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{{Short description|Type of Christian religious order}}

[[File:Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale's Golden book of famous women (1919) - St. Catherine of Siena (p. 239).jpg|300px|thumb|upright=2|[[Catherine of Siena]] (1347–1380), as a Dominican tertiary, lived outside religious institutions, and had a diplomatic career]]
The term '''third order''' signifies, in general, lay members of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[religious orders]], who do not necessarily live in a religious community such as a [[monastery]] or a [[nunnery]], and yet can claim to wear the [[religious habit]] and participate in the good works of a great order.<ref name=Jarrett>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14637b.htm Jarrett, Bede, Ferdinand Heckmann, Benedict Zimmerman, Livarius Oliger, Odoric Jouve, Lawrence Hess, and John Doyle. "Third Orders."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 July 2019}}</ref> [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]] all recognize third orders.

Third orders were a 12th-century adaptation of the medieval [[monastic]] [[confraternities]]. Members of third orders are known as tertiaries ([[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|tertiarii}}, from {{lang|la|tertius}}, "third"). In some cases, they may belong to a [[religious institute]] (a "[[Religious congregation|congregation]]") that is called a "third order regular".<ref>Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff, ''An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies'' (Liturgical Press 2007 {{ISBN|9780814658567}}), p. 1363</ref>

Roman Catholic [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] states: <blockquote>"Associations whose members share in the spirit of some religious institute while in secular life, lead an apostolic life, and strive for Christian perfection under the higher direction of the same institute are called third orders or some other appropriate name."<ref name="CCL303">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P11.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref></blockquote>

== Name ==
Religious orders that arose in the 12th-13th centuries often had a ''first order'' (the male religious, who were generally the first established), the ''second order'' (nuns, established second), and then the ''third order'' of laity who were established third. [[Saint Francis of Assisi]], for example, is said to have established the [[Friars Minor]], the [[Poor Clares]], and the [[Third Order of Saint Francis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brady |first1=Ignatius Charles |last2=Cunningham |first2=Lawrence |date=September 29, 2020 |title=St. Francis of Assisi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>

The term ''tertiary'' comes from the Latin {{lang|la|tertiarius}}, meaning "third". The term has been used for centuries to denote those who belonged to a third order. Tertiaries are those persons who live according to the Third Rule of religious orders, either outside of a monastery in the world, or in a religious community. The idea which forms the basis of this institute is typically that persons who, on account of certain circumstances cannot enter a religious order, may, nevertheless, as far as possible enjoy the advantages and privileges of religious orders. This is most clearly expressed in the Rule of the Third Order of St. Francis which, although not the oldest, has, nevertheless, become the model for the rule of almost all other Third Orders. Tertiaries are divided into Regular and Secular.<ref>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520b.htm Heckmann, Ferdinand. "Tertiaries." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 July 2019}}</ref>

In some cases the members of a third order, wishing to live in a more monastic and regulated way of life, became "regulars" ([[religious (Catholicism)|religious]] living under a rule, in [[Latin]], {{lang|la|regula}}) as members of a religious institute. These religious institutes or "[[Religious congregation|congregations]]" are classified as belonging to the third order ''regular''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
The old monastic orders had attached to their [[abbey]]s [[confraternity|confraternities]] of lay men and women, going back in some cases to the 8th century. The ''[[Durham Liber Vitae|Confraternity Book of Durham]]'' is extant and embraces some 20,000 names in the course of eight centuries. Emperors and kings and the most illustrious men in church and state were commonly confraters of one or other of the great [[Benedictine]] abbeys. The confraters and consorors were made partakers in all the religious exercises and other good works of the community to which they were affiliated, and they were expected in return to protect and forward its interests; but they were not called upon to follow any special rule of life.<ref name=Baber/>

The general idea of lay people affiliated to religious orders, such as the [[Benedictine]] [[Oblates]] or confraters developed as founders and benefactors of monasteries were received into spiritual fellowship, and later clothed in death in some religious habit. So too the [[Knights Templar|Templars]] had a whole system whereby layfolk could partake in some sort in their privileges and in the material administration of their affairs. But the essential nature of the tertiary is really an innovation of the thirteenth century.<ref name=Jarrett/>

At that date many of the laity, impatient of the indolent and sometimes scandalous lives of the clergy in lower Europe, were seized with the idea of reforming Christendom by preaching. This admirable intention caused the rise of among others, the [[Humiliati|Fratres Humiliati]].  The Humiliati soon became suspect and were forbidden by [[Pope Lucius III]] to preach, until in 1207 [[Pope Innocent III]] gave a section of them permission to resume their work, provided that they limited themselves to moral questions and did not venture on doctrinal subjects. Some became priests, were gathered into a cloister, and took up religious life. Others remained outside, yet spiritually dependent on the clerical portion, and for the first time called a Third Order.<ref name=Jarrett/> The Humiliati seem to have been the first to have 'tertiaries' in the twelfth century. These lived a rule of life within the world.

The name was used to a great extent in the Franciscan Order,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Franciscan history : the three orders of St. Francis of Assisi|last=Iriarte|first=Lazaro|publisher=Franciscan Herald Press|year=1982|isbn=0819908312|location=Chicago}}</ref> which possibly had the most popular third order. Other orders too had tertiaries such as the [[Trinitarians]] and the Dominicans. These were followed over time by a number of others such as the Carmelites, [[Servites]], Augustinians, [[Augustinian Recollects]], [[Discalced Carmelites]] and others. But by whatever name they were called in the inception, there have been lay persons who have professed to live according to either the Rule of the brothers adapted to their secular life or a rule drawn up particularly for them. They shared the same spirituality, the same superiors, and even aspects of the same habit such as the scapular. Eventually, the name "tertiary" became popularized and attached to all who lived in this way. There have been a number of beatified or canonized tertiaries.

