View source for Sibylline Oracles

{{Short description|Collection of oracular utterances}}
{{distinguish|Sibylline Books}}
{{italic title}}
[[Image:Sibyl Domenichino.jpg|thumb|''A Sibyl'', by [[Domenichino]] ({{circa|1616–17}})]]

The '''''Sibylline Oracles''''' ({{langx|la|Oracula Sibyllina}}; sometimes called the '''pseudo-Sibylline Oracles'''){{fact|date=June 2021}} are a collection of oracular utterances written in [[Dactylic hexameter|Greek hexameters]] ascribed to the [[Sibyl]]s, prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in a frenzied state. Fourteen books and eight fragments of Sibylline Oracles survive, in an edition of the 6th or 7th century AD. They are not to be confused with the original ''[[Sibylline Books]]'' of the ancient [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscans]] and [[ancient Roman religion|Romans]] which were burned by order of the Roman general [[Flavius Stilicho]] in the 4th century AD. Instead, the text is an "odd pastiche" of Hellenistic and Roman mythology interspersed with Jewish, Gnostic and early Christian legend.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S.|last=Terry|author-link=Milton Terry|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/|title=The Sibylline Oracles|year=1899|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606025817/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/|archive-date=2002-06-06}} The content of the individual books is probably of different age, dated to anywhere between the 1st and 7th centuries AD. {{cite book|first=J. J.|last=Collins|chapter=Sibylline Oracles (Second Century B.C.&ndash;Seventh Century A.D)|editor1-last=Charlesworth|title=Old Testament Pseudepigrapha|volume=1|publisher=Hendrickson|year=1983|pages=317&ndash;472}}</ref>

The ''Sibylline Oracles'' are a valuable source for information about [[classical mythology]] and early first millennium [[Gnostic]], [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic Jewish]] and [[Early Christianity|Christian]] beliefs. Some [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] passages scattered throughout seem to foreshadow themes of the [[Book of Revelation]] and other [[apocalyptic literature]]. The oracles have undergone extensive editing, re-writing, and redaction as they came to be exploited in wider circles.

One passage has an [[acrostic]], spelling out a Christian code-phrase with the first letters of successive lines.

==Introduction==
The ''Sibylline Oracles'' in their existing form are a chaotic medley. They consist of 12 books (or 14) of various authorship, date, and religious conception. The final arrangement, thought to be due to an unknown editor of the 6th century AD (Alexandre), does not determine identity of authorship, time, or religious belief; many of the books are merely arbitrary groupings of unrelated fragments.{{sfn|Cheyne|Black|1899}}

These oracles were anonymous in origin and as such were apt to modification and enlargement at pleasure by Hellenistic Jews and by Christians for missionary purposes. [[Celsus]] called Christians {{lang|grc|Σιβυλλισται}} ('sibyl-mongers' or 'believers in sibyls') because of prophecies preached among them, especially those in the book of Revelation. The preservation of the entire collection is due to Christian writers.{{sfn|Cheyne|Black|1899}}

==Sources for the Sibylline texts==
The oldest of the surviving Sibylline oracles seem to be books 3–5, which were composed partly by [[History of the Jews in Alexandria|Jews in Alexandria]].  The third oracle seems to have been composed in the reign of [[Ptolemy VI|Ptolemy VI Philometor]]. Books 1–2 may have been written by Christians, though again there may have been a Jewish original that was adapted to Christian purposes.

All the oracles seem to have undergone later revision, enrichment, and adaptation by editors and authors of different religions, who added similar texts, all in the interests of their respective religions. The Sibylline oracles are therefore a [[pastiche]] of Greek and Roman [[paganism|pagan]] [[mythology]], employing motifs of [[Homer]] and [[Hesiod]]; Judeo-Christian legends such as the [[Garden of Eden]], [[Noah]] and the [[Tower of Babel]]; [[Gnostic]] and early Christian [[homily|homilies]] and [[eschatology|eschatological]] writings; thinly veiled references to historical figures such as [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]], as well as many allusions to the events of the later Roman Empire, often portraying Rome in a negative light.

