View source for Righteous Among the Nations

{{Short description|Non-Jews who saved Jews during the Holocaust}}
{{About|the title in relation to the Holocaust|the theological concept|Virtuous pagan|the concept in historical Judaism|Ger toshav}}
{{Righteous Among the Nations}}
'''Righteous Among the Nations''' ({{langx|he|חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם}} {{transliteration|he|ḥasidei ummot ha'olam}}) is a title used by [[Yad Vashem]] to describe people who, for various reasons, made an effort to assist victims, mostly [[Jews]], who were being persecuted and exterminated by [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Romania]], [[Fascist Italy]], and other local close allies and collaborators, during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. The term originates from the concept of {{transliteration|he|[[ger toshav]]}}, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of the [[Seven Laws of Noah]].

== Endowment ==

=== Criteria of the Knesset ===
When [[Yad Vashem]], the [[Shoah]] [[Martyr]]s' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by the [[Knesset]], one of its tasks was to commemorate the "Righteous Among the Nations". The Righteous were defined as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.

Since 1963, a commission headed by a justice of the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] has been charged with the duty of awarding the honorary title "Righteous Among the Nations". Guided in its work by certain criteria, the commission meticulously studies all documentation including evidence by survivors and other eyewitnesses, evaluates the historical circumstances and the element of risk to the rescuer, and then decides if the case meets the criteria. Those criteria are:<ref name="Paulsson">{{cite journal |last=Paulsson |first=Gunnar S. |author-link=Gunnar S. Paulsson |title=The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Education |date=June 1998 |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–44 |doi=10.1080/17504902.1998.11087056}}</ref>

* Only a Jewish party can put forward a nomination.
* Helping a family member or helping a Jew who converted to Christianity is not ground for recognition.
* Assistance has to be repeated or substantial.
* Assistance has to be given without any financial gain expected in return (although covering expenses such as food is acceptable).

The award has been given without regard to the social rank of the helper. It has been given to royalty such as [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]], [[Helen of Greece and Denmark|Queen Mother Helen of Romania]] and [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians|Queen Elisabeth of Belgium]] but also to others like the philosopher [[Jacques Ellul]], Salvadoran diplomat [[José Castellanos Contreras]] and to Amsterdam department store employee [[Hendrika Gerritsen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerritsen, Hendrika Jacoba (Heinsius) |url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4043182 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=The Righteous Among the Nations |publisher=Yad Vashem |location=Jerusalem |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407184412/http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4043182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Familieberichten|trans-title=Family notices|newspaper=[[Het Parool]]|date=28 December 1990|via=[[Delpher]]|access-date=13 April 2018|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010833219:mpeg21:a0223|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928231502/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ABCDDD:010833219:mpeg21:a0223|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Reception in Jerusalem ===
[[File:Irena sendler tree.jpg|thumb|Memorial tree in Jerusalem, Israel honoring [[Irena Sendler]], a Polish Roman Catholic nurse who saved 2,500 Jews]]
[[File:מדליה חסידי אומות העולם.jpg|thumb|Obverse (left) and reverse (right) of the Righteous Medal]]
A person who is recognized as Righteous for having taken risks to help Jews during the Holocaust is awarded a medal in their name, a certificate of honor, and the privilege of having the name added to those on the Wall of Honor in the [[Yad Vashem#Righteous Among the Nations|Garden of the Righteous]] at [[Yad Vashem]] in [[Jerusalem]] (the last is in lieu of a tree planting, which was discontinued for lack of space). The awards are distributed to the rescuers or their next of kin during ceremonies in Israel, or in their countries of residence through the offices of Israel's diplomatic representatives. These ceremonies are attended by local government representatives and are given wide media coverage.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==== Israeli citizenship and legal benefits ====
The Yad Vashem Law authorizes Yad Vashem "to confer [[honorary citizenship]] upon the Righteous Among the Nations, and if they have died, the [[Honorary citizen|commemorative citizenship]] of the State of Israel, in recognition of their actions". Anyone who has been recognized as "Righteous" is entitled to apply to Yad Vashem for the certificate. If the person is no longer alive, their next of kin is entitled to request that commemorative citizenship be conferred on the Righteous who has died.<ref>[https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/about-the-program/honoring-the-righteous.html Honoring the Righteous]</ref>

