Water-Conservation Policy in Greater Phoenix, Arizona, 1980–2007 |journal=Journal of Policy History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=107–137 |doi=10.1017/S0898030609090058 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book | title=Arizona, An Illustrated History | last=Lavin | first=Patrick | publisher=Hippocrene Books, Inc. | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-7818-0852-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis |url=https://archive.org/details/phoenixhistoryof00luck |url-access=registration |last=Luckingham |first=Bradford |publisher=University of Arizona Press |orig-year=1989 |year=1995|isbn=978-0-8165-1116-7 }}
* {{cite book | title=General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archeological Projects Within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona | last1=Montero | first1=Laurene | last2=Stubing | first2=Michael | last3=Turner | first3=Korri | publisher=City of Phoenix, Street Transportation Department | date=June 2008|ref={{harvid|Montero|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shermer |first=Elizabeth |title=Sunbelt capitalism Phoenix and the transformation of American politics |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8122-4470-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=VanderMeer |first=Philip |title=Desert Visions and the Making of Phoenix, 1860–2009 |year=2010 |publisher=Univ of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-4891-3 }}; scholarly history [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=33593 online review]
* {{cite book |last1=VanderMeer |first1=Philip |last2=VanderMeer |first2=Mary |title=Phoenix Rising: The Making of a Desert Metropolis |year=2002 |publisher=Heritage Media Corp. |isbn=978-1-886483-69-9 }}; well-illustrated popular history

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Phoenix |b=no |s=no |v=no}}
* {{Official website|http://www.phoenix.gov}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Greater Phoenix}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Phoenix}}

{{Phoenix, Arizona}}
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[[Category:Phoenix, Arizona| ]]
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