View source for Prince

{{Short description|Son of a ruler or a title of nobility}}
[[File:Prince William attends Holocaust Memorial Day (54290704867)(cropped 3).jpg|thumb|275px|[[William, Prince of Wales]]]]
{{Ranks of Nobility}}
A '''prince''' is a [[Monarch|male ruler]] (ranked below a [[king]], [[grand prince]], and [[grand duke]]) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of [[nobility]] (often highest), often [[hereditary title|hereditary]], in some [[Europe]]an [[State (polity)|states]]. The female equivalent is a [[princess]]. The [[English language|English word]] derives, via the [[French language|French word]] ''prince'', from the [[Latin]] noun {{Lang|la|[[princeps|prīnceps]]}}, from {{Lang|la|primus}} (first) and {{Lang|la|caput}} (head), meaning "the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble [[monarch|ruler]], prince".<ref>Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles, 260th thousand</ref>

In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire]].

==Historical background==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
The [[Latin]] word {{Lang|la|prīnceps}} (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, {{literally|the one who takes the first [place/position]}}), became the usual title of the informal leader of the [[Roman senate]] some centuries before the transition to [[Roman Empire|empire]], the ''[[princeps senatus]]''.

[[Emperor Augustus]] established the formal position of monarch on the basis of [[principate]], not [[Dominate|dominion]]. He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps.

The title has generic and substantive meanings:
* Generically, ''prince'' refers to a member of a family that [[monarchy|ruled by hereditary right]] (such as the [[House of Sverre]] in [[Norway]]) or to non-reigning descendants, the title referring to sovereigns, former sovereigns' [[Lineal descendant|descendant]]s (Such as descendants of King [[Haakon V]]) or to [[cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of a sovereign's family. The term may be broadly used of persons in various cultures, continents or eras. In Europe, it is the title legally borne by [[Dynasty#Dynasts|dynastic]] [[cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] in monarchies, and borne by courtesy by members of formerly reigning dynasties.
* As a [[substantive title]], a ''prince'' was a monarch of the lowest [[Nobility|rank]] in post-[[Napoléon I of France|Napoleon]]ic Europe, e.g. Princes of [[Andorra]], [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]], [[Mingrelia]], [[Monaco]], [[Waldeck and Pyrmont]], [[Wallachia]], etc.
* Also substantively, the title was granted by [[pope]]s and secular monarchs to specific individuals and to the [[agnatic primogeniture|heads]] of some high-ranking European families who, however, never exercised dynastic sovereignty and whose cadets are not entitled to share the princely title, ''viz'' the Princes de Beauvau-Craon, von [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], [[Colonna family|Colonna]], von [[Dohna-Schlobitten]], von Eulenburg, de Faucigny-Lucinge, von [[Lichnowsky]], von [[Pszczyna|Pless]], Ruffo di Calabria, (de [[Talleyrand]]) von [[Żagań|Sagan]], van [[Duke of Ursel|Ursel]], etc.
* Generically, cadets of some non-sovereign families whose head bears the non-dynastic title of prince (or, less commonly, [[duke]]) were sometimes also authorized to use the princely title, e.g. von Carolath-Beuthen, de [[House of Broglie|Broglie]], Demidoff di San Donato, [[Lieven]], de [[House of Merode|Merode]], [[House of Pignatelli|Pignatelli]], [[Radziwill]], von [[Wrede]], [[Prince Felix Yusupov|Yussopov]], etc.
* Substantively, the [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] in some monarchies use a specific princely title associated with a territory within the monarch's [[realm]], e.g. the Princes of Asturias (Spain), Grão Pará (Brazil, formerly), Orange (Netherlands), Viana (Navarre, formerly), Wales (U.K.), etc.
* Substantively, it became the fashion from the 17th century for the [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] of the leading [[duke|ducal]] families to assume a princely title, associated with a ''[[fief|seigneurie]]'' in the family's possession. These titles were borne by courtesy and preserved by tradition, not law, e.g. the ''princes de'', respectively, Bidache (Gramont), Marcillac (La Rochefoucauld), Tonnay-Charente (Mortemart), Poix (Noailles), Léon (Rohan-Chabot), etc.

==Prince as generic for ruler==
The original but now less common use of the word was the application of the Latin word ''{{Lang|la|[[Princeps|prīnceps]]}}'', from [[Byzantine Empire|late Roman]] [[law]] and the classical system of government that eventually gave way to the European [[feudalism|feudal]] society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory that is [[sovereignty|sovereign]] or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as the [[imperial immediacy|immediate states]] within the historical boundaries of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In [[medieval]] and [[early modern Europe]], there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and [[Gaelic Ireland]]. In this sense, "prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the [[Renaissance]] use of the term found in [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s famous work, ''[[The Prince|Il Principe]]''.<ref name="furst">"Fürst - Origins and cognates of the title", 2006, webpage: [http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Frst__Other_uses_in_German/id/5035795 EFest-Frst] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828052838/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Frst__Other_uses_in_German/id/5035795 |date=2011-08-28 }}.</ref> It is also used in this sense in the [[United States Declaration of Independence]].

