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{{Short description|Medieval Catholic hymn to Mary, mother of Jesus}}
{{for|the university|Salve Regina University}}
[[File:Raphael Madonna dell Granduca.jpg|thumb|right|[[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] by [[Raphael]], an example of [[Roman Catholic Marian art|Marian art]]]]
[[File:Petits Chanteurs de Passy - Salve Regina de Hermann Contract.ogg|thumb|Salve Regina attributed to [[Hermann von Reichenau]] (1013–1054), sung by Les Petits Chanteurs de Passy. (Gregorian notation below.)]]
[[File:Salve Regina.png|thumb|The Salve Regina in solemn tone, [[Gregorian chant]] notation]]

The "'''Salve Regina'''" ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|l|v|eɪ|_|r|ə|ˈ|dʒ|iː|n|ə}} {{respell|SAL|vay|_|rə|JEE|nə}}, {{IPA|la-x-church|ˈsalve reˈdʒina|lang|link=yes}}; meaning "Hail Queen"), also known as the "'''Hail Holy Queen'''", is a [[Marian hymn]] and one of four [[Marian antiphons]] sung at different seasons within the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[liturgical calendar]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at [[Compline]] in the time from the Saturday before [[Trinity Sunday]] until the Friday before the first Sunday of [[Advent]]. The ''Hail Holy Queen'' is also the final prayer of the [[Rosary]].

The work was composed during the [[Middle Ages]] and originally appeared in [[Latin]], the prevalent language of Western Christianity until modern times. Though traditionally ascribed to the eleventh-century German monk [[Hermann of Reichenau]], it is regarded as anonymous by most musicologists.<ref>Lawrence Gushee, "Hermannus Contractus [Hermann der Lahme, Hermann von Reichenau]," in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd edition (2001): "Although the most venerable ascriptions to Hermannus – the Marian antiphons ''Alma Redemptoris mater'' and ''Salve regina'' – have been taken away by most recent scholarship, the true authorship is still, and possibly will be for ever, the subject of controversy."</ref> Traditionally it has been sung in Latin, though many translations exist. These are often used as spoken prayers.

==Background and history==
Marian antiphons have been sung, since the thirteenth century, at the close of [[Compline]], the last Office of the day. [[Peter Canisius]] (d. 1597) noted that one praises God in Mary when one turns to her in song.<ref name=Dayton>{{cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/fr/salve-regina.php |title="Salve Regina", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton |publisher=Campus.udayton.edu |date=2013-02-27 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref> Liturgically, the Salve Regina is the best known of four prescribed [[Marian Anthems]] recited after Compline, and, in some uses, after [[Lauds]] or other Hours.<ref name=frisk>{{cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/antiphons.php |title=Frisk, M. Jean. "Marian Antiphons", the Marian Library, University of Dayton |publisher=Campus.udayton.edu |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref> Its use after Compline is likely traceable to the monastic practice of intoning it in chapel and chanting it on the way to sleeping quarters.<ref name=carol>{{cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/antiphons.php |title=Carol, Juniper. ''Mariology'', vol.3 |publisher=Campus.udayton.edu |date=2013-02-27 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

It was set down in largely its current form at the Abbey of [[Cluny]] in the 12th century, where it was used as a processional hymn on Marian feasts. The Cistercians chanted the Salve Regina daily from 1218.<ref name=frisk/> <!-- The use of the anthem at Compline was begun by the Dominicans about 1221, and was rapidly propagated by them.<ref name="caen"/> --> It was popular at medieval universities as an evening song, and according to Juniper Carol, it came to be part of the ritual for the blessing of a ship.<ref name=carol/> While the anthem figured largely in liturgical and in general popular Catholic devotion, it was especially dear to sailors.<ref name=Henry/>

