View source for The City of God

{{short description|Book by Augustine of Hippo}}
{{Other uses|City of God (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The City of God
| author = [[Augustine of Hippo]]
| language = [[Latin]]
| country = [[Western Roman Empire]]
| genre = [[Theology]]
| publisher =
| title_orig = De civitate Dei contra paganos
| translator =
| image = City of God Manuscript.jpg
| caption = ''The City of God'', opening text, manuscript {{circa|1470}}
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| series =
| subject = [[Christian philosophy]], [[Christian theology]]
| release_date = Completed work published [[AD]] 426
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Manuscript
| pages =
| oclc =
|dewey=239.3
|congress= BR65 .A64
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource = De civitate Dei
| wikisource        = The City of God
| orig_lang_code    = la
}}
{{Augustine}}
'''''On the City of God Against the Pagans''''' ({{langx|la|De civitate Dei contra paganos}}), often called '''''The City of God''''', is a book of [[Christian philosophy]] written in [[Latin language|Latin]] by [[Augustine of Hippo]] in the early 5th century [[AD]]. Augustine wrote the book to refute allegations that Christianity initiated the [[decline of Rome]] and is considered one of his seminal works, standing alongside the ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]'', the ''[[Enchiridion on Faith, Hope and Love|Enchiridion]]'', ''[[De doctrina Christiana|On Christian Doctrine]]'', and ''[[On the Trinity]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comstock |first=Patrick |title=Historical Context for City of God by Augustine |url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/city-god/context |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313045954/https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/city-god/context |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Columbia College}}</ref> As a work of one of the most influential [[Church Fathers]], ''The City of God'' is a cornerstone of [[Western thought]], expounding on many questions of theology, such as the suffering of the righteous, the [[existence of evil]], the conflict between [[Free will in theology|free will]] and divine [[omniscience]], and the [[doctrine]] of [[original sin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Brandon |date=July 2014 |title=Augustine: Advocate of Free Will, Defender of Predestination |url=https://sites.nd.edu/ujournal/files/2014/07/Peterson_05-06.pdf |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Research |via=University of Notre Dame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tornau |first=Christian |date=25 September 2019 |title=Saint Augustine |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/#toc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811233101/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/ |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome]] by the [[Visigoths]] in 410 left Romans in a deep state of shock, and many Romans saw it as punishment for abandoning [[Religion in ancient Rome|traditional Roman religion]] in favor of [[Christianity]]. In response to these accusations, and in order to console Christians, Augustine wrote ''The City of God'' as an argument for the truth of Christianity over competing religions and philosophies. He argues that Christianity was not responsible for the Sack of Rome but instead responsible for Rome's success. Even if the earthly rule of the Empire was imperiled, it was the City of God that would ultimately triumph. Augustine's focus was [[Heaven]], a theme of many Christian works of [[Late Antiquity]]. Despite Christianity's designation as the [[Edict of Thessalonica|official religion of the Empire]], Augustine declared its message to be spiritual rather than political. Christianity, he argued, should be concerned with the [[mystical]], heavenly city, the [[New Jerusalem]], rather than with earthly politics.

The book presents [[human history]] as a conflict between what Augustine calls the Earthly City (often colloquially referred to as the City of Man, and mentioned once on chapter 1 of book 15) and the City of God, a conflict that is destined to end in victory for the latter. The City of God is marked by people who forgo earthly pleasure to dedicate themselves to the eternal truths of God, now revealed fully in the Christian faith. The Earthly City, on the other hand, consists of people who have immersed themselves in the cares and pleasures of the present, passing world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |date=1951 |title=St. Augustine and the Christian Idea of Progress: The Background of the City of God |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707751 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=346–374 |doi=10.2307/2707751 |jstor=2707751 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:De Civitate Dei (The City of God) 1475.jpg|thumb|Woodcut depicting Augustine writing ''The City of God'']]
Augustine's thesis depicts the history of the world as universal warfare between God and [[Devil in Christianity#Augustine|the Devil]]. This [[metaphysical]] war is not limited by time but only by geography on Earth. In this war, God moves (by [[divine intervention]], [[Divine providence|Providence]]) those governments, political/ideological movements and military forces aligned (or aligned the most) with the Church (the City of God) in order to oppose by all means—including military—those [[sociopolitical]] [[regime]]s and movements of the Devil (the City of the World).

