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{{Short description|King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194}}

{{infobox royalty
| name         = Tancred
| succession   = [[King of Sicily]]
| image        = Tankred syni.jpg
| caption      = Tancred of Sicily with his sons Roger and William
| reign        = 1189 – 20 February 1194
| predecessor  = [[William II of Sicily|William II]]
| successor    = [[William III of Sicily|William III]]
| house        = [[House of Hauteville|Hauteville]]
| father       = [[Roger III, Duke of Apulia]]
| mother       = Emma of Lecce
| spouse       = [[Sibylla of Acerra]]
| issue        = [[Roger III of Sicily]]<br />[[William III of Sicily]]<br />[[Elvira of Sicily|Elvira]]<br />[[Constance of Sicily, Dogaressa of Venice|Constance]]<br />[[Valdrada of Sicily|Valdrada]]
| birth_date   = 1138
| birth_place  = [[Lecce]] ([[Apulia]]), [[Kingdom of Sicily]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1194|2|20|1138|df=yes}}
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = [[La Magione, Palermo]]
}}

'''Tancred''' ({{langx|it|Tancredi}}; 1138{{snd}}20 February 1194) was [[List of Sicilian monarchs|King of Sicily]] from 1189 to 1194. He was born in [[Lecce]], an illegitimate son of [[Roger III, Duke of Apulia]] (the eldest son of [[Roger II of Sicily|King Roger II]]) by his mistress Emma, a daughter of [[Achard II, Count of Lecce]]. He inherited the title "Count of Lecce" from his grandfather and is consequently often referred to as '''Tancred of Lecce'''.  Due to his short stature and unhandsome visage, he was mocked by his critics as "The Monkey King".<ref>Lars Brownworth, The Normans: From Raiders to Kings</ref>

== Early career ==
After the death of Duke Roger, to prevent any future trouble, King Roger II kept Tancred and his younger brother William in close custody in Palermo.<ref>F. Giunta, ''Magnus comito Tancredus, Storiografia e storia, Studi in onore di Eugenio Dupré Theiseider II'', Roma 1976, 648.</ref>

On 9 March 1161, Tancred joined his uncle [[Simon, Prince of Taranto]], in invading the palace, detained the king and queen, [[William I of Sicily|William I]] and [[Margaret of Navarre (Sicilian queen)|Margaret]], and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims. Originally, the older of these two sons, [[Roger IV, Duke of Apulia]], was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself. Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless. The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer. Tancred was exiled to [[Constantinople]] and returned to Sicily in 1166 upon the accession of the new king, his cousin [[William II of Sicily|William II]].

In 1174, a large fleet, led by Tancred on behalf of William II, sailed to Egypt and [[Siege of Alexandria (1174)|briefly besieged]] the city of [[Alexandria]]. The Sicilians realised that their expected allies would not be coming (due to King [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]]'s death) and with [[Saladin]]'s army approaching they returned to their ships and sailed home.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]], ''A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100-1187'', Penguin Books, 1990, p. 403.</ref>

As William II was heirless, Tancred had a chance to claim the throne; to prevent this, in October 1184 William released his aunt [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]] from monastery, approved her marriage and designated her as his heir.<ref>''Gisleberti chronicon Hanoniense'', c. 33, ed. L. Vanderkindere, Bruxelles 1904, 66.</ref>

In June 1185, Tancred led a huge Sicilian fleet of 300 ships under the command of [[Richard, Count of Acerra]] his brother-in-law to Durazzo to attack the core of the Byzantine Empire. In August, surrounded by navy and army, Thessaloniki was occupied and looted. The Sicilian army was then heavily damaged by the army of the Byzantine emperor [[Isaac II]] and was annihilated on the way back to the Balkans, while the fleet of Tancred returned to Sicily unharmed.

In June 1186, Tancred and [[Margaritus of Brindisi]] led the Norman fleet to Cyprus, whose Byzantine governor, [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Comnenus]], had rebelled against Isaac II. They swiftly defeated the expeditionary force which Isaac II had sent against the rebels, capturing 70 warships. Margaritus was later made Count of [[Zakynthos]], [[Cephalonia]], and [[Ithaki]].