[[File:MariaKotarbaDyplom.jpg|thumb|The Righteous Diploma of [[Maria Kotarba]]]]
In total, {{Total Righteous count|asofdate=y|reflink=y}} men and women from 51 countries have been recognized,<ref name=righteous_count/> amounting to more than 10,000 authenticated rescue stories. Yad Vashem's policy is to pursue the program for as long as petitions for this title are received and are supported by evidence that meets the criteria.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Arab Nominated for Holocaust Honor|agency=Associated Press|date=30 January 2007|url=http://palestinianpundit.blogspot.com/2007/01/first-arab-nominated-for-holocaust.html|access-date=1 February 2007|archive-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708055917/http://palestinianpundit.blogspot.com/2007/01/first-arab-nominated-for-holocaust.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Recipients who choose to live in the State of Israel are entitled to a pension equal to the average national wage and free health care, as well as assistance with housing and nursing care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=חסידי אומות עולם - קצבאות והטבות {{!}} ביטוח לאומי |url=https://www.btl.gov.il/benefits/Righteous_Gentiles/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.btl.gov.il |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=חסידי אומות העולם |url=https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=כל-זכות |language=he}}</ref>

==Recipients settled in Israel==
At least 130 Righteous non-Jews have settled in [[Israel]]. They were welcomed by Israeli authorities, and were granted citizenship. In the mid-1980s, they became entitled to special pensions. Some of them had settled in British [[Mandatory Palestine]] before Israel's establishment shortly after [[World War II]], or in the early years of Israel, while others came later. Those who came earlier often spoke fluent [[Hebrew]] and have integrated into Israeli society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffay |first=Nathan |date=6 October 2011 |title='Righteous' Moved to Israel After Saving Jews in Holocaust |url=http://forward.com/articles/143987/righteous-moved-to-israel-after-saving-jews-in-hol |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=[[The Forward]] |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424163417/http://forward.com/articles/143987/righteous-moved-to-israel-after-saving-jews-in-hol/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Children and grandchildren of Righteous Gentiles are entitled to a temporary residence visa in Israel, but not Israeli citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forward.com/articles/143987/righteous-moved-to-israel-after-saving-jews-in-hol |title=Righteous Among the Nations Visa \ Residence permit in Israel |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2021-07-03 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424163417/http://forward.com/articles/143987/righteous-moved-to-israel-after-saving-jews-in-hol/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Non-Jewish initiatives for the Righteous==
[[File:Bogdan Borusewicz Ceremonia wręczenia medali Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata Senat RP 2012.JPG|thumb|A Righteous Among the Nations award ceremony in the Polish Senate, 2012]]

=== Christian honours ===
One Righteous Among the Nations, Saint [[Elizabeth Hesselblad]] of Sweden, has been canonized a saint in the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greaves |first=Mark |date=18 December 2015 |title=Swedish Sister who hid Jews from the Nazis is to be canonised |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/12/18/swedish-sister-who-hid-jews-from-the-nazis-is-to-be-canonised/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=[[Catholic Herald]] |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209080150/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/12/18/swedish-sister-who-hid-jews-from-the-nazis-is-to-be-canonised/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven others have been [[beatification|beatified]]: [[Giuseppe Girotti]] and [[Odoardo Focherini]] of Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.op.org/en/content/blessed-giuseppe-girotti-another-dominican-saint-making|title=Blessed Giuseppe Girotti: Another Dominican Saint in the Making|publisher=Order of Preachers|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012907/http://www.op.org/en/content/blessed-giuseppe-girotti-another-dominican-saint-making|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odoardo Focherini: Late journalist, hero and Blessed of the Catholic Church|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1BH-X8Wzmw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/l1BH-X8Wzmw| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|publisher=Rome Reports|access-date=19 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Klymentiy Sheptytsky]] of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beatification of the Servants of God on June 27, 2001 |url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/35.0.html?&L=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129055636/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/35.0.html?&L=2 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |publisher=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}</ref> [[Bernhard Lichtenberg]] of Germany,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaydosh |first=Brenda |title=Bernhard Lichtenberg. Roman Catholic Priest and Martyr of the Nazi Regime |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4985-5311-7 |location=Lanham, MD |page=175}}</ref> [[Sára Salkaházi]] of Hungary, and [[Ulma family|Józef and Wiktoria Ulma]] of Poland (together with their children).

[[Maria Skobtsova]] of Paris and her companions are recognised as martyrs in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. Her feast day is 20 July.