==Structure==
* Part I (Books I–X): a [[polemic]]al [[critique]] of Roman religion and philosophy, corresponding to the Earthly City
** Book I–V: A critique of pagan religion
*** Book I: a criticism of the [[pagan]]s who attribute the sack of Rome to Christianity despite being saved by taking refuge in Christian churches. The book also explains good and bad things happen to righteous and wicked people alike, and it consoles the women violated in the recent calamity.
*** Book II: a proof that because of the worship of the pagan gods, Rome suffered the greatest calamity of all, that is, moral corruption.
*** Book III: a proof that the pagan gods failed to save Rome numerous times in the past from worldly disasters, such as the [[Battle of the Allia|sack of Rome by the Gauls]].
*** Book IV: a proof that the power and long duration of the Roman empire was due not to the pagan gods but to the Christian God.
*** Book V: a refutation of the doctrine of fate and an explanation of the Christian doctrine of free will and its consistency with God's omniscience. The book proves that Rome's dominion was due to the virtue of the Romans and explains the true happiness of the Christian emperors.
** Book VI–X: A critique of pagan philosophy
*** Book VI: a refutation of the assertion that the pagan gods are to be worshipped for eternal life (rather than temporal benefits). Augustine claimed that even the esteemed pagan theologist [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] held the gods in contempt.
*** Book VII: a demonstration that eternal life is not granted by [[Janus]], [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]], and other select gods.
*** Book VIII: an argument against the [[Platonism|Platonists]] and their [[natural theology]], which Augustine views as the closest approximation of Christian truth, and a refutation of [[Apuleius]]' insistence of the worship of demons as mediators between God and man. The book also contains a refutation against [[Hermeticism]].
*** Book IX: a proof that all demons are evil and that only Christ can provide man with eternal happiness.
*** Book X: a teaching that the good angels wish that God alone is worshipped and a proof that no sacrifice can lead to purification except that of Christ.
* Part II (Books XI–XXII): discussion on the City of God and its relationship to the Earthly City
** Books XI–XIV: the origins of the two cities
*** Book XI: the origins of the two cities from the separation of the good and bad angels, and a detailed analysis of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1.
*** Book XII: answers to why some angels are good and others bad, and a close examination of the creation of man.
*** Book XIII: teaching that death originated as a penalty for Adam's sin, the [[fall of man]].
*** Book XIV: teachings on the original sin as the cause for future lust and shame as a just punishment for lust.
** Books XV–XVIII: the history or progress of the two cities, including foundational theological principles about Jews.
*** Book XV: an analysis of the events in Genesis between the time of [[Cain and Abel]] to the time of [[the flood]].
*** Book XVI: the progress of the two cities from [[Noah]] to [[Abraham]], and the progress of the heavenly city from Abraham to the [[Kings of Israel and Judah|kings of Israel]].
*** Book XVII: the history of the city of God from [[Samuel]] to [[David]] and to Christ, and Christological interpretations of the prophecies in [[Books of Kings|Kings]] and [[Psalms]].
*** Book XVIII: the parallel history of the earthly and heavenly cities from Abraham to the end. Doctrine of Witness, that Jews received [[prophecy]] predicting Jesus, and that Jews are dispersed among the nations to provide independent testimony of the [[Hebrew Scripture]]s.
** Books XIX–XXII: the deserved destinies of the two cities.
*** Book XIX: the end of the two cities, and the happiness of the people of Christ.
*** Book XX: the prophecies of the [[Last Judgment]] in the Old and New Testaments.
*** Book XXI: the eternal punishment for the city of the devil.
*** Book XXII: the eternal happiness for the saints and explanations of the [[resurrection]] of the body.

[[File:Archive-ugent-be-3A0957E6-A2DE-11E7-AD46-BFE519B1B84C DS-0643CB4E-184F-11E8-BA18-B9C515E3A8F4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Excerpt from a copy of the manuscript "The City of God", made by Jacobus De Stephelt in 1472.<ref>{{Cite web|title=De civitate Dei; Epigrammata in S. Maximinum|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:3A0957E6-A2DE-11E7-AD46-BFE519B1B84C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=21&xywh=-1176,-5,9520,5315|access-date=2020-08-26|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]