Tancred was the governor of Lecce, where he built the Church of St. Nicholas in Catado (1180), the St. Maria church complex near [[Squinzano]] and the important works in [[Otranto Cathedral]].

== Kingship ==
=== Accession ===
Despite having sworn fealty to Constance, as soon as William II died, in 1189, Tancred rebelled and seized control of the island. He was crowned early in 1190. His coup was backed by the vice chancellor [[Matthew d'Ajello]] and the official class, while the rival claims of Constance and her husband, [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], King of the Romans, were supported by most of the nobles.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tancred (Sicily)|display=Tancred|volume=26|page=395}}</ref> [[Roger of Andria|Roger, Count of Andria]], also a candidate for Sicilian throne, was among the supporters of Constance and Henry. Matthew d'Ajello managed to defame Roger, and in the same year [[Richard, Count of Acerra]] brother-in-law of Tancred tricked Roger into captivity and execution. Matthew also persuaded [[Pope Clement III]] to support Tancred, and Tancred appointed Matthew as chancellor.

=== Treaty with Richard ===
Tancred was a good soldier, though his tiny stature earned him the nickname "Tancredulus" from the poet chronicler [[Peter of Eboli]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Despite a measure of popular support, his rule faced daunting challenges right from the start.

In 1190, [[Richard I of England|King Richard I of England]] arrived in Sicily at the head of a large crusading army on its way to the Holy Land. Richard immediately demanded the release of his sister, William II's wife [[Joan of England, Queen consort of Sicily|Joan]], imprisoned by Tancred in 1189, along with every penny of her [[dowry]] and [[dower]] (in response of her vocal support of Germans). He also insisted that Tancred fulfil the financial commitments made by William II to the crusade. When Tancred balked at these demands, Richard seized a monastery and the castle of La Bagnara.

Richard was joined in Sicily by the French crusading army, led by [[Philip II of France|King Philip II]]. The presence of two foreign armies soon caused unrest among the locals. In October the people of [[Messina, Italy|Messina]] revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard responded by attacking Messina, which he captured on 4 October 1190. After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter.

Richard remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a treaty. According to the treaty's main terms:
*Joan was to be released, receiving her dower along with the dowry.
*Richard and Philip recognised Tancred as King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace among all three of their kingdoms.
*Richard officially proclaimed his nephew [[Arthur of Brittany]] as his heir presumptive, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time).

After signing the treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was [[Excalibur]] in order to secure their friendship.<ref>M. I. Finley, Denis Mack Smith and Christopher Duggan, A History of Sicily (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 65.</ref>

=== Contention with Constance ===
Having at last rid himself of the crusaders, Tancred next confronted the threat from the north. In April 1191 in [[Rome]], Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress of the Holy Roman Empire by [[Pope Celestine III]], and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily. Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds [[Capua]] and [[Aversa]].  [[Salerno]], once Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat. [[Naples]] offered the first resistance of the whole campaign, withstanding a siege with the help of [[Margaritus of Brindisi]]'s fleet, until much of the imperial army had succumbed to malaria and disease. Eventually the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison, as a sign that Henry would soon return.

Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in [[Messina]], an important prize given that Henry had every intention of returning. Tancred angrily blamed Constance for German invasion, but Constance, in her attire as empress, replied that she was taking back her dominion grabbed by Tancred. Despite this Tancred always treated his aunt, now detained, honourably with courtesy, which his wife [[Sibylla of Acerra|Queen Sibylla]] strongly opposed, believing this would implicitly acknowledge the claim of the latter. Constance was sent to Palermo supervised by Sibylla, eating with her and sleeping in her bedroom. Sibylla suggested that Constance be put to death after sensing that the citizens of Palermo seemed to sympathize with her or view her as the legal heiress of Sicily, but Tancred did not agree, worrying that this would harm his popularity; instead, he suggested Sibylla to consult with Matthew d'Ajello, and after receiving a letter written by Matthew d'Ajello in presence of Sibylla, he had Constance locked in [[Castel dell'Ovo]] in Naples to be better-guarded. With the empress in his hand Tancred initially wanted to force Henry into a cease-fire and would not permit her to be ransomed unless Henry recognized him. In 1192 he created Margaritus Count of Malta, perhaps for his unexpected success in capturing the empress. However, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiation advantage, that is, his aunt, in exchange for [[Pope Celestine III]] legitimizing him as King of Sicily. In turn, the Pope was hoping that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome, Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy, and he was still hoping to keep the empire and the kingdom from uniting. Under the Pope's threat of [[excommunication]], Tancred was forced to do so and gave Constance gifts. However, imperial soldiers were able to intervene at the borders of the Papal States before Constance made it to Rome; and they returned her safely across the [[Alps]] in summer 1192. So both Tancred and Pope effectively gained nothing from the captivity of the Empress.<ref>An introduction to the history of the principal states of Europe, Vol. 2, p. 129, Samuel Pufendorf (Freiherr von), Antoine Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière, Joseph Sayer</ref>