Some have suggested that the surviving texts may include some fragments or remnants of the ''[[Sibylline Books]]'' with a legendary provenance from the [[Cumaean Sibyl]], which had been kept in temples in Rome. The original oracular books, kept in Rome, were accidentally destroyed in a fire in 83 BC, which resulted in an attempt in 76 BC to recollect them when the Roman senate sent envoys throughout the world to discover copies. This official copy existed until at least AD 405, but little is known of their contents.

That the use of the Sibylline Oracles was not always exclusive to Christians is shown by an extract from Book III concerning the [[Tower of Babel]] as quoted by the Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]], in the late 1st century AD.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The Christian apologist [[Athenagoras of Athens]], writing ''A Plea for the Christians'' to [[Marcus Aurelius]] in {{c.|176 AD}}, quoted the same section of the extant Oracles verbatim, in the midst of a lengthy series of classical and pagan references including [[Homer]] and [[Hesiod]], and stated several times that all these works should already be familiar to the Roman Emperor.

[[Varro]] enumerated ten Sibyls: [[Persians|Persian]], [[Libyan]], [[Delphi|Delphic]], [[Cimmerian]], Erythrean, [[Samian Sibyl|Samian]], [[Cumae|Cumean]], Hellospontian, [[Phrygia|Phrygian]], and Tiburtine. The list omits the [[Hebrew]], [[Chaldea|Chaldean]], and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] Sibyls.<ref name="Collins_Charlesworth">Lactantius, ''DivInst'' 1.6, cited in [[John J. Collins]], ''Sybilline Oracles (Second Century B.C.-Seventh Century A.D.). A New Translation and Introduction'', in [[James H. Charlesworth]] (1985), ''The Old Testament Pseudoepigrapha'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company Inc., Volume 2, {{ISBN|0-385-09630-5}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|0-385-18813-7}} (Vol. 2). Here cited vol. 1 p. 317</ref> The ''[[Suda]]'' repeats this list but identifies the Persian Sibyl with the Hebrew.<ref name="Collins_Charlesworth" />

The [[Sibyl]]s themselves, and the so-called Sibylline oracles, were often referred to by other early Church fathers; [[Theophilus of Antioch|Theophilus]], Bishop of Antioch ({{c.|180}}), [[Clement of Alexandria]] ({{c.|200}}), [[Lactantius]] ({{c.|305}}), and [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] ({{c.|400}}), all knew various versions of the pseudo-Sibylline collections, quoted them or referred to them in paraphrase, and were willing to Christianize them, by as simple means as inserting "Son of God" into a passage, as Lactantius:

{{blockquote|"The [[Erythraean Sibyl]]" in the beginning of her song, which she commenced by the help of the Most High God, proclaims the Son of God as leader and commander of all in these verses:

<poem>All-nourishing Creator, who in all
Sweet breath implanted, and made God the guide of all.</poem>}}

Some fragmentary verses that do not appear in the collections that survive are only known because they were quoted by a Church Father. [[Justin Martyr]] ({{c.|150}}), if he is truly the author of the ''[[Exhortation to the Greeks]]'', gives such a circumstantial account of the Cumaean Sibyl that the ''Address'' is quoted here at the [[Cumaean Sibyl]]'s entry.  The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' states, "Through the decline and disappearance of paganism, however, interest in them gradually diminished and they ceased to be widely read or circulated, though they were known and used during the [[Middle Ages]] in both the East and the West." Thus, a student may find echoes of their imagery and style in much early medieval literature.

These books, in spite of their pagan content, have sometimes been described as part of the [[Pseudepigrapha]]. They do not appear in the canonical lists of any Church.