As a title, by the end of the medieval era, ''prince'' was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A [[lord]] of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a ''prince'' before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title into the Latin ''{{Lang|la|prīnceps}}'' (as for the hereditary ruler of [[Wales]]) or when the lord's territory was [[allodial title|allodial]]. The lord of an [[allodial title|allodium]] owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as a vassal to a [[feudalism|liege lord]], nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. the [[Dombes|Princedom of Dombes]].

Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as ''princes'' in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of [[count]] or higher. This is attested in some surviving [[style (manner of address)|styles]] for e.g., British earls, [[marquess]]es, and [[duke]]s are still addressed by the [[The Crown|Crown]] on [[ceremony|ceremonial]] occasions as ''high and noble princes'' (cf. [[Royal and noble styles]]).

In parts of the Holy Roman Empire in which [[primogeniture]] did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate [[patrilineality|agnates]] had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such as [[emperor]], [[king]], and [[prince elector|elector]] could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as [[duke]], [[margrave]], [[landgrave]], [[count palatine]], and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their [[appanage]] to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. [[Catherine II of Russia|Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst]]; [[Charles X of Sweden|Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg]]; or [[Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg]]) and, as [[agnatic primogeniture]] gradually became the norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of ''Prinz'' for the monarch's title of ''[[Fürst]]'' occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of [[Mecklenburg]] and [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]].<ref>''Almanach de Gotha'' (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 14–131.</ref> Both {{Lang|de|Prinz}} and ''{{Lang|de|Fürst}}'' are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts.

This distinction had evolved before the 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females using {{Lang|de|Fürst/Fürstin}} into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a ''[[Fürst]]'' in Germany. The custom spread through the [[Continental Europe|Continent]] to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a [[cadet branch]] of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, "[[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]". Note that the princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary.

Cadets of France's other {{Lang|fr|[[princes étrangers]]}} affected similar usage under the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writing ''Histoire Genealogique et Chonologique'', [[Père Anselme]] accepts that, by the end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the [[House of la Tour d'Auvergne|House of La Tour d'Auvergne]]'s sovereign duchy bears the title ''Prince de Bouillon'', but he would record in 1728 that the heir's ''La Tour'' cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is "''known as'' the Prince Frederick" ("''dit'' le prince Frédéric").<ref>{{cite book|author = Père Anselme|author-link= Père Anselme|title= Histoire Genealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France|year = 1728|publisher= Compagnie des Libraires|location= Paris|language= fr|pages= 543, 545|chapter= Ducs de Bouillon}}</ref>

The post-medieval rank of {{Lang|de|[[gefürsteter Graf]]}} (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of the intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown ({{Lang|la|[[de jure]]}} after the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the [[mint (coin)|minting]] of money; the [[muster (military)|muster]] of military troops and the right to wage war and contract [[treaty|treaties]]; local judicial authority and [[constabulary]] enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a ''{{Lang|de|[[Fürst]]}}'' would become known as ''{{Lang|de|Prinzen}}''.

==Princes consort and princes of the blood==
{{confusing|section|date=June 2012}}

{{Main|Prince du Sang}}

The husband of a [[queen regnant]] is usually titled "[[prince consort]]" or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the [[crown matrimonial]], sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank {{Lang|la|[[jure uxoris]]}}.

However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four in [[Islam]]) or official [[concubine]]s (e.g., [[Imperial China]], [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Thailand]], the [[King of the Zulu Nation|Zulu monarchy]]), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as a [[harem]], often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne.

To complicate matters, the style ''His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness'', a [[prefix]] often accompanying the title of a dynastic prince, may be awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense, e.g., [[Duke of Cádiz#List of holders|Duke of Cádiz]], [[Duke of Windsor|Duchess of Windsor]], [[Lilian, Princess of Réthy#Titles|Princesse de Réthy]], [[Orléans-Braganza|Prince d'Orléans-Braganza]]).

Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible.

Foreign-language titles such as {{Langx|it|principe}}, {{Langx|fr|prince}}, {{Langx|de|[[Fürst]]}}, {{Langx|de|Prinz|links=no}} (non-reigning descendant of a reigning monarch),<ref name="DDNP1">[[Duden]]; Definition of the German title ''Fürst'' (in German). [http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Fuerst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143650/http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Fuerst|date=2014-04-13}}</ref><ref name="DDNP2">[[Duden]]; Definition of the German title ''Prinz'' (in German). [http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Prinz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142107/http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Prinz|date=2014-04-13}}</ref> [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and {{langx|ru|князь|[[knyaz]]}}, etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English.

Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such as [[tsarevich]] from [[tsar]]. Other examples are {{lang|fa-Latn|(e)[[Mirza (noble)|mirza]](da), khanzada, [[nawabzada]], [[sahibzada]], [[shahzada (title)|shahzada]], [[sultanzada]]}} (all using the [[Persian language|Persian]] patronymic suffix ''-zada'', meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of a style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., "[[grand duke]]" in [[Romanov]] Russia or "[[archduke]]" in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. {{lang|fr|Prince de Tarente}} for the [[La Trémoille|La Trémoïlle heirs]] to the [[kingdom of Sicily|Neapolitan throne]]), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., [[Grégoire Bibesco-Bassaraba|Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan]], [[Poniatowski]], [[Ypsilantis|Ypsilanti]]).