In the 13th century, in either the 1220s or 1230s, the [[Dominican Order|Dominican friars]] in Bologna adopted the nightly Salve procession at Compline, and this practice soon spread throughout their entire order. Because the Dominicans were so diffuse in Europe even in their early years, the popularity of the singing and procession is largely attributed to them. Pope Gregory IX, on the advice of the Dominican St. [[Raymond of Penyafort]], instituted the practice for the diocese of Rome on Fridays at Compline, and many dioceses and religious orders throughout Europe are recorded as adopting the practice in some form or another throughout the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonniwell |first1=William R. |title=A History of the Dominican Liturgy 1215-1945 |date=1945 |publisher=J.F. Wagner |location=New York |pages=148–166 |edition=Second}}</ref>

In the 18th century, the Salve Regina served as the outline for the classic [[Roman Catholic Mariology]] book ''[[The Glories of Mary]]'' by [[Alphonsus Liguori]]. In the first part of the book Alphonsus, a [[Doctor of the Church]], discusses the Salve Regina and explains how God gave Mary to mankind as the "Gate of Heaven".<ref>Alphonsus Liguori, ''[[The Glories of Mary]]'', Liguori Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|0-7648-0664-5}}</ref>

It was added to the [[Leonine Prayers|series of prayers]] said at the end of [[Low Mass]] by [[Pope Leo XIII]].<ref name=Henry>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Salve Regina}}</ref>

The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at the end of a priest's funeral Mass. It is typically sung immediately after the Dismissal.<ref>[https://www.odwphiladelphia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Funeral-Notes-for-a-Priest-10-18.pdf "Order of Christian Funerals for Priests", Archdiocese of Philadelphia]</ref>

As a prayer, it is commonly said at the end of the [[rosary]].<ref>[https://www.english.op.org/godzdogz/the-rosary-salve-regina-hail-holy-queen/ "The Rosary: Salve Regina (Hail, Holy Queen)", Godzdogz, Blackfriars, Oxford, October 2, 2014]</ref>

==Latin text==
[[File:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 076.jpg|thumb|right|[[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo|Tiepolo]], 1760]]
{{poem quote|text=
{{lang|la|Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ,
vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve
Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ
Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes
in hac lacrimarum valle.}}

{{lang|la|Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos
misericordes oculos ad nos converte;
Et Iesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exsilium ostende.
O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.
}}
}}

In some cases, the following [[versicle]] and [[collect]] are added:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/SalveRegina.html |title=Salve Regina |publisher=Preces-latinae.org |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref>
{{poem quote|text=
{{lang|la|
℣ Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei Genitrix,
℟ Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.
[[Oremus]].
Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, qui gloriosæ Virginis Matris Mariæ corpus et animam, ut dignum Filii tui habitaculum effici mereretur, Spiritu Sancto cooperante præparasti: da, ut cuius commemoratione lætamur; eius pia intercessione, ab instantibus malis, et a morte perpetua liberemur. Per eundem Christum Dominum nostrum.
℟ Amen.
}}
}}

The current text is almost exactly that of the original; however, the word "Mater" in the first line seems to have been added in the 16th century, and "Virgo" in the final line in the 13th.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henry |first1=Hugh |title="Salve Regina." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13409a.htm |website=New Advent |publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

==Translations==
{{Catholic marian prayers sidebar}}
Variations exist among most translations.

===Traditional [[English language|English]] translation (North America)===
(In the version used by Catholics in the United Kingdom and in the [[Anglo-Catholic]] version, the wording "mourning and weeping in this [[vale of tears|'''vale''' of tears]]" is used in the 6th line.)
{{poem quote|text=
Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Hail our life, our sweetness and our hope.
To thee do we cry,
Poor banished children of Eve;
To thee do we send up our sighs,
Mourning and weeping in this valley of tears.

Turn then, most gracious advocate,
Thine eyes of mercy toward us;
And after this our exile,
Show unto us the blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
O clement, O loving,
O sweet Virgin Mary.