[[Giuseppina De Muro]], an Italian Catholic nun who saved over 500 people from deportation to concentration camps, was declared Righteous Among the Nations in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Sister Giuseppina Demuro from Lanusei is “Righteous Among the Nations” |url=https://www.unionesarda.it/en/sardinia/sister-giuseppina-demuro-from-lanusei-is-righteous-among-the-nations-a7pz8dgp |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=L'Unione Sarda English |language=en}}</ref>

=== Secular honours ===
[[File:1940 issued visa by consul Sugihara in Lithuania.jpg|thumb|1940 issued visa by Consul [[Chiune Sugihara]] in Lithuania]]
[[File:Polish passport extended in 1941 by Righteous Among the Nations Chilean diplomat Samuel del Campo.jpg|thumb|Polish passport extended in 1941 by Righteous Among the Nations Chilean diplomat [[Samuel del Campo]]]]

[[File:University study booklet issued to Polish Righteous Among the Nations Wladyslaw Smolski in 1938.jpg|thumb|University study booklet issued to Polish Righteous Among the Nations Wladyslaw Smolski in 1938]]

In 2015, Lithuania's first street sign honoring a Righteous Among the Nations was unveiled in [[Vilnius]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Lithuania's first street honoring Holocaust Righteous unveiled in Vilnius |url=http://www.jta.org/2015/09/25/news-opinion/world/lithuanias-first-street-honoring-holocaust-righteous-unveiled-in-Vilnius |access-date=2015-09-26 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926120140/http://www.jta.org/2015/09/25/news-opinion/world/lithuanias-first-street-honoring-holocaust-righteous-unveiled-in-vilnius |url-status=live }}</ref> The street is named ''Onos Šimaitės gatvė'', after [[Ona Šimaitė]], a [[Vilnius University]] librarian who helped and rescued Jewish people in the [[Vilna Ghetto]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

In [[Zvolen]], Slovakia, the [[Park of Generous Souls]] commemorates the Righteous Among the Nations from Slovakia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nižňanský |first1=Eduard |title=On Relations between the Slovak Majority and Jewish Minority During World War II |journal=[[Yad Vashem Studies]] |date=2014 |volume=42 |issue=2 |page=89|issn=0084-3296}}</ref>