===Specific titles===
[[File:D. José, Príncipe da Beira e do Brasil.jpg|thumb|275px|[[José, Prince of Brazil]], [[Duke of Braganza]], died before he could ascend to the throne of Portugal.]]
In some dynasties, a specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as {{Lang|fr|[[fils de France]]}} in the [[House of Capet]], and {{Lang|es|[[Infante]]}}. {{Lang|es|Infante}} was borne by children of the monarch other than the [[heir apparent]] in all of the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as [[Prince of Asturias]] in Spain and [[Prince of Brazil]] in Portugal.

Sometimes a specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. [[Mian (title)|Mian]] in various of the Punjabi princely [[Hill States]] (lower Himalayan region in British India).

European dynasties usually awarded [[appanage]]s to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as [[Prince of Orange]] in the Netherlands, Britain's [[royal duke]]s, the {{Lang|fr|[[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]]}} in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and the Count of Syracuse in [[Two Sicilies|Sicily]]. Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. [[Prince of Achaia]] (Courtenay), {{Lang|fr|Prince de Condé}} (Bourbon), [[Prince of Carignan]] (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely ''rank'' rather than that they held a princely ''title'' which was the source of their pre-eminence.

For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, see [[Crown prince]].

==Prince as a substantive title==

Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of a title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ''[[ancien régime]]'', so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of [[Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]]. These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and the "kingship" of Yvetot,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#list|title=The Rank/Title of Prince in France|first=Francois|last=Velde|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324220136/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#list|archive-date=24 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> among others.

===Prince as a reigning monarch===<!-- "reigning prince" redirects here, edit that redirect if editing this heading-->
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
A prince or princess who is the [[head of state]] of a territory that has a [[monarchy]] as a [[form of government]] is a reigning prince.

====Extant principalities====
* The [[co-principality]] of [[Principality of Andorra|Andorra]] (current reigning princes are the [[President of the French Republic|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] and HE [[Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat]])
* The [[emir]]ate of [[Kuwait]] (current reigning emir is [[Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]])
* The [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (current reigning prince is [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II]])
* The principality of [[Monaco]] (current reigning prince is [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]])
* The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (current prince and Grand Master is [[John T. Dunlap]])
* The emirate of [[Qatar]] (current reigning emir is [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]])
* The member emirates of the [[federation]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (''United Arab Principalities''):
** [[Abu Dhabi]] (Emir [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], also President of the UAE)
** [[Ajman]] (Emir [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]])
** [[Dubai]] (Emir [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], also Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE)
** [[Fujairah]] (Emir [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]])
** [[Ras al-Khaimah]] (Emir [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]])
** [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] (Emir [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|Sultan III bin Muhammad al-Qasimi]])
** [[Umm al-Quwain]] (Emir [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]])

<gallery class="center">
File:Coat of arms of Andorra.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality of Andorra]] (1607).
File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (1719).
File:Great coat of arms of the house of Grimaldi.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality]] of [[Monaco]] (1297).
</gallery>

====Micronations====
In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called [[micronation]]s style themselves as princes:
* [[Roy Bates]] titled himself "Prince Roy" of the [[Principality of Sealand]]
* [[Leonard George Casley]] titled himself "Prince Leonard I" of the [[Principality of Hutt River]] (enclave in Australia)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hutt-river-province.com/PofHR_Naming.htm |title=Name focus |access-date=2008-04-08 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507102818/http://www.hutt-river-province.com/PofHR_Naming.htm |archive-date=2011-05-07 }}</ref>

====Prince exercising head of state's authority====
Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of the dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as [[regent]] or [[viceroy]].

Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. "[[Napoleon III#Prince-President (1848–1851)|prince-president]]" for [[Napoleon III]] as French [[head of state]] but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in [[Luxembourg]], repeatedly filled by the [[crown prince]] before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of {{Lang|la|[[consortium imperii]]}}.

Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. ''Maha Upayuvaraja'' ([[Sanskrit]] for ''Great Joint King'' in [[Cambodia]]), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers.

