View source for Slogan (heraldry)

{{short description|Heraldic motto in Scottish heraldry}}

{{Heraldic achievement}} [[File:Clan member crest badge - Clan MacLaren.svg|thumb|The slogan ''CREAG AN TUIRC'' appears on the [[Scottish crest badge|crest badge]] of a member of [[Clan MacLaren]].]]
[[File:Coa Scotland Brim-DeForest of Balvaird Castle, Baron of Balvaird big with motto and crie de geurre.svg|thumb|Arms of [[Brady Brim-DeForest]], [[Lord of Balvaird|Baron of Balvaird]] with the motto above the crest and war cry or slogan below.]]

A '''slogan''' is used in [[Scottish heraldry]] as a [[heraldic motto]] or a secondary motto. It usually appears above the [[heraldic crest|crest]] on a [[coat of arms]], though sometimes it appears as a secondary motto beneath the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]].<ref name="WoodcockRobinson-p112"/> The word ''slogan'' dates from 1513. It is a variant of the earlier ''slogorn'', which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic ''sluagh-ghairm'' (''sluagh'' "army", "host" + ''gairm'' "cry").<ref name="Merriam-Webster-p1174">{{harvp|Merriam-Webster|2003|p=1174}}</ref> In other regions it is called a [[Battle_cry|war-cry]].<ref>''[https://www.heraldica.org/topics/warcry.htm war-cries]'' on ''heraldica.org''</ref>

==Mottoes and heraldry==

There are several possible origins for mottoes used in heraldry, and slogans may have originated from [[battle cry|battle cries or war cries]]. There are several notable heraldic mottoes which are thought to originate from a war cries. For example, the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] contains the motto {{lang|fr|[[DIEU ET MON DROIT]]}} ("God and my right") which has been thought to originated as a war cry, as has the motto {{lang|fr|[[Montjoie Saint Denis!|MONTJOYE SAINT-DENIS]]}} which appeared on the former French coat of arms.{{efn|This motto is a reference to the {{lang|fr|[[oriflamme]]}}, the [[royal standard]] banner of the [[kings of France]], which was kept in the [[Basilique Saint-Denis]].}} Several mottoes found in Irish heraldry, which end in ''a boo'', are also thought to have originated as war cries. Examples of such [[Irish language|Irish]] mottoes are {{lang|ga|[[Crom a Boo|CROM A BOO]]}} of the Fitzgerald [[Earl of Leinster|earls of Leinster]]; and {{lang|ga|SHANET A BOO}} of the Fitzgerald [[earls of Desmond]].<ref name="WoodcockRobinson-p112">{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=112}}</ref><ref name="Fox-DaviesJohnston-p449–450">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|Johnston|2007|p=449–450}}</ref>

Not all slogans are based on war cries. Many slogans pertaining to [[Scottish clan chief]]s have been registered relatively recently at the [[Court of the Lord Lyon]]. Sometimes slogans are merely a name, such as ''A HOME A HOME A HOME'' of the [[Clan Home|Homes]], others refer to a rallying point for the clan, like {{lang|gd|CRUACHAN}} of the [[Clan Campbell|Campbells]], some slogans refer to a prominent clansman like the [[Clan Maclean|Maclean]] {{lang|gd|Fear eile airson Eachuinn}} ("Another for Hector"). In at least one case, a [[patron saint]] is used as a slogan, as in ''St Bennet and Set On'' of the [[Clan Seton|Setons]].<ref name="WoodcockRobinson-p112"/><ref name="Innes-p60–61">{{harvp|Innes of Learney|1975|pp=60–61}}</ref> The arms of Grant use two slogans (or mottoes): {{lang|gd|CRAIG ELACHAIDH}}, which appears above the crest; and ''STANDFAST'', which appears beneath on a scroll beneath the shield.<ref name="WoodcockRobinson-p112"/> Sometimes a [[Scottish clan chief|clan chief's]] slogan appears on his [[crest badge]] and in consequence on the crest badges worn by his clan members. In some cases the chief's slogan also appears on his [[heraldic standard|standard]], [[Guidon (heraldry)|guidon]] and [[Heraldic flag|pinsel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyon-court.com/lordlyon/375.html |title=Further Guidance on Flags |access-date=2008-07-30 |work=The Court of the Lord Lyon (lyon-court.com)}}</ref>

