View source for Rudolf I of Germany

{{Short description|King of Germany from 1273 to 1291}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name         = Rudolf I
|image        = Kaiser Rudolf I. 1275.jpg
|caption      = Seal of Rudolf I inscribed: RUDOLFUS DEI GRACIA ROMANORUM REX [[Augustus (title)|SEMPER AUGUSTUS]] ("Rudolf by the grace of God King of the Romans, ever majestic")
|succession   = [[King of Germany]] <br>(formally [[King of the Romans]])
|predecessor  = ([[Richard of Cornwall]])<br />''[[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Interregnum]]''
|successor    = [[Adolf, King of Germany|Adolf of Nassau]]
|coronation   = 24 October 1273<br />[[Aachen Cathedral]]
|reign        = 1 October 1273 – 15 July 1291
|birth_date   = 1 May 1218
|birth_place  = Limburgh Castle near [[Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl]]
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1291|7|15|1218|5|1|df=y}}
|death_place  = [[Speyer]]
|house        = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
|father       = [[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg]]
|mother       = Hedwig of Kyburg
|spouses      = {{plainlist|
*[[Gertrude of Hohenberg]]
*[[Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany|Isabella of Burgundy]]}}
|issue={{plainlist|
*[[Matilda of Habsburg|Matilda, Duchess of Bavaria]]
*[[Albert I, King of Germany]]
*Catherine, Duchess of Bavaria
*Agnes, Duchess of Saxony
*[[Hedwig of Habsburg|Hedwig, Margravine of Brandenburg]]
*[[Clementia of Habsburg|Clementia, Queen of Hungary]]
*[[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria]]
*[[Judith of Habsburg|Judith, Queen of Bohemia]]
}}
|issue-link=#Family and children
|issue-pipe   = more...
|burial_place =[[Speyer Cathedral]]
}}
'''Rudolf I''' (1 May 1218 &ndash; 15 July 1291) was the first [[King of Germany]] of the [[Habsburg dynasty]] from 1273 until his death.

Rudolf's [[imperial election of 1273|election]] marked the end of the [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Great Interregnum]] which had begun after the death of the [[Hohenstaufen]] [[Emperor Frederick II]] in 1250. Originally a [[Duke of Swabia|Swabian]] count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] in opposition to his mighty rival, the [[Přemyslid dynasty|Přemyslid]] king [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], whom he defeated in the 1278 [[Battle on the Marchfeld]]. The territories remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and the present-day country of [[Austria]]. Rudolf played a vital role in raising the [[comital]] House of Habsburg to the rank of [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial princes]].

== Early life ==
Rudolf was born on 1 May 1218 at Limburgh Castle near [[Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl]] in the [[Breisgau]] region of present-day southwestern [[Germany]].{{sfn|Coxe|1847|p=5}} He was the son of Count [[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg|Albert IV of Habsburg]] and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of [[House of Kyburg|Kyburg]].{{sfn|Emerton|1917|p=76}} Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, [[Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg]], to train in knightly pursuits.

== Count of Habsburg ==

At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates  around the ancestral seat of [[Habsburg Castle]] in the [[Aargau]] region of present-day [[Switzerland]] as well as in [[Alsace]]. Thus, in 1240,<ref name=EnBr>Encyclopædia Britannica. '''26'''. 1911, pp. 247</ref> in order to quell the rising power of Rudolf and in an attempt to place the important "[[Devil's Bridge]]" (''{{lang|de|Teufelsbrücke}}'') across the ''{{lang|de|Schöllenenschlucht}}'' under his direct control, Emperor Frederick II granted [[Schwyz]] ''[[Reichsfreiheit]]'' in the ''Freibrief von Faenza''.

In 1242, [[Hugh of Tuffenstein]] provoked Count Rudolf through contumelious expressions.{{clarify|date=October 2016}} In turn, the Count of Habsburg had invaded his domains, yet failed to take his seat of power. As the day passed on,{{clarify|date=October 2016}} Count Rudolf bribed the sentinels of the city and gained entry, killing Hugh in the process. Then in 1244, to help control [[Lake Lucerne]] and restrict the neighboring forest communities of [[Canton of Uri|Uri]], Schwyz and [[Unterwalden]], Rudolf built near its shores [[Neuhabsburg Castle]].<ref name=EnBr/> In 1245 Rudolf married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of [[Counts of Hohenberg (Swabia)|Hohenberg]]. He received as her dowry the castles of [[Oettingen]], the valley of [[Weile]], and other places in Alsace, and he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former [[Alamanni|Alemannic]] German [[stem duchy]].

Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]] emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King [[Conrad IV of Germany]], was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he engaged with other nobles of the Staufen party against [[Bertold II, Bishop of Basle]]. When night fell, he penetrated the suburbs of Basle and burnt down the local nunnery, an act for which [[Pope Innocent IV]] excommunicated him and all parties involved.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} As a penance, he took up the cross and joined [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II, King of Bohemia]] in the [[Prussian Crusade#Samland|Prussian Crusade of 1254]]. Whilst there, he oversaw the founding of the city of [[Königsberg]], which was named in memory of King Ottokar.

== Rise to power ==
The disorder in Germany during the [[interregnum]] after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of [[House of Kyburg|Kyburg]] in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the [[Bishopric of Strasbourg|Bishops of Strasbourg]] and [[Bishopric of Basel|Basel]] further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from [[abbot]]s and others.

These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal [[Duchy of Swabia]] had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the [[prince-elector]]s met to choose a king after [[Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Richard of Cornwall]] had died in [[Kingdom of England|England]] in April 1272. Rudolf's election in [[Frankfurt]] on 1 October 1273,<ref>''Die Habsburger. Eine Europäische Familiengeschichte'', Brigitte Vacha, Sonderausgabe 1996, ''Zeittafel'' p. 16</ref> when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] burgrave [[Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg|Frederick III of Nuremberg]]. The support of Duke [[Albert II, Duke of Saxony|Albert II of Saxony]] and Elector Palatine [[Louis II, Duke of Bavaria|Louis II]] had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf's daughters.

As a result, within the electoral college, King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king [[Philip of Swabia]] (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince [[Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst|Siegfried I of Anhalt]] and Margrave [[Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen|Frederick I of Meissen]] (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke [[Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria|Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria]] instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector,<ref>Vacha, "1273 wurde Rudolf von Habsburg von den sieben Kurfürsten zum König gewählt" – "statt dem Böhmenkönig dem bayerischen Herzogtum die siebente Kurstimme übertragen wurde", pp. 32–33</ref> Rudolf gained all seven votes.

==King of the Germans==
[[File:Habsburger-Portraits (van Sompel nach Sutman) c1640 Rudolf I.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Engraving of Rudolf I of Habsburg, c. 1640]]
On 1 October 1273, Rudolf was voted in unanimously as king by the electors who were present at [[Frankfurt]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Abulafia |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=McKitterick |editor-first2=Rosamond
 |date=1999 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_New_Cambridge_Medieval_History_Volum/bclfdU_2lesC?hl=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=395 |isbn=9780521362894 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |quote=Once again a league of prominent episcopal and imperial towns wished to acknowledge only a unanimously chosen king, and sent delegates to the electors' meeting in Frankfurt. On 1 October 1273 all the electors except the absent Ottokar of Bohemia voted for Rudolf, count of Habsburg.}}</ref> He was then crowned in [[Aachen Cathedral]] on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in [[Rome]], the papal territory, and [[Sicily]], and promised to lead a new [[crusade]] by taking the crusader's vow in 1275.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opmtCwAAQBAJ |title=Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire |date=2016-04-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91592-3 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 3}}</ref> [[Pope Gregory X]], despite the protests of Ottokar II of Bohemia, not only recognised Rudolf himself, but persuaded King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (another grandson of [[Philip of Swabia]]), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count [[William II of Holland]], to do the same. Thus, Rudolf surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty whom he had earlier served so loyally.

In November 1274, the [[Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Nuremberg]] decided that all Crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognising the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] and [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] together with the [[March of Carniola]], which he had claimed through his first wife, a [[House of Babenberg|Babenberg]] heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave [[Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden|Hermann VI of Baden]]. Rudolf refused to accept Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs. King Ottokar was placed under the [[imperial ban]]; and in June 1276 war was declared against him.

Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally [[Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria|Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria]] to switch sides, Rudolf compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]], and made a triumphal entry into [[Vienna]]. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolf formed an alliance with King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] and gave additional privileges to the Viennese citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the [[Battle on the Marchfeld]], where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The [[Margraviate of Moravia]] was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolf's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow [[Kunigunda of Slavonia]] in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolf's youngest daughter [[Judith of Habsburg|Judith]].