===Non-dynastic princes===
[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Otto_von_Bismarck.svg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of [[Otto von Bismarck|Otto, prince of Bismarck]] (German Empire).]]
In several countries of the European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of [[nobility]] or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the [[royal family]], such as Andora, which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==== France and the Holy Roman Empire ====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as a title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a {{Lang|fr|seigneurie}} to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the {{Lang|fr|[[prince du sang|princes du sang]]}} and by the {{Lang|fr|[[prince étranger|princes étrangers]]}} were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside the [[Parlement of Paris]]. These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below [[French peerage|ducal peerages]], since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs:
* French titles of prince recognized by the king
** Holy Roman Empire states annexed by France
*** Arches-Charleville: in the [[Ardennes]] region, near the border with the Empire
*** Château-Renaud: near Arches-Charleville
*** [[Dombes]]: on the east bank of the [[Rhône]]
*** [[Principality of Orange|Orange]]
*** [[Sedan, France|Sedan]]: held by the [[Duchy of Bouillon|Dukes of Bouillon]]
** Ancient principalities seated in the Kingdom of France
*** Boisbelle, later Henrichemont: in the [[Berry (province)|Berry]] region, a sovereign principality recognized in 1598
*** Luxe: in the [[Béarn]] region, also styled ''Sovereign Count'' ([[cf.]] [[Graf#Gefürsteter Graf|Princely Count]])
*** Yvetot: in the [[Normandy]] region, recognized, nominally, as ''King of Yvetot''
** Principalities created by the King
*** [[Château-Porcien]]: in the [[Ardennes]] region, created in 1561 for the [[House of Croÿ]]
*** [[Prince of Guéméné|Guéméné]]: in [[Brittany]], created in 1667 for the [[House of Rohan]] (title borne by the Duke of Montbazon or his heir)
*** [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville]]: in the [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] region, created in 1552 for the [[House of Lorraine]]
*** [[Martigues]]: in the [[Provence]] region, created 16th century for [[cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of the House of Lorraine
*** Mercœur: in the [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]] region, created in 1563 for cadets of the [[House of Lorraine]], later a duchy; recreated in 1719
*** Tingry: in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] region, created in 1587 for the [[House of Luxemburg]]
** The princes of [[prince of Condé|Condé]] and [[prince of Conti|Conti]], heads of [[cadet branch]]es of the French royal [[House of Bourbon]]: used recognized princely titles, but the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created principalities by the King
* Unrecognized titles of Prince
** Aigremont
** [[Anet]]: used by the Dukes of Vendôme, then the Dukes of Penthièvre
** [[Antibes]]: claimed by the de Grasse family
** [[Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Bédeille]]: in [[Béarn]]
** [[Bidache]]: in Béarn used by the [[Duke of Gramont|Dukes of Gramont]], but the heir was usually styled Count of Guiche rather than Prince of Bidache
** [[Carency]]: in [[Artois]] (originally a lordship of the House of Bourbon, it was inherited by the Counts of La Vauguyon, who used the style of Prince of Carency for the heir)
** [[Chabanais]]: in [[Angoumois]]; reduced to a marquisate in 1702
** [[Chalais, Dordogne|Chalais]]: in [[Périgord]] (inherited by the elder branch of the [[Talleyrand]] family; Spanish [[Grandee]]ship attached to the title in 1714)
** [[Commercy]]: lordship of [[Lorraine]] (cadets of the [[House of Lorraine]] used the style of Prince of Commercy)
** Courtenay: the [[House of Courtenay]] legitimately descended from [[Louis VI of France]] but was not recognized as {{Lang|fr|princes du sang}} by France's kings. The last branch of the house used the style of Prince of Courtenay from the 17th century. The style passed to the Dukes of Bauffremont.
** [[Elbeuf]]: lordship of [[Normandy]] (younger sons of the [[House of Guise]] used the style of {{Lang|fr|prince d'Elbeuf}}; later a duchy)
** [[Lamballe]]: in [[Brittany]], used by the heir of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] Duke of Penthièvre
** [[Lambesc]]: in [[Provence]], used by various cadets of the House of Guise, notably by the heirs of the Dukes of Elbeuf
** [[Kingdom of León|Léon]]: viscountcy of [[Brittany]] (the heirs of the Dukes of Rohan used the style of Prince of Léon)
** Listenois: in [[Franche-Comté]], used by the Dukes of Bauffremont after the Courtenay inheritance
** [[Marcillac]]: in [[Angoumois]], used by the heir of the [[Duc de La Rochefoucauld|Duke de La Rochefoucauld]]
** Maubuisson: in [[Île-de-France]], used by the Dukes of Rohan-Rohan
** [[Montauban]]: in Brittany, used by various cadets of the [[House of Rohan]]
** [[Montbazon]]: a duchy of the House of Rohan, style of Prince of Montbazon used by various cadets of the House
** [[Mortagne-sur-Gironde|Mortagne]]: in [[Aquitaine]], used by the [[Duke of Richelieu|Dukes of Richelieu]]
** [[Poix-de-Picardie|Poix]]: in [[Picardy]], used by various families, twice raised to a duchy
** [[Pons]]: in [[County of Saintonge|Saintonge]], used by cadets of the House of Guise
** [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]]: used by cadets of the House of Rohan
** [[Soubise, Charente-Maritime|Soubise]]: used by head of the second branch of the House of Rohan, also Dukes of Rohan-Rohan
** [[Soyons]]: in [[Dauphiné]], used by cadets of the Dukes of Uzès
** Talmond: in [[Vendée]], used by the Dukes of [[La Trémoïlle]]
** [[Tonnay-Charente]]: used by the heirs of the Dukes of Mortemart
** [[Turenne]]: viscounty of the [[House of La Tour d'Auvergne]], style of Prince de Turenne used by cadets of the house
This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as ''{{Lang|de|[[Fürst]]}}'' in German. An example of this is:
* [[Otto von Bismarck]] was created [[Prince of Bismarck|Prince von Bismarck]] in the empire of reunited Germany, under the Hohenzollern dynasty.