℣ Pray for us, O holy Mother of God,
℟ that we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Let us pray:
Almighty, everlasting God, who by the co-operation of the Holy Spirit didst prepare the body and soul of the glorious Virgin-Mother Mary to become a dwelling-place meet for thy Son: grant that as we rejoice in her commemoration; so by her fervent intercession we may be delivered from present evils and from everlasting death. Through the same Christ our Lord. Amen.
}}

===Leonine version===
The Salve Regina was one of the [[Leonine Prayers]], in which context the [[collect]] at the end was replaced by different text:                

{{Poem quote|text={{lang|la|Oremus. Deus, refugium nostrum et virtus, populum ad te clamantem propitius respice; et intercedente gloriosa, et immaculata Virgine Dei Genitrice Maria, cum beato Joseph, ejus Sponso, ac beatis Apostolis tuis Petro et Paulo, et omnibus Sanctis, quas pro conversione peccatorum, pro libertate et exaltatione sanctae Matris Ecclesiae, preces effundimus, misericors et benignus exaudi. Per eundem Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.}}}}{{poem quote|text=
Let us pray. O God, our refuge and our strength, look down with mercy upon the people who cry to Thee; and by the intercession of the glorious and immaculate Virgin Mary, Mother of God, of Saint Joseph her spouse, of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and of all the saints, in Thy mercy and goodness hear our prayers for the conversion of sinners, and for the liberty and exaltation of our Holy Mother the Church. Through the same Christ Our Lord. Amen.
}}

===Modernized USCCB translation===
The [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] has a more modern translation:
[[File:Sorrowful Mother Shrine Chapel (Bellevue, Ohio) - narthex mural, Hail Holy Queen.jpg|thumb|right|A painting of the prayer inside Sorrowful Mother Shrine Chapel ([[Bellevue, Ohio]])]]
{{poem quote|text=
Hail, holy Queen, mother of mercy,
Hail our life, our sweetness, and our hope.
To you we cry, poor banished children of Eve;
to you we send up our sighs,
mourning and weeping in this valley of tears.

Turn, then, most gracious advocate,
your eyes of mercy toward us;
and after this, our exile,
show unto us the blessed fruit of your womb, Jesus.
O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary.

℣ Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.
℟ That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.
}}

A 1969 translation by James Quinn, beginning "Hail, our Queen and Mother blest,"<ref>{{cite web |title=Hail, Our Queen and Mother Blest |url=http://cdn.ocp.org/shared/pdf/preview/30140933.pdf |publisher=[[Oregon Catholic Press]] |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> is offered as an alternative to the Latin in the Divine Office.

{{anchor|English hymns based on the Latin original}}

==Indulgence==
[[Pope Pius VI]] in the decree of 5 April 1786 granted the [[indulgence]] of one hundred days and, on Sundays, of 7 years and as many as forty years to anyone with a contrite heart who recited the antiphon ''Salve Regina'' in the morning and the evening the ''[[Sub tuum praesidium]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMKmGkxJIEAC&pg=PA65|page=65|title=Brief instruction on ecclesiastical indulgences in general and above the jubilee | author = Canciani Amadeo | year = 1826 | publisher = in the typography Andreola editr}}</ref>

This type of indulgences expressed in days or years was suppressed by the ''[[Indulgentiarum Doctrina]]'' of 1967.

The ''[[Enchiridion Indulgentiarum]]'' of 2004 provides for partial indulgence.<ref>''[[Enchiridion Indulgentiarum]]'', ''[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html Concessiones]'', n°. 17 $2, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 4th edition, 2004, p. 63. {{ISBN|88-209-2785-3}}.</ref>

==Hail, Holy Queen enthroned above==
{{wikisource|Hail, holy Queen enthroned above}}[[File:Hail Holy Queen Enthroned Above.ogg|thumb|Modern version of the 1736 melody.]]
German priest [[Johann Georg Seidenbusch]] published a hymn entitled "Gegrüßet seist du, Königin" in his 1687 devotional book ''Marianischer Schnee-Berg''.<ref name=seidenbusch>Johann Georg Seidenbusch: ''Marianischer Schnee-Berg, oder Beschreibung der Andacht bey Unser Lieben Frawen zum Schnee auff dem Berg zu Auffhausen ... Sambt Neun und zwantzig Bitt- und Lob-Gesänglein'', Regensburg 1687, S. 91-94</ref> This hymn was inspired by the pilgrimage devotions at [[Aufhausen Priory]],<ref name=seidenbusch /> and contains various salutations taken predominantly from the ''Salve Regina''.