==Manuscripts and editions==
The text has been transmitted in fourteen "books", preserved in two distinct manuscript traditions, one containing books 1&ndash;8, the other 9&ndash;14. However, "book 9" consists of material from books 1&ndash;8 and "book 10" is identical to "book 4", so that the edition by Collins (1983) contains only books 1&ndash;8 and 11&ndash;14. The main manuscripts date to the 14th to 16th centuries (Collins 1983:321):

*Group φ: books 1&ndash;8 with an anonymous prologue
**Z: Codex Hierosolymitanus Sabaiticus 419 (late 14th century)
**A: Codex Vindobonensis hist gr. XCVI 6 (15th century) 
**P: [[Codex Monacensis (disambiguation)|Codex Monacensis]] 351 (15th century) 
**B: [[Codex Baroccianus|Codex Bodleianus Baroccianus]] 103 (late 15th century)
**S: Codex Scorialensis II Σ 7 (late 15th century) 
**D: Codex Vallicellianus gr. 46 (16th century)
*Group ψ: books 1&ndash;8, without prologue
**F: [[Codex Laurentianus]] plut. XI 17 (15th century) 
**R: Codex Parisinus 2851 (late 15th century) 
**L: Codex Parisinus 2850 (1475) 
**T: [[Codex Toletanus]] Cat 88.44 ({{c.|1500}})
*Group Ω: books 9&ndash;14
**M: [[Codices Ambrosiani]] E64 sup. (15th century)
**Q: [[Codex Vaticanus]] 1120 (14th century) 
**V: Codex Vaticanus 743 (14th century) 
**H: Codex Monacensis gr. 312 (1541)

To this may be added the ample quotations found in the writings of the early Church Fathers.

In 1545 Xystus Betuleius ([[Sixt Birck]] of [[Augsburg]]) published at [[Basel]] an edition based on manuscript P, and the next year a version set in Latin verse appeared. Better manuscripts were used by Johannes Opsopaeus, whose edition appeared at Paris in 1599. Later editions include those by Servaas Galle (Servatius: Amsterdam 1689) and by [[Andrea Gallandi]] in his {{lang|la|Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum}} (Venice, 1765, 1788).

Books 11&ndash;14 were edited only in the 19th century. In 1817 [[Angelo Mai]] edited a further book, from a manuscript in the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]] at [[Milan]] ({{lang|la|Codex Ambrosianus}}) and later he discovered four more books, in the [[Vatican Library]], none of which were continuations of the eight previously printed, but an independent collection. These are numbered XI to XIV in later editions. Several fragments of oracles taken from the works of Theophilus and Lactantius, printed in the later editions, show that even more Sibylline oracles formerly existed. In the course of the 19th century, better texts also became available for the parts previously published.

==Contents==
The Sibylline Oracles are written in [[hexameter]]. 

The 1913 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' characterizes the Oracles as an eclectic mixture of texts of unclear origin and largely middling quality. Its speculations on the most likely provenances of the various books are as follows:{{sfn|Healy|1912}}
* '''Book 1''': Christian revision of Jewish original
* '''Book 2''': Christian revision of Jewish original
* '''Book 4''': the oldest text; completely Jewish
* '''Book 5''': likely Jewish, though with controversy among critics
* '''Book 6''': Christian; likely 3rd century
* '''Book 7''': Christian
* '''Book 8''': first half likely 2nd century Jewish; second half Christian, likely 3rd century
* '''Book 11''': 3rd century, Christian at least in revision
* '''Book 12''': Christian revision of Jewish original
* '''Book 13''': Christian, at least in revision
* '''Book 14''': 4th century, Christian at least in revision