==== Spain, France and Netherlands ====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Duke of Wellington Arms.svg|thumb|115px|Coat of arms of the [[Prince of Waterloo|princes of Waterloo]] (the Netherlands).]]
In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as a treaty or a victory. Examples include:
* The Spanish minister [[Manuel Godoy]] was created ''Principe de la Paz'' ("Prince of Peace") by his king for negotiating the 1795 double peace treaty of Basilea, by which the revolutionary French republic made peace with Prussia and with Spain.
* The triumphant generals who led their troops to victory often received a [[victory title]] from Napoleon, both princely and ducal.
* King [[William I of the Netherlands]] bestowed the [[victory title]] of [[Prince of Waterloo]] upon [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington]] after his defeat of [[Napoleon I Bonaparte]] at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] in 1815.
* [[Joseph Bonaparte]] conferred the title "Prince of Spain" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line.

==== Eastern Europe ==== 
[[File:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of the princes [[Pogoń Litewska|Sanguszko-Lubartowicz]] (Poland).]]

In the former [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the titles of prince dated either to the times before the [[Union of Lublin]] or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them [[hereditary title]]s: see [[The Princely Houses of Poland]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[File:1597 Bielski Rus Voivodship.svg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]n princes]]
In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of [[Kievan Rus']] were called князь (''[[Knyaz|knjazʹ]]''), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as ''knyaz'' in Ukrainian (e. g. [[Ivan Mazepa]], "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of [[Rurik Dynasty]] obeyed their oldest brother, who was taking the title of [[Grand Prince of Kiev]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kollmann |first=Nancy Shields |authorlink=Nancy Shields Kollmann |title=Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |year=1990 |volume=14 |pages=377–387}}</ref> In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<ref>Between Two Worlds: A Comparative Study of the Representations of Pagan Lithuania in the Chronicles of the Teutonic Order and Rus'</ref> With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new [[Cossack nobility]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[File:Armoiries de la famille Iousoupov (1799).jpg|thumb|250px| Coat of arms of the princes [[House of Yusupov|Youssoupoff]] ]]
In the Russian system, ''knyaz was'' the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to the [[Russian Empire]], were also accorded the title of ''{{Lang|ru-Latn|knyazʹ}}''—sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of [[tsarevich]] (e.g. the Princes [[Gruzinsky]] and [[Sibirsky (surname)|Sibirsky]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==Title in various European traditions and languages==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
<!-- This list is partially based on a page in Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig doing the same for various titles in 35 languages- but *it is not entirely reliable nor completely verified yet, and more languages can be added : handle with care, and amend if you know better for certain*. -->

In the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary the title of ''prince'' has also been used as the highest title of [[nobility]] (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of ''duke'', while the same usage (then as ''Fürst'') has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title of ''duke'' and above ''count''.<ref>''[[Bonniers]] konversationslexikon I'' 1937 pp. 82-86</ref>

In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by a slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted)

Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles):

===Romance languages===
* Languages (mostly [[Romance languages|Romance]]) only using the [[Latin language|Latin]] root ''{{Lang|la|prīnceps}}'':
** Catalan: Príncep/Princesa, Príncep/Princesa
** French: Prince/Princesse, Prince/Princesse
** Friulian: Princip/Principesse, Princip/Principesse
** Italian: Principe/Principessa, Principe/Principessa
** Latin (post-Roman): Princeps/*Princeps/*
** Monegasque: Principu/Principessa, Principu/Principessa
** Occitan: Prince/Princessa, Prince/Princessa
** Portuguese: Príncipe/Princesa, Príncipe/Princesa
** Rhaeto-Romansh: Prinzi/Prinzessa, Prinzi/Prinzessa
** Romanian: Prinţ/Prinţesă, Principe/Principesă
** Spanish: Príncipe/Princesa, Príncipe/Princesa
** Venetian: Principe/Principessa, Principe/Principessa

===Celtic languages===
* [[Celtic language]]s:
** Breton: Priñs/Priñsez
** Irish: Prionsa/Banphrionsa, [[Flaith]]/Banfhlaith
** Scottish Gaelic: Prionnsa/Bana-phrionnsa, Flath/Ban-fhlath
** Welsh: Tywysog/Tywysoges, Prins/Prinses

===Germanic languages===
* Languages (mainly [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]) that use (generally alongside a ''{{Lang|la|prīnceps}}''-derivate for princes of the blood) an equivalent of the German ''[[Fürst]]'':
** English: Prince/Princess, Prince/Princess
** Afrikaans: Prins
** Danish: Fyrste/Fyrstinde, Prins/Prinsesse
** Dutch: Vorst/Vorstin, Prins/Prinses
** Faroese: Fúrsti/Fúrstafrúa/Fúrstinna, Prinsur/Prinsessa
** West Frisian: Foarst/Foarstinne, Prins/Prinsesse
** German: Fürst/Fürstin, Prinz/Prinzessin
** Icelandic: Fursti/Furstynja, Prins/Prinsessa
** Luxembourgish: Fürst/Fürstin, Prënz/Prinzessin
** Norwegian: Fyrste/Fyrstinne, Prins/Prinsesse
** Old English: Ǣðeling/Hlæfdiġe
** Swedish: Furste/Furstinna, Prins/Prinsessa