Henry had left garrisons along the frontiers of the Regno. Tancred now sought to win over the towns by extensive grants of privileges. At [[Gravina di Catania|Gravina]] (June 1192) he reinforced his papal support by surrendering the royal legateship over Sicily. In 1192 and 1193 he personally led successful campaigns against the [[Apulia]]n barons. But his death at [[Palermo]] (20 February 1194) two months after that of his young son and co-king, [[Roger III of Sicily|Roger III]], opened the way for Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily.<ref name="EB1911"/>

His widow, [[Sibylla of Acerra]], established a regency for their son, [[William III of Sicily|William III]], but Henry returned to Italy later that year, with his army financed by the lucrative ransom of Richard I. Naples surrendered in May, almost without a blow, and the rest of the Regno followed. Sibylla and the loyal Margaritus prepared to defend Palermo, but the citizens admitted the Emperor on 20 November 1194. Tancred's family fell into Henry's hands, and William III, rumoured castrated and blinded, seemed to have died in Germany in 1198.<ref name="EB1911"/> Henry also had the body of Tancred pulled out of his grave.<ref>Henry Morley, ''English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature'', vol.3, p. 161</ref>

== Family ==
Tancred's children with [[Sibylla of Acerra]] were: 
*[[Roger III of Sicily|Roger III]], [[duke of Apulia]] and king of Sicily
*[[William III of Sicily|William III]], duke of Apulia and king of Sicily
*[[Elvira of Sicily|Elvira]], countess of Lecce after the death of her brother; married firstly [[Walter III of Brienne]],<ref>''Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades'', transl. Martin Hall and Jonathan Philips(Mike Carr), ''Crusades: Volume 14'', ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis, Benjamin Z Kedar and Jonathan Phillips, (Ashgate Publishing, 2015), 248.</ref> secondly Giacomo Sanseverino, Count of Tricario, and thirdly Tigrini Guidi, Count of Modigliano (or Count Palatine in Tuscany?)
*[[Constance of Sicily, Dogaressa of Venice|Constance]], married [[Pietro Ziani]], later [[Doge of Venice]]
*Medania
*[[Valdrada of Sicily|Valdrada]], married [[Giacomo Tello]], later [[Doge of Venice]]

==Notes==
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2020}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Eric Böhme, 1190: A Letter from al-Mahdiyya Reports on a Muslim Uprising on Sicily, in: Transmediterranean History 6.1 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2024.6.1.78.
* John Julius Norwich, ''The Kingdom in the Sun'', reprinted as part of his ''The Normans in Sicily'', {{ISBN|0-14-015212-1}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William II of Sicily|William II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Sicily]]|regent1=[[Roger III of Sicily|Roger III]]|years=1189–1194}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[William III of Sicily|William III]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Geoffrey III, Count of Lecce|Geoffrey III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Count of Lecce]]|years=1181–1194}}
{{S-end}}
{{Monarchs of Sicily}}
{{Counts of Lecce}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1138 births|Tancred of Sicily]]
[[Category:1194 deaths|Tancred of Sicily]]
[[Category:12th-century kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:Counts of Lecce]]
[[Category:Italo-Normans]]
[[Category:Sicilian people of Norman descent]]
[[Category:Christians of the Third Crusade]]
[[Category:Hauteville family]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Counts of Malta]]