==See also==
*[[Alexander Polyhistor]]
*[[Hebrew Sibyl]]
*[[Jewish eschatology]]
*{{lang|la|[[Vaticinium ex eventu|Vaticinia ex eventu]]}} describes the phenomenon of pretended oracles written after the event.
*[[Wives aboard the Ark]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite Biblica |wstitle=[[s:Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Apocalyptic_Literature#88._Sibylline_Oracles|Apocalyptic_Literature § 88. Sibylline Oracles]] |volume=1 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sibylline Oracles |volume=25 |page = 19 }}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Sibyls |volume=25 |pages=19–20 }}
* {{cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Sibyl |volume=11 |pages = 319–323 |url = https://archive.org/stream/jewishencycloped11sing#page/319/mode/1up }}

; Attribution
* {{CE1913 |last=Healy |first=Patrick Joseph |wstitle=Sibylline Oracles |volume=13 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*J. Geffcken, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NosmqWGLCd4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Die Oracula Sibyllina]'', Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1902. (Includes the full text in Greek.)
*A. Peretti, ''La Sibilla babilonese nella propaganda ellenistica'', Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1942.
*V. Nikiprowetzky, ''La troisième Sibylle'', Paris, La Haye, 1970.
*J. J. Collins, ''The Sibylline Oracles of Egyptian Judaism'', Missoula 1974.
*A. Grafton, ''Higher Criticism Ancient and Modern: The Lamentable Death of Hermes and the Sibyls'', in: ''The Uses of Greek and Latin. Historical Essays'', ed. by A.C. Dionisotti, A. Grafton and J. Kraye, London 1988, pp.&nbsp;155–170.
*H.W. Parke, ''Sibyls and Sibylline Prophecy in Classical Antiquity'', London, Routledge, 1988.
*I. Cervelli, ''Questioni sibilline'', «Studi storici» 34, 1993, pp.&nbsp;895–1001.
*M. Bracali, ''Sebastiano Castellione e l'edizione dei Sibyllina Oracula'', «Rinascimento» 36, 1996, pp.&nbsp;319–349.
*R. Buitenwerf, ''Book III of the Sibylline Oracles and Its Social Setting'', Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2003.
*A. Bacchi, ''Uncovering Jewish Creativity in Book III of the Sibylline Oracles: Gender, Intertextuality, and Politics'', Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2020.
*C. Schiano, ''Il secolo della Sibilla. Momenti della tradizione cinquecentesca degli «Oracoli Sibillini»'', Bari, edizioni di Pagina, 2005.
*J. Fischer, ''Folia ventis turbata – Sibyllinische Orakel und der Gott Apollon zwischen später Republik und augusteischem Principat'' (Studien zur Alten Geschichte 33), Göttingen 2022.
* {{cite book |last1=Lafontaine |first1=Xavier |title=Hellénisme et prophétie. Les Oracles sibyllins juifs et chrétiens |date=2023 |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnhout |isbn=9782503607962}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.elfinspell.com/SibyllineOraclesMyIntro.html Milton S. Terry, ''The Sibylline Oracles''] (complete English translation, at Elfinspell)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040511061652/http://www.comparative-religion.com/christianity/apocrypha/new-testament-apocrypha/11/14.php Milton S. Terry, ''The sibylline oracles'']: only those fragments that are quoted in Patristic writings, annotated and set in context, including the long preface of the (6th century?) editor
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA4253xO83xE5/ ''The Sibylline oracles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231182155/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA4253xO83xE5/ |date=2004-12-31 }}, Books III-V, Translated by the H. N. Bate, 1918 ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA4253xO83xE5/1f/sibylline_oracles.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306134708/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA4253xO83xE5/1f/sibylline_oracles.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }} format)''
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/sib.pdf ''The Sibylline Oracles''.  Translated from Greek into Blank English Verse.  New Edition Revised after the Text of Ruch.] (1899) Translated by Milton S. Terry.  Digital Facsimile. (PDF)
{{Jewish Apocrypha}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibylline Oracles}}
[[Category:Ancient Roman religion]]
[[Category:Classical oracles]]
[[Category:Old Testament pseudepigrapha]]
[[Category:Apocalyptic literature]]
[[Category:Jewish apocrypha]]