==Slogans==
{{legend|#ffffcc|Slogans officially recorded at the [[Court of the Lord Lyon]] as incident to the chief's Arms. Also rendered in all-caps.}}
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"|'''Clan or title'''
! style="width:25%;" |'''Slogan''' <ref>Unless otherwise noted the reference for all slogans in this column is from {{harvp|Adam|Innes of Learney|1970|pp=545–546}}.</ref>
! style="width:55%;"|'''Notes'''
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Anstruther|Anstruther]]
|''CASTLE DREEL'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp">{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb_clanp.html |title=Scottish Clan Pinsels |access-date=2008-07-31 |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] (fotw.info)}} This webpage claims to cite ''Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia''.</ref> 
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Arthur|Arthur]]
|{{lang|gd|EISD O EISD}} <ref name="clanarthurhistory"/>
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Listen o listen") Appears in the second compartment of the current chief's Arms.</small><ref name="clanarthurhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.clanarthur.org/history.htm|title=history|access-date=2007-09-09|work=Clan Arthur USA Association (clanarthur.org)}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Barclay|Barclay]]
|{{lang|gd|TOWIE BARCLAY}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/> 
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Borthwick|Borthwick]]
|''A BORTHWICK'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Bruce|Bruce]]
|{{lang|la|FUIMUS}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|<small>Latin: "We have been".</small>
|-
|[[Clan Buchanan|Buchanan]]
|{{lang|gd|Clar Innis}} 
|<small>An island in [[Loch Lomond]].</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546">{{harvp|Adam|Innes of Learney|1970|pp=545–546}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Buchan|Buchan]]
|''AUCHMACOY'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|<small>Refers to the [[clan seat]] in Auchmacoy.</small>
|-
|[[Clan Cameron|Cameron]]
|{{lang|gd|Chlanna nan con thigibh a' so 's gheibh sibh feòil}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Sons of the hounds come here and get flesh")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Campbell|Campbell]]
|{{lang|gd|CRUACHAN}} 
|<small>Previously thought to refer to [[Ben Cruachan]] near [[Loch Awe]]. The slogan actually refers to a farm on the west coast of Loch Awe, opposite [[Innischonnell Castle]].</small><ref name="Campbell-p289–290">{{harvp|Campbell of Airds|2002|pp=289–290}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Colquhoun|Colquhoun]]
|{{lang|gd|CNOC EALACHAIN}}
|<small>Refers to a mountain near Rossdhu, former seat of the chiefs of the clan.</small><ref>{{harvp|MacKinnon|1995|p=137}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Cranstoun|Cranstoun]]
|''COREHOUSE'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|<small>Refers to the [[clan seat]] in Corehouse.</small>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Donnachaidh|Donnachaidh]]
|{{lang|gd|GARG 'N UAIR DHUISGEAR}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Fierce when roused")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Drummond|Drummond]]
|''GANG WARILY'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Farquharson|Farquharson]]
|{{lang|gd|CÀRN NA CUIMHNE}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Cairn of remembrance")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|-
|[[Clan Forbes|Forbes]]
|{{lang|gd|Lònach}} 
|<small>A mountain in [[Strathdon]].</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Forsyth|Forsyth]]
|{{lang|la|INSTAURATOR RUINAE}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|<small>Latin: "A repairer of ruin"</small>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Clan Fraser|Fraser]]
|{{lang|gd|A' Mhor-fhaiche}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Restorer of Ruins") </small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|-
|{{lang|gd|Caistel Dhùm}} 
|<small>Castle Downie.</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Gordon|Gordon]]
|{{lang|gd|AN GORDONACH}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "A Gordon") </small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Grant|Grant]]
|{{lang|gd|CRAIG ELACHAIDH}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The rock of alarm")</small>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Gregor|Gregor]]
|{{lang|gd|ARD-COILLE}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Height of the wood", or "High wood") </small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Grierson|Grierson]]
|''LAG'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Hannay|Hannay]]
|''SORBIE'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Hay|Hay]]
|''THE HAY'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Henderson|Henderson]]
|''FORDELL'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|-
|[[Gàidhealtachd|Highlanders]] in general
|{{lang|gd|Albanich!}} <ref name=Chambers>{{citation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7M8eAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA132 |title=Select writings of Robert Chambers |author=Robert Chambers |volume=7 |chapter=Slogans |pages=132–138 |year=1847}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Johnstone|Johnstone]]
|''LOCHWOOD'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Keith|Keith]]
|''A KEITH'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp"/>
|-
|[[Clan Kerr|Kerr]]
|{{lang|la|Sero Sed Serio}}
|<small>Latin: Late but in earnest</small>
|- style="background:#ffc;"