===Slavic languages===
* [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]:
** Belarusian: Karalevich/Karalewna, Prynts/Pryntsesa, Knyazhych/Knyazhnya
** Bosnian: Кнез/Кнегиња (Knez/Kneginja), Краљевић/Краљевна (Kraljević/Kraljevna), Принц/Принцеза (Princ/Princeza)
** Bulgarian (phonetically spelt): Knyaz/Knyaginya, Prints/Printsesa
** Croatian: Knez/Kneginja, Kraljević/Kraljevna, Princ/Princeza
** Czech: Kníže/Kněžna, Kralevic, Princ/Princezna
** Macedonian: Knez/Knegina, Princ/Princeza
** Polish: Książę/Księżna, Królewicz/Królewna
** Russian: Князь/Княгиня (Knyaz/Knyagina/Knyazhna), Tsarevich/Tsarevna, Korolyevich/Korolyevna, Prints/Printsessa
** Serbian: Кнез/Кнегиња (Knez/Kneginja), Краљевић/Краљевна (Kraljević/Kraljevna), Принц/Принцеза (Princ/Princeza)
** Slovak: Knieža/Kňažná, Kráľovič, Princ/Princezná
** Slovene: Knez/Kneginja, Princ/Princesa, Kraljevič/Kraljična
** Ukrainian: Княжич/Кяжна (Kniazhych/Kniazhna), Королевич/Королівна (Korolevych/Korolivna), Принц/Принцеса (Prynts/Pryntsesa), Гетьманич/Гетьманівна (Hetmanych/Hetmanivna)
[[File:თავადი ყანწით (მელიტონ ჩხეიძის პორტრეტი). ნიკო ფიროსმანი. 1906.jpg|thumb|170px|Georgian prince, [[Tavadi]].]]

===Other Western languages===
* Albanian: Princ/Princeshë, Princ/Princeshë
* Estonian: Vürst/Vürstinna, Prints/Printsess
* Finnish: Ruhtinas/Ruhtinatar, Prinssi/Prinsessa
* Georgian: თავადი/''[[Tavadi]]'', უფლისწული/"Uplists'uli" ("Child of the Lord")
* Greek (Medieval, formal): Πρίγκηψ/Πριγκήπισσα (Prinkips/Prinkipissa)
* Greek (Modern, colloquial): Πρίγκηπας/Πριγκήπισσα (Prinkipas/Prinkipissa)
* Hungarian (Magyar): ''Herceg''/''Hercegnő'' or ''Fejedelem''/''Fejedelemnő'' if head of state
* Latvian: Firsts/Firstiene, Princis/Princese
* Lithuanian: Kunigaikštis/Kunigaikštienė, Princas/Princese
* Maltese: Prinċep/Prinċipessa, Prinċep/Prinċipessa

==Title in non-European traditions and languages==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
The below is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti).

Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy.

It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization.
[[File:2023 Majlis Ramah Mesra Belait 108.jpg|thumb|[[Prince Mateen of Brunei|Prince 'Abdul Mateen of Brunei]], holds the title of ''Pengiran Muda'' (Prince) as he's the son of [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]].]]

===Brunei===
{{Main|Malay styles and titles}}
It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of the [[House of Bolkiah|royal family]] because [[Brunei]] is an [[absolute monarchy]], and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of State |title=Brunei Department of State Background |url=https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/state-department-profiles/brunei-department-of-state-background |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[heir apparent]] and [[crown prince]], styled as ''Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri'' (His Royal Highness), is officially known as ''Pengiran Muda Mahkota'' (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known as ''Pengiran Muda'' (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed as ''Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri'' (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed as ''Yang Teramat Mulia'' (His Royal Highness).

===China===
Before [[Qin dynasty]], prince (in the sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of the [[Zhou dynasty]] were specifically referred to as ''Wangzi'' (王子) and ''Wangsun'' (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of the [[List of Zhou dynasty states|vassal states]] were referred to as ''Gongzi'' (公子) and ''[[Gongsun]]'' (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕).

Since [[Han dynasty]], royal family members were entitled ''Wang'' ({{lang|ch|王}}, lit. King), the former highest title which was then replaced by ''Huang Di'' ({{lang|ch|皇帝}}, lit. Emperor). Since [[Western Jin]], the ''Wang'' rank was divided into two ranks, ''Qin Wang'' ({{lang|ch|親王}}, lit. King of the Blood) and ''Jun Wang'' ({{lang|ch|郡王}}, lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled ''Qin Wang'', so prince is usually translated as ''Qin Wang'', e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince is usually translated as ''Huang Zi'' ({{lang|ch|皇子}}, lit. Son of the Emperor) or ''Wang Zi'' ({{lang|ch|王子}} lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles).