This hymn was soon to be found in various forms in many Catholic devotional books, and a Latin translation, "''Salve Regina coelitum''",<ref>''Salve, Regina coelitum'', [https://archive.org/stream/romanhy00youn#page/120/mode/2up Complete text] in ''The Roman Hymnal'', New York 1884, pp. 120–21</ref> was soon created. The modern melody first appeared in the 1736 hymnal ''Geistliche Spiel- und Weckuhr'', and Melchior Ludwig Herold's 1808 hymnal ''Choralmelodien zum Heiligen Gesänge'' contained the version that is standard today.

The English translation "Hail, Holy Queen enthroned above" first appeared in ''The Roman Missal'' in 1884.<ref>''Salve, Regina'', [https://archive.org/details/RomanHymnal1884/page/n191 Complete text] in ''The Roman Hymnal'', New York 1884, pp. 77-78</ref>

{|
! Gegrüßet seist du, Königin (1687)<ref name=seidenbusch /> !! Salve Regina coelitum (1728) !! Hail, Holy Queen enthroned above (1884)
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| 
:Gegrüst seyst du O Königin ''Salve Regina.''
:Himmels und Erden Kayserin / ''Salve Maria.''
:Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubin Seraphin /
:Grüsset eiver Königin / grüsset Mariam.

:O Mutter der Barmherßigkeit / ''Salve Regina.''
:Aus allen du gebenedeyt / ''Salve Maria.''
:Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubin Seraphin /
:Lobet eiver Königin lobet Mariam.

:O Leben / und O Süssigkeit ''Salve Regina''.
:O groß der Mensch - und Engel Fremd ''Salve Maria.''
: Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubin / Seraphin /
: Ehret euer Königin / ehret Mariam. 
<!--
- ---- -
*-*- ----- -
Wir alle kommen her zu dir Änot. sEva Kinderschreyen wir Salve Maria
. . . . . . . . . Ers 
Ereuet euch ihr EherübinTSerapMTT 
   Erfreueteuer song 1 erfreuet Mariam, 
Seuffzendhie im Jammerthal 
         Salve Regina , - 
  Und weinend zu dir kommen all Salve Maria 
Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubin Seraphin 
  Erhöhet euer Königin erhöhet Mariam. 
                   - 7. 
Eja unser Fürsprecherin, - 
         Salve Regina, 
   Alleneintreue Helfferin Salve Maria. 
Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubino Seraphin 
  Dancketeuer Kandant Mariam. 
Wir arme hier ermahnen dich 
         Salve Regina, 
Ach! sihunsanbarmherziglich Salve Maria 
Erfreuet euch ihr Cherubin Seraphin Liebet euer Königin liebet Mariaj.

:Erhab'ne Frau und Herrscherin, o Maria,
:Freut euch, ihr Cherubim,
:Lobsingt, ihr Serafim,
:Grüßet eure Königin.
:Salve, salve, salve, Regina.
 
:O Mutter der Barmherzigkeit, o Maria,
:Sei uns gegrüßt, gebenedeit, o Maria,
:Freut euch, ihr Cherubim,
:Lobsingt, ihr Serafim,
:Grüßet eure Königin.
:Salve, salve, salve, Regina.
 
:Du bist des Lebens Süßigkeit, o Maria,
:Der Engel und der Menschen Freud', o Maria,
:Freut euch, ihr Cherubim,
:Lobsingt, ihr Serafim,
:Grüßet eure Königin.
:Salve, salve, salve, Regina.
:Salve, Regina.
-->
|
: Salve, Regina coelitum, o Maria!
: Sors unica terrigenum, o Maria!
: Jubilate, Cherubim,
: Exsultate, Seraphim!
: Consonate perpetim:
: Salve, salve, salve, Regina.

: Mater misericordiae, o Maria!
: Dulcis parens clementiae, o Maria!
: Jubilate, Cherubim,
: Exsultate, Seraphim!
: Consonate perpetim:
: Salve, salve, salve, Regina.
|
: Hail, Holy Queen enthroned above, O Maria!
: Hail, Mother of mercy and of love, O Maria!
: Triumph all ye cherubim!
: Sing with us ye seraphim!
: Heaven and earth resound the hymn!
: Salve, salve, salve, Regina!