|[[Clan Kincaid|Kincaid]]
|''A KINCAID'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp" />
|-
|[[King of Scotland]]
|''St. Andrew!'' <ref name="Chambers" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Lamont|Lamont]]
|{{lang|gd|ARDLAMONT}}  <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Lennox|Lennox]]
|''THE LENNOX'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Leslie|Leslie]]
|{{lang|gd|BALLINBREICH}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Lumsden|Lumsden]]
|''A LUMSDEN'' <ref name="FOTW-gb_clanp" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Macdonald|Macdonald]]
|{{lang|gd|FRAOCH EILEAN}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The Heathery Isle")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /> <small>The slogan appears on a compartment in the current chief's Arms.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Macdonald.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016074423/http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Macdonald.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2008|title=Lord Macdonald of Macdonald|access-date=2008-06-19|work=The High Council of Clan Donald (highcouncilofclandonald.org)}} This website cites: "Lyon Register (Volume 36, Folio 44)" for the Arms of Godfrey James Macdonald of Macdonald.</ref> <small>The slogan refers to an island in the [[Sound of Islay]].</small><ref name="Campbell-p289–290" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Macdonald of Clanranald|Macdonald of Clanranald]]
|{{lang|gd|DH' AINDEOIN CO THEIREADH E}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Gainsay who dare")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /> <small>The slogan appears on a compartment in the current chief's Arms.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Clanranald.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016074413/http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Clanranald.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2008|title=The Captain & Chief of Clanranald|access-date=2008-06-19|work=The High Council of Clan Donald (highcouncilofclandonald.org)}} This website cites "Lyon Register (Volume 42, Folio 21)" for the Arms of Ranald Alexander Macdonald of Clanranald.</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Macdonell of Glengarry|Macdonell of Glengarry]]
|{{lang|gd|CRAGAN AN FHITHICH}} <ref name="highcouncilofclandonald.org-Glengarry" />
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The raven's rock")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /> <small>The slogan appears in an Escroll over the Arms of the current chief.</small><ref name="highcouncilofclandonald.org-Glengarry">{{cite web|url=http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Glengarry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016074417/http://www.highcouncilofclandonald.org/Glengarry.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2008|title=The Chief of Glengarry|access-date=2008-06-19|work=The High Council of Clan Donald (highcouncilofclandonald.org)}} This website cites "Lyon Register (Volume 1, Folio 576)" for the Arms of Aeneas Ranald Euan MacDonell</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan MacDonald of Keppoch|MacDonald of Keppoch]]
|{{lang|gd|DIA 'S NAOMH AINDREA}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "God and [[St. Andrew]]")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /> <small>The slogan appears as a second motto in a lower Escroll on the current chief's Arms.</small><ref name="macdonaldofkeppoch.org-index">{{cite web|url=http://www.macdonaldofkeppoch.org/index.htm|title=A Chlann Raghnall Lochbhair|access-date=2008-06-19|work=A Chlann Raghnall Lochbhair (macdonaldofkeppoch.org) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080223201325/http://www.macdonaldofkeppoch.org/index.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-02-23}} The Arms are of Ranald Alasdair MacDonald of Keppoch.</ref> 
|-
|[[Clan MacDougall|MacDougall]]
|{{lang|gd|Buaidh no Bàs}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Victory or Death") <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /></small>
|-
|[[Clan Macfarlane|Macfarlane]]
|{{lang|gd|Loch Slòigh}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The loch of the host") <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /></small>
|-
|[[Clan Macgillivray|Macgillivray]]
|{{lang|gd|Dunmaghlas}} 
|<small>The name of the chief's castle.</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Mackay|Mackay]]
|{{lang|gd|BRATACH BAN MHIC AOIDH}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clan">{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb_clan2.html |title=Scottish Clan Insignia: Description of Clan Standards |access-date=2008-08-02 |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] (fotw.info)}} This webpage claims to cite ''Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia''.</ref> 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The white banner of The Mackay")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Mackenzie|Mackenzie]]
|{{lang|gd|Tulach Ard}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The High Hillock")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Mackinnon|Mackinnon]]
|{{lang|gd|Cuimhnich bàs Ailpein}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Remember the death of Alpin")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Mackintosh|Mackintosh]]
|{{lang|gd|LOCH MÒIGH}}
|<small>[[Loch Moy]], a loch near the seat of the clan chiefs.</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan MacLaren|MacLaren]]
|{{lang|gd|Creag an Tuirc}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The boar's rock")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Clan Maclean|Maclean]]