As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as ''Qin Wang'' according to tradition, ''Da Gong'' (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King (''Wang''), or just ''Zhu Hou'' ({{lang|ch|诸侯}}, lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco).

===Japan===
In Japan, the title ''Kōshaku'' ({{lang|ja|公爵}}) was used as the highest title of ''[[Kazoku]]'' ({{lang|ja|華族}} Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. ''Kōshaku'', however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: ''Shinnō'' ({{lang|ja|親王}} literally, Prince of the Blood); ''Naishinnō'' ({{lang|ja|内親王}} lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and ''Shinnōhi'' {{lang|ja|親王妃}} lit., Princess Consort); or ''Ō'' ({{lang|ja|王}} lit., Prince); ''Jyo-Ō'' ({{lang|ja|女王}} lit., Princess (in her own right)); and ''Ōhi'' ({{lang|ja|王妃}} lit., Princess Consort). The former is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower.

===Korea===
In the [[Joseon Dynasty]], the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the title ''daegun'' (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the title ''gun'' (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of the king up to the grandsons of illegitimate sons of the king and the crown prince, and up to the great grandsons of ''daegun''s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=종친부(宗親府) |url=https://db.history.go.kr/joseon/item/level.do?levelId=jlawa_301r_0040_0430_0010 |website=Joseon Dynasty Legal Data - National Database of Korean History}}</ref> with other royals being able to be named ''gun'' if they reached the second rank. But the title of ''gun'' wasn't limited to the royal family. It was also granted as an honorary title to the king's father-in-law and to ''gongsin'' (공신, 功臣, lit. "servant of merit") and was only conditionally hereditary for ''gongsin''s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=봉군(封君) |url=https://db.history.go.kr/joseon/item/level.do?levelId=jlawa_301r_0040_0020 |website=Joseon Dynasty Legal Data - National Database of Korean History}}</ref>

As noble titles no longer exist in modern Korea, the English word "Prince" is now usually translated as {{Transliteration|ko|wangja}} (왕자, 王子, lit. "king's son"), referring to princes from non-Korean royal families. Princes and principalities in continental Europe are almost always confused with dukes and duchies in Korean speech, both being translated as ''gong'' (공, 公, lit. "duke") and {{Transliteration|ko|gongguk}} (공국, 公國, lit. "duchy").

===Sri Lanka===
The title 'Prince' was used for the [[Monarch|King's]] son in [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] generation in [[Sri Lanka]].

===India===
{{Main|Princely State}}
[[File:Weeks Edwin Indian Prince And Parade Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Indian Prince And Parade Ceremony (by [[Edwin Lord Weeks]])]]
In the former [[British Raj|Empire of India]], during the [[British Raj|British Colonial Era]], the title of a '''Prince''' was conferred upon by the Emperor to the hereditary Indian rulers of the numerous [[principality|principalities]] of varying sizes in the empire called "[[princely state]]s", who ruled their territories in the name of the [[Emperor of India]], who was also simultaneously the [[Monarch of the United Kingdom]] and the [[Dominion]]s. They acknowledged the Emperor as their imperial sovereign till the empire's dissolution in 1947 and subsequently acceded to the newly formed [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] between 1947 and 1949.

===Indochina===
''See'' [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Laos]]

===Philippines===
''See'' [[Principalia]], the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]] and the [[Sultanate of Sulu]].

===Thailand===
In [[Thailand]] (formerly Siam), the title of Prince was divided into three classes depending on the rank of their mothers. Those who were born of a king and had a royal mother (a queen or princess consort) are titled ''[[Thai royal ranks and titles#Chao Fa .28HRH Prince.29 .28HRH Princess.29|Chaofa Chai]]'' ({{langx|th|เจ้าฟ้าชาย}}: literally, "Male Celestial Lord"). Those born of a king and a commoner, or children of Chaofas and royal consorts, are tilted ''[[Phra Ong Chao]]'' (พระองค์เจ้า). The children of Chaofas and commoners, or children of Phra Ong Chaos, are titled ''[[Mom Chao]]'' (หม่อมเจ้า), abbreviated as M.C. (or ม.จ.).

===African traditions===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
A Western model was sometimes copied by emancipated colonial regimes (e.g. Bokassa I's short-lived [[Central-African Empire]] in Napoleonic fashion). Otherwise, most of the styles for members of ruling families do not lend themselves well to English translation. Nonetheless, in general the princely style has gradually replaced the [[colony|colonialist]] title of "[[tribal chief|chief]]", which does not particularly connote dynastic rank to Westerners, e.g. [[House of Dlamini|Swazi Royal Family]] and [[Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu#Children|Zulu Royal Family]]. Nominally [[Minister (government)|ministerial]] chiefly titles, such as the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] ''[[Oba (ruler)#Oloye|Oloye]]'' and the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] ''[[InDuna]]'', still exist as distinct titles in kingdoms all over Africa.

==Title in religious traditions==
[[File:Bellarmine 3.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Bellarmine|Saint Robert Cardinal Bellarmine]] was a prince of the Roman Catholic Church during his lifetime.]]

In states with an element of [[theocracy]], this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition).