: Our life, our sweetness here below, O Maria!
: Our hope in sorrow and in woe, O Maria!
: Triumph all ye cherubim!
: Sing with us ye seraphim!
: Heaven and earth resound the hymn!
: Salve, salve, salve, Regina!

: And when our last breath leaves us, O Maria!
: Show us thy son Christ Jesus, O Maria!
: Triumph all ye cherubim!
: Sing with us ye seraphim!
: Heaven and earth resound the hymn!
: Salve, salve, salve, Regina!
|}

==Musical settings==
{{main category|Salve Regina settings}}

As an essential component of the Compline service, the hymn has been set to music by various composers, including [[Tomás Luis de Victoria|Victoria]], [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], [[Josquin des Prez|Josquin]] and [[Orlande de Lassus|Lassus]]. [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier|Charpentier]], (5 settings, H.18, H.47, H.23, H.24, H.27), [[Louis-Nicolas Clérambault]], (C.114), [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi]] (3 settings), [[Nicola Porpora]] (3 settings), [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]], [[Jan Dismas Zelenka]], (7 settings, ZWV 135-141, and ZWV 204),  [[Johann Adolf Hasse|Johann Adolph Hasse]] (3 settings), [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]], and [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]] composed their own settings in later years. [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] composed no fewer than seven versions. [[Francis Poulenc]] composed his setting of the text in 1941. [[Arvo Pärt]] composed [[Salve Regina (Pärt)|a setting]] first performed in the [[Essen Minster|Essen Cathedral]] in 2002. [[Olivier Latry]] premiered in 2007 an organ work ''{{lang|la|[[Salve Regina (Latry)|Salve Regina]]}}'' which reflects in seven movements the lines of the hymn in [[Gregorian chant]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/17/olivier-latry-c-est-un-miracle-que-l-orgue-ait-echappe-aux-flammes_5451328_3232.html ''Olivier Latry : « C’est un miracle que l’orgue de Notre-Dame ait échappé aux flammes »''] on ''[[Le Monde]]''</ref>

==In popular culture==

In 1976 the words of the first verse of the Salve Regina were used as a repeating theme in the song ''[[Oh What a Circus]]'' in the musical ''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'', with music by [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and lyrics by [[Tim Rice]].<ref>Rice, Tim (2012). ''Oh, What a Circus''. Hachette UK. {{ISBN| 9781444762174}}</ref>

[[Salve Regina University]], a U.S. university established by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1934, was named in honor of the Salve Regina hymn and motto.<ref>[https://www.salve.edu/history-and-tradition "History and Tradition", Salve Regina University]</ref>

The hymn is sung (using the English translation "Hail, Holy Queen enthroned above") by a choir of nuns in the 1992 comedy film ''[[Sister Act]]'', starring [[Whoopi Goldberg]]. In the film, the hymn is initially sung in the traditional style, before shifting into an uptempo, [[Soul music|soul]] and [[gospel music]]–influenced arrangement. This arrangement has a bridge that intersperses lines from another [[Hymns to Mary|Marian hymn]], ''[[O sanctissima]]'', as well as the first lines of the ''[[Sanctus]]'' (a prayer recited at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]).

==See also==
*''[[Dialogues of the Carmelites]]''
*''[[Lumen gentium]]''
*[[Marian devotions]]
*[[Queen of Heaven]]
*[[Salve Regina University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{catholic|title=Salve Regina}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote|Salve Regina}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAmydVsNMqM Latin lyrics sung by the Benedictine Monks of Santo Domingo de Silos.]
*[https://www.udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/antiphons.php#anchor5 "Salve Regina", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton]

{{Catholic Prayers}}
{{Marian hymns}}
{{Virgin Mary}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian prayer]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic prayers]]
[[Category:Marian devotions]]
[[Category:Marian antiphons]]
[[Category:Christian hymns in Latin]]