Rudolf's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length, the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, at the [[Hoftag]] (imperial diet) in [[Augsburg]], Rudolf invested his sons, [[Albert I of Germany|Albert]] and [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II]], with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since [[Conradin]]'s execution.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The 27-year-old Duke Albert, married since 1274 to a daughter of Count [[Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia|Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol]] (1238–95), was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
[[File:Rudolph I of Austria.jpg|thumb|left|Rudolph I of Austria]]

In 1286, King Rudolf fully invested Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard with the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], one of the conquered provinces taken from Ottokar.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4jcEAAAQBAJ |title =Letters of Rudolph I Habsburg |isbn = 9798868920592 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|date = December 2012|publisher =Dalcassian Press }}</ref> The [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Princes of the Empire]] did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count [[Philip I, Count of Savoy|Philip I of Savoy]] to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of [[Bern]] to pay the tribute that they had been refusing. After his son [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II]] defeated Bern at the [[Battle of Schosshalde]], he strengthened his authority in Switzerland. He further expanded his Swiss possessions and granted some ecclesiastical posts to his family. In 1289 he marched against Count Philip's successor, [[Otto IV, Count Palatine of Burgundy|Otto IV]], compelling him to do homage.

In 1281, Rudolf's first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married [[Isabelle of Burgundy|Isabella]], daughter of Duke [[Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh IV of Burgundy]], the Empire's western neighbor in the [[Kingdom of France]].

Rudolf was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of [[Landfrieden|territorial peaces]] in [[History of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Franconia]] and Swabia, and at the [[Synod of Würzburg (1287)|Synod of Würzburg]] in March 1287 for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, and determination to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into [[Thuringia]], where he destroyed a number of [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber castles]]. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. The electors refused, however, claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, wary of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolf's death they elected Count [[Adolf, King of Germany|Adolf of Nassau]].

== Persecution of the Jews ==
In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them ''servi camerae'' ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi [[Meir of Rothenburg]] left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in [[Lombardy]] and imprisoned in a fortress in [[Alsace]]. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 [[Mark (weight)|marks]] silver was raised for him (by the [[Asher ben Jehiel|Rosh]]), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by [[Alexander ben Shlomo]] (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chabad.org/calendar/view/day.asp?id=265714&tDate=3/4/2006#265714 | title=Saturday, March 4, 2006 / Adar 4, 5766 - Jewish Calendar - Hebrew Calendar }}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Rudolf von Habsburg Speyer.jpg|thumb|upright|Rudolf's cenotaph in [[Speyer Cathedral]]]]
Rudolf died in [[Speyer]] on 15 July 1291 and was buried in [[Speyer Cathedral]]. Only one of his sons survived him: [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]]. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from [[Catherine of Habsburg, Duchess of Bavaria|Catherine]] who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.

Rudolf's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern part of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of Imperial authority since the days of the [[Investiture Controversy]] continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.

In the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', [[Dante]] finds Rudolf sitting outside the gates of [[purgatory]] with his contemporaries, characterizing him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dante|title=The Divine Comedy; Purgatorio: Canto VII|year=1892|publisher=Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company|url=https://archive.org/details/adq2306.0002.001.umich.edu|quote=He who sits highest, and the semblance bears   Of having what he should have done neglected,   And to the others' song moves not his lips, Rudolph the Emperor was, who had the power   To heal the wounds that Italy have slain,   So that through others slowly she revives.}}</ref>