|{{lang|gd|Bàs no Beatha}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Death or life")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|{{lang|gd|Fear eile airson Eachuinn}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Another for Hector") <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /></small>
|-
|[[Clan MacLennan|MacLennan]]
|{{lang|gd|Druim nan deur}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The ridge of tears")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan MacMillan|MacMillan]]
|{{lang|gd|CHNAP}} <ref name="FOTW-gb_clan" /> 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Knap")</small>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Macnab|Macnab]]
|{{lang|gd|BOVAIN}}
|<small>The old Macnab ''[[duthus]]''.</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Macnaghten|Macnaghten]]
|''Frechelan'' 
|<small>A castle on [[Loch Awe]].</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan MacNeil|MacNeil]]
|{{lang|gd|Buaidh no Bàs}}
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Victory or Death") <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /></small>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Macpherson|Macpherson]]
|{{lang|gd|CREAG AN DHUIBH}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The black rock") Located near Cluny.</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Macquarrie|Macquarrie]]
|{{lang|gd|An t-Arm breac dearg}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The Red Speckled (or spotted) Army")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Macrae|Macrae]]
|{{lang|gd|Sgurr Uaran}} 
|<small>A mountain in Kintail near [[Loch Duich]]. It is one of the "[[Five Sisters of Kintail]]".</small> <ref name="clan-macrae.org.uk-SGURR UARAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.clan-macrae.org.uk/|title=SGURR UARAN|access-date=2008-06-21|work=Clan Macrae Scotland (clan-macrae.org.uk)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Clan Matheson|Matheson]]
|{{lang|gd|Acha 'n dà thernaidh}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The Field of the Two Declivities")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Menzies|Menzies]]
|{{lang|gd|Geal is Dearg a suas}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "Up with the Red and White")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Morrison|Morrison]]
|{{lang|gd|DUN EISTEIN}} <ref name="clanmorrison.net-chief">{{cite web|url=http://cmsna.x10hosting.com/public_html/chief.htm|title=The Chief Of Clan Morrison|access-date=2011-12-11|work=Clan Morrison Society of North America (cmsna.x10hosting.com)}}  This website gives the Arms of the current chief's grandfather John Morrison of Ruchdi.</ref>
|<small>[[Dùn Èistean]], sometimes [[Anglicised]] as "Hugh's Castle".<ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" /> The slogan appears on the chief's Arms (on a compartment below the shield).</small><ref name="clanmorrison.net-chief" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|[[Clan Munro|Munro]]
|{{lang|gd|CASTEAL FÓLAIS NA THEINE}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "[[Foulis Castle]] on fire")</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Murray|Murray]]
|''Furth fortune and fill the fetters'' 
|<small>(from Scots: "go forth against your enemies, have good fortune, and return with captives")</small>
|-
|[[Clan Stewart of Appin|Stewart of Appin]]
|{{lang|gd|Creag-an-Sgairbh}} 
|<small>(from Scottish Gaelic: "The Cormorant's Rock") A rock in Appin.</small><ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|-
|[[Clan Sutherland|Sutherland]]
|{{lang|gd|Ceann na Drochaide Bige}} 
|<small>A bridge at Dunrobin.</small> <ref name="AdamInnes-p545–546" />
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Adam |first1=Frank |author-link2=Thomas Innes of Learney |last2=Innes of Learney |first2=Thomas |title=The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands |edition=8th |year=1970 |publisher=Johnston and Bacon |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9780717945009 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/clansseptsregime01adam }}
*{{cite book |last=Campbell of Airds |first=Alastair|author-link=Alastair Campbell of Airds |title=A History of Clan Campbell |volume=2: From Flodden to the Restoration |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2002 |isbn=1-902930-18-5 }}
*{{cite book |author-link1=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |last1=Fox-Davies |first1=Arthur Charles |last2=Johnston |first2=Graham |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |year=2007 |orig-year=1909 |isbn=978-1-60239-001-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Innes of Learney |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Innes of Learney |title=The Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland |edition=8th |year=1975 |orig-year=1971 |publisher=Johnston and Bacon Publishers |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7179-4501-4 }}
*{{cite book |last=MacKinnon |first=Charles |title=Scottish Highlanders |publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0-88029-950-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishhighland0000mack }}
*{{cite book |author=Merriam-Webster|author-link=Merriam-Webster |title=[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]] |edition=11th |year=2003 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=0-87779-809-5 }}
*{{cite book |author-link1=Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms) |last1=Woodcock |first1=Thomas |author-link2=John Martin Robinson |last2=Robinson |first2=John Martin |title=The Oxford Guide to Heraldry |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-19-280226-7 }}
{{refend}}

{{heraldry}}

[[Category:Scottish clans| ]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]