Beginning in 2018, China's most significant World War II museum, the [[Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression|War of Resistance Museum]], features China's Righteous Among the Nations and other Chinese figures who helped Jews escape Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=120–121 |oclc=1141442704 |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121743/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1141442704 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Number of awards by country==
{{As of |2023 |August|10 |df=Uk}}, the award has been made to 28,217 people. Yad Vashem emphasises that the table is not representative of the effort or proportion of Jews saved per country, and notes that these numbers "are not necessarily an indication of the actual number of rescuers in each country, but reflect the cases that were made available to Yad Vashem."<ref name=righteous_count/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Country
!Number of awards
!Notable recipients 
![[List of countries by population in 1939|1939 population]]
!Recipients per 100,000 inhabitants 
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}}||7,232
|[[Jan Karski]], [[Maria Kotarba]], [[Irena Sendler]], [[Irena Adamowicz]], [[Benedykt Kraskowski]]
|34,849,000
|20.59
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}}||5,912
| [[Willem Arondéus]], [[Corrie ten Boom]], [[Casper ten Boom]], [[Betsie ten Boom]], [[Miep Gies]], [[Frits Philips]], [[Gerrit van der Veen]], [[Bep Voskuijl]], [[Henk Zanoli]], [[Jan Zwartendijk]], [[Hannie Schaft]]
|8,729,000
|67.70
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}}||4,150
|[[Anne Beaumanoir]], [[Jeanne Brousse]], [[André and Magda Trocmé]]
|42,000,000
|9.88
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ukraine}}||2,673
|[[Klymentiy Sheptytsky]]
|32,425,000
|8.24
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}}||1,774
|[[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians|Queen Elisabeth of Belgium]]
|8,387,000
|21.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}}||924
|[[Ona Šimaitė]], [[Kazys Binkis]], [[Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė]], [[Kazys Grinius]]
|2,575,000
|35.88
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}}||876
|[[Endre Szervánszky]], [[Sára Salkaházi]]
|9,129,000
|9.60
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}}||744
|[[Carlo Angela]], [[Gino Bartali]], [[Giuseppina De Muro]], [[Giuseppe Girotti]], [[Odoardo Focherini]], [[Giorgio Perlasca]], [[Lorenzo Perrone]]
|43,400,000
|1.71
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belarus}}||676
|
|5,568,994
|12.14
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}}||641
|[[Oskar Schindler]], [[Wilm Hosenfeld]], [[Hans von Dohnanyi]], [[Bernhard Lichtenberg]], [[Gustav Schröder]], [[Karl Plagge]]
|69,314,000
|0.92
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}}||621
|[[Pavel Peter Gojdič]]
|2,655,000
|23.39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}}||362
|[[Helen of Greece and Denmark| Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania]],<br>[[Princess Alice of Battenberg]], [[Damaskinos of Athens]]
|7,222,000
|5.01
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Russia}}||215
|
|108,377,000
|0.20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Serbia}}
|139
|
|5,174,000<ref>Population 1931, last Serbian census before WWII</ref>
|2.69
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}}
|138
|[[Jānis Lipke]]
|1,994,500
|6.97
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Croatia}}
|130
|[[Ivan Vranetić]]
|4,235,000<ref>{{cite journal |last=Geiger |first=Vladimir |year=2012 |title=Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the partisan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en |journal=Review of Croatian History |publisher=Croatian institute of history |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=77–121 |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064114/http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|120}}
|3.07
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|119
|[[Victor Kugler]] 
|11,200,000
|1.06
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}}
|115
|[[Ella Lingens]], [[Kurt Lingens]], [[Karl Motesiczky]]
|6,658,000
|1.73
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Moldova}}
|79
|
|2,468,000
|3.20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Albania}}
|75
|[[Arslan Rezniqi]]
|1,073,000	
|6.99
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Romania}}
|69
|[[Helen of Greece and Denmark|Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania]]
|19,933,800	
|0.35
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}}
|67
|
|2,945,000
|2.27
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}}
|49
|[[Paul Grüninger]], [[Carl Lutz]]
|4,200,000
|1.17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|49
|[[Nurija Pozderac]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Armenia}}
|24
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|22
|[[Frank Foley]], [[Sofka Skipwith]], [[Jane Haining]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}{{efn|While the title of Righteous is awarded to individuals, not groups, the Danish resistance viewed the Rescue of the Danish Jews as a collective act, and asked Yad Vashem not to recognize resistance members individually. Yad Vashem respected the request, and hence the number of Danish Righteous is relatively small.}}
|22
|[[Danish resistance movement]]
|3,795,000
|0.58
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|20
|[[Dimitar Peshev]], [[Stefan I of Bulgaria]], [[Cyril of Bulgaria]]
|6,458,000
|0.31
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovenia}}
|15
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|10
|
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|10
|[[Raoul Wallenberg]], [[Elizabeth Hesselblad]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}}
|9
|[[Ángel Sanz Briz]], [[Eduardo Propper de Callejón]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}}
|5
|[[Varian Fry]], [[Martha Sharp]], [[Waitstill Sharp]], [[Roddie Edmonds]], [[Lois Gunden]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}}||3
|[[Uku Masing]]
|1,134,000
|0.26
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|3
|[[Tole Madna]], [[Mima Saina]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|3
|[[José Maria Barreto]]
|
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|3
|[[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]], [[Carlos Sampaio Garrido]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Brazil}}
|2
|[[Luis Martins de Souza Dantas]], [[Aracy de Carvalho]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|2
|[[Samuel del Campo]]
|
|
|-
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republic of China}}
|2
| [[Ho Feng-Shan]], [[Pan Junshun]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Cuba}} 
|1
|[[Ámparo Otero Pappo]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|1
|[[Mohammed Helmy]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|1
|[[Selahattin Ülkümen]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|1
|[[Petar Zanković]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|1
|[[Manuel Muñoz Borrero]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|1
|[[Chiune Sugihara]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|1
|[[Victor Bodson]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|1
|[[Paul Nguyễn Công Anh]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|1
|[[Mary Elmes]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|1
|[[José Castellanos Contreras]]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|1
|[[Sergei Metreveli]]
|
|
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Israel|History|Judaism}}
* [[British Hero of the Holocaust]]
* [[Called by Name]]
* [[European Day of the Righteous]]
* [[Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust]]
* [[List of Righteous Among the Nations by country]]
* [[Righteousness]]
* [[Virtuous pagan]]
* [[Żegota]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*''The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations – Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust,'' Editor-in-Chief: Israel Gutman.  ISBN  0976442582'''.''' Yad Vashem
*''The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage'', [[Mark Klempner]], {{ISBN|0-8298-1699-2}}, The Pilgrim Press.
*''Righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: Genocide and Moral Obligation'', [[David P. Gushee]], {{ISBN|1-55778-821-9}}, Paragon House Publishers.
*''The Lexicon of the Righteous Among the Nations'', Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. (volumes: Poland, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Europe I, Europe II).
*''To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue'', [[Ellen Land-Weber|Land-Weber, Ellen]], {{ISBN|0-252-02515-6}}, [[University of Illinois Press]].
*''The Seven Laws of Noah'', [[Aharon Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, Aaron]], New York: The [[Rabbi Jacob Joseph School]] Press, 1981, {{ASIN|B00071QH6S}}.
*''The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism'', [[David Novak|Novak, David]], {{ISBN|0-88946-975-X}}, [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 1983.
*''The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust'', Paldiel, Mordecai, {{ISBN|0-88125-376-6}}, KTAV Publishing House, Inc.
* ''Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands'', [[Robert Satloff]], [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], (PublicAffairs, 2006) {{ISBN|1-58648-399-4}}.
*''When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland'', [[Nechama Tec|Tec, Nechama]], {{ISBN|0-19-505194-7}}, [[Oxford University Press]].
*''[[Zegota]]: The Council to Aid Jews in Occupied Poland 1942–1945'', [[Irene Tomaszewski|Tomaszewski, Irene]] & Werbowski, Tecia, {{ISBN|1-896881-15-7}}, Price-Patterson.
*''Tolerance in Judaism: The Medieval and Modern Sources'', Zuesse, Evan M., In: The Encyclopaedia of Judaism, edited by [[Jacob Neusner]], A. Avery-Peck, and W.S. Green, 2nd  ed., {{ISBN|90-04-14787-X}}, Leiden: [[Brill Publishers]], 2005, Vol. IV: 2688–2713.
*''When Courage Was Stronger Than Fear: Remarkable Stories of Christians Who Saved Jews from the Holocaust'' by Peter Hellman. 2nd ed., {{ISBN|1-56924-663-7}}, Marlowe & Company, 1999.
*''Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis'', Subak, Susan Elisabeth, [[University of Nebraska Press]], 342 pp., 2010.
*''Ugo G. Pacifici Noja e Silvia Pacifici Noja, Il cacciatore di giusti: storie di non ebrei che salvarono i figli di Israele dalla Shoah'', Cantalupa Torinese, [[Effatà]], 2010, (in Italian), {{ISBN|978-88-7402-568-8}}.
* [[Paul Greveillac]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140517154659/http://www.nicolas-eybalin.com/livre-Les_Fronts_clandestins-53-1-1-0-1.html Les fronts clandestins : quinze histoires de Justes]'' (in French), [[:fr:Nicolas Eybalin|Nicolas Eybalin publishing]], 2014 ({{ISBN|978-2-36665-000-6}}).