==Legacy==
{{Integralism}}
[[Pope John XXIII]] used Augustine's distinction between two cities as a summary of his assessment of the position of the Catholic Church in the late 1950s as he assumed [[papacy|papal office]]: on the one hand, "the grace of Christ" continues to bear fruit; on the other, many people are entirely concerned with securing earthly goods.<ref>Pope John XXIII, [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/it/speeches/1959/documents/hf_j-xxiii_spe_19590125_annuncio.html Allocuzione del Santo Padre Giovanni XXIII con la quale Annuncia il Sinodo Romano, il Concilio Ecumenico e l'Aggiornamento del Codice di Diritto Canonico], in Italian, delivered on 25 January 1959, accessed on 11 April 2025</ref>

Augustine's concept of world history guided by Divine Providence in a universal war between God and the Devil forms part of the official doctrine of the [[Catholic Church]], as stated in the [[Second Vatican Council]]'s Pastoral Constitution {{lang|la|[[Gaudium et spes]]}}:{{quote|"The Church&nbsp;... holds that in her most benign Lord and Master can be found the key, the focal point and the goal of man, as well as of all human history&nbsp;... all of human life, whether individual or collective, shows itself to be a dramatic struggle between good and evil, between light and darkness&nbsp;... The Lord is the goal of human history the focal point of the longings of history and of civilization, the center of the human race, the joy of every heart and the answer to all its yearnings."<ref>Holy See, [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html Gaudium et spes], paragraph 13, published on 7 December 1965, accessed on 12 April 2025</ref>}}

==English translations==
* ''The City of God''. Translation by William Babcock, notes by Boniface Ramsey. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2012.
* ''The City of God against the Pagans''. Translation by R. W. Dyson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-521-46475-7}}
* ''The City of God''. Translation by [[Henry Bettenson]]. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1972.
* ''The City of God: Volumes XVI–XVIII'' Translation by [[Eva Matthews Sanford]] with William M. Green. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 415, 1965.
* ''City of God''. Translation by William M. Green. Cambridge University Press, 1963
* ''The City of God''. Translation by Gerald G. Walsh, S. J., et al. Introduction by [[Étienne Gilson]]. New York: Doubleday, Image Books, 1958.
* ''The City of God''. Translation by [[Marcus Dods (theologian)|Marcus Dods]]. Introduction by [[Thomas Merton]]. New York: The Modern Library, a division of Random House, Inc., 1950. First published: 1871.
* ''The City of God''. Translation by [[John Healey (translator)|John Healey]]. Introduction by [[Ernest Barker]]. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1945.
* ''Of the Citie of God''. Translation by [[John Healey (translator)|John Healey]]. Notes by [[Juan Luis Vives]]. London: George Eld, 1610.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Horn, Christoph (1997). ''Augustinus. De civitate dei.'' Klassiker auslegen, vol. 11. Berlin: [[Akademie Verlag|Akademie-Verlag]], {{ISBN|3-05-002871-8}}.
* Vareille, Agnès (2023). ''Saint Augustin et l'écriture polyphonique. Citations classiques et genèse de la pensée dans la Cité de Dieu.''  Turnhout: Brepols, {{ISBN|9782851213280}} (see the English summary in the [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2024/2024.09.34 Review by James J. O'Donnell] at [[Bryn Mawr Classical Review]]).
* {{cite book |last1=Wetzel |first1=James|author-link=James Wetzel |title=Augustine's City of God: A Critical Guide |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57644-4  |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|De Civitate Dei|''De Civitate Dei''}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|The City of God|''The City of God''}}
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|la|De civitate Dei|''De civitate Dei''}}
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/august.html ''De civitate dei''] {{in lang|la}} – [[The Latin Library]].
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1201.htm ''The City of God''] – [[Marcus Dods (theologian)|Dods]] translation, New Advent. Excerpts only.
* {{librivox book|title=The City of God|author=Augustine of Hippo}} (Dods translation)
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102 ''The City of God''] – Marcus Dods translation, CCEL
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_197.html Lewis E 197 Expositio in civitatem dei S. Augustini (Commentary on St. Augustine's City of God) at OPenn]

'''Texts about the work'''
* [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/civ.html An introduction to ''The City of God'' by James J. O'Donnell]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City Of God (Book)}}
[[Category:5th-century books in Latin|City of God, The]]
[[Category:Prose texts in Latin|City of God, The]]
[[Category:Theodosian dynasty|City of God, The]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian texts|City of God, The]]
[[Category:5th-century Christianity]]
[[Category:Philosophy books]]
[[Category:Political thought in ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Works by Augustine of Hippo]]
[[Category:Christian theology books]]