== Family and children ==
Rudolf was married twice. First, in 1251, to [[Gertrude of Hohenberg]]{{sfn|Duggan|1997|p=108}} and second, in 1284, to [[Isabelle of Burgundy]].{{sfn|Duggan|1997|p=108}} All children were from the first marriage.
#[[Matilda of Habsburg|Matilda]] (c. 1253, Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304, [[Munich]]), married 1273 in [[Aachen]] to Duke [[Louis II, Duke of Bavaria|Louis II of Bavaria]]{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}} and became mother of Duke [[Rudolf I of Bavaria]] and [[Emperor Louis IV]]
# [[Albert I of Germany]] (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), [[Duke of Austria]] and also of [[Styria]]{{sfn|George|1875|p=table XIV}}
# Catherine (1256 – 4 April 1282, [[Landshut]]), married 1279 in [[Vienna]] to Duke [[Otto III of Bavaria]]{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}}
# Agnes [Gertrude] (ca. 1257 – 11 October 1322, [[Wittenberg]]), married 1273 to Duke [[Albert II of Saxony]]{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}} and became the mother of Duke [[Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg]]
# [[Hedwig of Habsburg|Hedwig]] (c. 1259 – 26 January 1285/27 October 1286), married 1279 in Vienna to Margrave [[Otto VI of Brandenburg-Salzwedel]] and left no issue{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}}
# [[Klementia of Habsburg|Clementia]] (c. 1262 – after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to [[Charles Martel of Anjou]], the papal claimant to the throne of [[Hungary]]{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}}
# Hartmann (1263, [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]] – 21 December 1281), drowned in [[Rheinau, Switzerland|Rheinau]]
# [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II]], Duke of Austria and Styria (1270 – 10 May 1290, [[Prague]]), titular [[Duke of Swabia]], father of [[John Parricida|John the Parricide of Austria]]
# [[Judith of Habsburg|Judith]] (13 March 1271 – 18 June 1297, [[Prague]]), married 24 January 1285 to King [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] and became the mother of King [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia]], Poland and Hungary
# Samson (before 19 Oct 1275 – died young)
# Charles (14 February 1276 – 16 August 1276)

==Male-line family tree==
{{Habsburg family tree}}

== See also ==
* [[Kings of Germany family tree]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Abbott |first=John S. C. |title=Austria: Its Rise and Present Power |series=World's Best Histories |publisher=The Cooperative Publication Society |location=New York |year=1877 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |title=Rudolf I King of the Romans |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge }}
*{{cite book|last=Coxe |first=William |title=History of the House of Austria |volume=1 |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |location=London |year=1847 }}
*{{cite book |title=Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe |editor-first=Anne J. |editor-last=Duggan |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=1997 }}
*{{cite book |first=Theresa |last=Earenfight |title=Queenship in Medieval Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book|title=The Beginnings of Modern Europe (1250–1450) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153828 |first=Ephraim |last=Emerton |publisher=Ginn and Company |year=1917 }}
*{{cite book |first=Hereford Brooke |last=George |title=Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press |year=1875 }}
*{{cite book|last=Kohlrausch |first=Frederick |title=History of Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgermany00kohl |publisher=D. Appleton & Co |location=New York |year=1847 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rudolf I of Habsburg}}
* [http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.r/r920415.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Encyclopedia of Austria]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Habsburg]]||1218||1291}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Richard]] (died 1272) <br />and [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso]]|as=rival kings}}
{{s-ttl|rows=|title=[[King of the Romans]]|years=1273–1291|regent1=[[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso]] as contender|years1=1273–1275
}}
{{s-aft| after=[[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]]}}

{{s-bef| rows   = 2 | before = [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Carinthia (duchy)|Duke of Carinthia]] and [[March of Carniola|Carniola]]
       | years  = 1276–1286 }}
{{s-aft| after  = [[Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol|Meinhard]]}}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[List of rulers of Austria|Duke of Austria]] and [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]]
       | years  = 1278–1282 }}
{{s-aft| after  = [[Albert I of Austria|Albert I]]<br />[[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II]] }}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg|Albert IV]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=|title=[[House of Habsburg#Counts of Habsburg 2|Count of Habsburg]]| with=[[Rudolph II of Austria|Rudolph V]] (1282–1283) | years=1239–1291}}
{{s-aft| after=[[Albert I of Germany|Albert V]]<br />[[Rudolph I of Bohemia|Rudolph VI]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{German monarchs}}
{{Rulers of Austria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudolf 01 of Germany}}
[[Category:1218 births]]
[[Category:1291 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century dukes of Austria]]
[[Category:13th-century Kings of the Romans]]
[[Category:German monarchs]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Christians of the Prussian Crusade]]
[[Category:Dukes of Carinthia|Rudolf 1]]
[[Category:Dukes of Styria|Rudolf 1]]
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Swabia]]
[[Category:Burials at Speyer Cathedral]]
[[Category:1270s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1280s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:13th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:Swabian nobility]]
[[Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy]]