== External links ==
{{external links|date=June 2023}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous?WT.mc_id=ggcamp&WT.srch=1 The Righteous Among the Nations] at [[Yad Vashem]]. Its online exhibitions include:
** [http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/righteous-teachers/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki "Their Fate Will Be My Fate Too…" Teachers Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust]
**[https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/women-in-the-holocaust/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust]
* {{cite web|title=Polish Righteous – Recalling Forgotten History|url=https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en|website=sprawiedliwi.org.pl |publisher=[[POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews]] |location=[[Warsaw, Poland]] |language=en |format=Website portal for the multimedia-based project and its research documentation and presentations |date=2016}}
* [http://isurvived.org/TOC-II.html#Up Heroes and Heroines of the Holocaust] at the Holocaust Survivors' Network
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822060512/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/rescuetoc.html Rescuers] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]]
* [http://www.jfr.org The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous] at JFR.org
* [https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/learning/index.html Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State] at the American public television broadcaster [[PBS]]
* [http://zyciezazycie.pl/index.php?lang=en zyciezazycie.pl], a site commemorating Poles who gave their lives to save Jews
* [https://en.gariwo.net/ Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee]
* [https://www.jpost.com/opinion/columnists/essay-paying-the-ultimate-price Essay: "Paying the ultimate price"] by Irena Steinfeldt, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 14 April 2009.
* {{cite web|title=AJPN - anonymes, Justes et persécutés durant la période nazie dans les communes de France (The Anonymous, Just and Percecuted during the Nazi period in the communes of France) |url=http://www.ajpn.org|website=www.ajpn.org|publisher=AJPN|location=[[Bordeaux, France]]|language=fr|date=2008–2016}}

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