=== Christianity ===
Certain religious offices may be considered of princely rank, or imply comparable temporal rights. [[Pope]], Hereditary Prince-Cardinals, [[Cardinal (Roman Catholic)|Cardinals]], Prince-Lord Bishops, [[Prince Bishop]]s, [[Lord Bishop]]s, [[Prince-Provost]], and [[Prince-abbot]]s are referred to as [[Prince of the Church|Princes of the Church]].

Also, in [[Christianity]], [[Jesus Christ]] is sometimes referred to as the ''Prince of Peace''.<ref>This is a title for [[Jesus Christ]] (among others) given in Isaiah 9:6.</ref> Other titles for Jesus Christ are ''Prince of Princes'',<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Daniel 8:25.</ref> ''Prince of the Covenant'',<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Daniel 11:22.</ref> ''Prince of Life'',<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Acts 3:15.</ref> and ''Prince of the Kings of the Earth''.<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Revelation 1:5.</ref> Further, [[Satan]] is popularly titled the ''Prince of Darkness'';<ref>{{cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost |last=Milton |first=John |title=Paradise Lost |edition=1st |location=London |publisher=Samuel Simmons |year=1667 |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175536/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost |archive-date=2018-01-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the Christian faith he is also referred to as the ''Prince of this World''<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 12:31.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 14:30.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 16:11.</ref> and the ''Prince of the Power of the Air''.<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Ephesians 2:2.</ref> Another title for Satan, not as common today but apparently so in approximately 30 A.D. by the [[Pharisees]] of the day, was the title ''Prince of the Devils''.<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Matthew 9:34.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Matthew 12:24.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Mark 3:22.</ref> ''Prince of Israel'', ''Prince of the Angels'', and ''Prince of Light'' are titles given to the Archangel [[Saint Michael|Michael]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} Some Christian churches also believe that since all Christians, like Jesus Christ, are children of God,<ref>One of several passages explaining that regenerate men are both children of God and co-heirs with His son [[Jesus Christ]] is given in Roman 8:17.</ref> then they too are princes and princesses of Heaven. [[Saint Peter]], a disciple of Jesus, is also known as the [[Prince of the Apostles]].

=== Islam ===
* Arabian tradition since the [[caliphate]]: In several monarchies it remains customary to use the title [[sheikh]] (in itself below princely rank) for all members of the royal family. In families (often reigning dynasties) which claim descent from [[Muhammad]], this is expressed in either of a number of titles (supposing different exact relations): sayid, sharif; these are retained even when too remote from any line of succession to be a member of any dynasty.
* In Saudi Arabia the title of [[Emir]] is used in role of prince for all members of the [[House of Saud]].
* In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes, who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of Sheikh or Prince as the progeny of royalty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Howell |first=Georgina |title=Queen of The Desert: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell |date=15 January 2015 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=9781447286264}}</ref>
* In the Ottoman Empire, the sovereign of imperial rank (incorrectly known in the west as ''(Great) sultan'') was styled ''[[padishah]]'' with a host of additional titles, reflecting his claim as political successor to the various conquered states. Princes of the blood, male, were given the style [[Şehzade]].
* Persia (Iran)—Princes as members of a royal family, are referred to by the title ''Shahzadeh'', meaning "descendant of the king". Since the word ''zadeh'' could refer to either a male or female descendant, ''Shahzadeh'' had the parallel meaning of "princess" as well. Princes can also be sons of provincial kings ([[Khan (title)|Khan]]) and the title referring to them would be the title of Khanzadeh. Princes as people who got a title from the King are called "[[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]", diminutive of "Amir Zadeh" (King's Son).
* In Indian Muslim dynasties, the most common titles were ''[[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]'' (from ''Amirzada'') and ''[[Shah#Shahzada|Shahzada]]''; while ''[[Nawabzada]]'' and ''[[Sahibzada]]'' were also given to younger blood princes.
* In [[Kazakh Khanate]] the title Sultan was used for lords from a ruling dynasty (direct descendants of [[Genghis Khan]]), that gives them a right to be elected as [[khan (title)|khan]], as an experienced ruler; and an honorific ''[[Zhuz|tore]]'', another name for the clan, ([[:ru:Торе (род)]]) for ordinary members of a ruling dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noda |first=Jin |date=2016 |title=The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-31447-4 |oclc=944246657 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Crown prince]]
* [[Grand prince]]
* [[British prince]]
* [[Emir]]
* ''[[Fürst]]''
* [[Prince Charming]]
* [[Prince consort]] and [[Princess consort]]
* ''[[Prince du sang]]''
* [[Prince-elector]] and [[Prince regent]]
* [[Prince of the Church]]
* [[Raja|Rajkumar]]
* [[Taizi]]
* [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]]
* [[Principality]] and [[Princely state]]
* [[List of fictional princes]]
* [[:Category:Lists of princes|Lists of princes]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/ Princely States in British India and talaqdars in Oudh].
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Prince | volume= 22 |last=Phillips|first=Walter Alison |author-link=Walter Alison Phillips| pages = 343–344 |short= 1}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Princes| ]]
[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]