With the advent of the Second Vatican Council came an elaboration of the lay vocation.  The lay vocation is a vocation distinct from that of the consecrated state. It involves the sanctification of ordinary life, of one's work, of family life, of all the various secular occupations. It is the leaven in the midst of the world to order the temporal world to God.

As the various third orders secular began to look at each of their houses after the Council they began to revise their Rules and Statutes. The Orders submitted their new Statutes or Rules or Constitutions to the Holy See for review and approbation. Thus the new Statutes etc. are steeped in the doctrine of the Council regarding the universal call to holiness and the theology of the lay vocation including the secular character of the laity. Various Orders have opted to change the name from "Third Order Secular" to "Secular Order" (or at least add it to usage) to emphasize the secular nature of the Order or they used the term "Lay or Laity" to the same effect. "Third order" and "tertiary" is still used but other names were added or used in a formal sense. The various documents show how the laity of the various Orders are part of the Order (or family etc.) but fully within their particular lay and secular state. They show how tertiaries are to live fully their Christian lay vocation, as well as how they are to live the charism of the Order they belong to within secular life. They also provide various means to tending towards holiness in the midst of the world, which very much is part of the vocation of the tertiary—to strive for Christian perfection (CIC 303).

=== Extant third orders secular of the Catholic Church ===

* [[Secular Augustinian Recollects|Third Order of Augustinian Recollects]]
* [[Third order#Third Order of Saint Augustine|Third Order of Saint Augustine]]
* [[Oblate#Secular oblates|Oblates of Saint Benedict]]
* [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites]]
* [[Third Order of Saint Dominic]]
* [[Third Order of Saint Francis]]
* [[Secular Franciscan Order]]
* [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Third Order of Mercy]]
* [[Minim (religious order)|Third Order of Minims]]
* [[Third order#Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity|Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity]]
* [[Premonstratensians|Third Order of Saint Norbert]]
* [[Lay Carmelites|Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]
* [[Association of Salesian Cooperators]]
* [[Servite Order|Third Order of Servites]]

There also are third or secular orders in the [[Protestant denominations]], such as the [[Anglican]] and [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]].

== Organisation ==
Members of third orders are thus either (a) ''regulars'', living in common under a religious rule of life, or (b) ''seculars'', living in the world. The regulars take the three [[canon law|canonical]] [[religious vows]]; the seculars make ''promises'', which are not considered binding under pain of sin, as are the vows of religious institutes, or in some cases may take ''private vows''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4E.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> of obedience and chastity or in some cases even [[poverty, chastity and obedience]] (all according to their lay state).<ref>Cf. Angelus a S.S. Corde, O.C.D., "Manuale juris communis Regularium", Ghent, 1899, q. 1067</ref> Their link with a religious institute is what distinguishes them from members of other "associations of the Christian faithful" and entitles their associations to be "called third orders or some other appropriate name".<ref name=CCL303/>

=== Membership ===
Any Roman Catholic, Lutheran or Anglican may join a Third Order of their respective religious tradition. The laying aside of the distinctive sign or prayers for any space of time does not in itself put an end to membership with a Third Order, but the deliberate wish to dissociate oneself from it is sufficient to produce that effect (S. Cong. Indulg., 31 January 1893).{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Roman Catholic third orders==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}

=== Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity ===
{{Main|Trinitarians#Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity}}

The [[Trinitarian Order|Order of the Most Holy Trinity]] was founded to ransom Christian Captives (especially those in danger of renouncing their faith).  There have been ''tertiaries'' of the ''Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives'' since the beginnings of the Order though they were known by many names.  Lay ''confreres'' were admitted already in 1198 by the permission of [[Pope Innocent III]]. Statutes attributed to William the Scotsman, the third Minister General of the Order (1217–1222), give some idea of the primitive organization of the Trinitarian Fraternity.<ref name=laity>[https://www.trinitari.org/en/trinitarian-sisters-and-laity/ "Trinitarian laity", Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives]</ref>

The first known ''Statutes of the Trinitarian Third Order'' were published in 1584, and were approved by the General of the Order, Father Bernard Dominici. The first ''Rule of Life'' for the Third Order attached to the Discalced Trinitarians was approved by Pope Leo XII on 6 June 1828.<ref name=laity/>

=== Third Order of Saint Francis ===
{{main|Third Order of Saint Francis#Catholicism}}

The preaching of St. [[Francis of Assisi]], as well as his own living example and that of his first disciples, exercised such a powerful attraction on the people that many married men and women wanted to join the First or the Second Order. This being incompatible with their state of life, St. Francis found a middle way: he gave them a rule animated by the Franciscan spirit.<ref name=Baber>{{EB1911|wstitle=Tertiaries|volume=26|pages=660–661|first=Edward Cresswell|last=Baber}}</ref>

The Third Order of St. Francis in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is part of the [[Franciscan]] family of religious orders. It is the best known and most widely distributed of the third orders, and has both regular and secular branches. The Third Order was created by Francis of Assisi, and was the exemplar after which the others were fashioned.<ref name=Baber/>

=== Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel ===
{{main|Lay Carmelites}}
The [[Lay Carmelites|Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] (also named Lay Carmelites) are the third order associated with the [[Carmelites]]. It was established in 1476 by a [[Papal bull|bull]] of [[Pope Sixtus IV]] and is known for devotion to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]], under her title as [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]. The Discalced branch is termed [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites]].

[[Image:Giovanni di Paolo The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine of Siena.jpg|thumb|''The [[Mystic Marriage]] of [[Saint]] [[Catherine of Siena]]'' by [[Giovanni di Paolo]], c. 1460 ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]]).]]

=== Third Order of Saint Dominic===
{{main|Third Order of Saint Dominic}}
This was one of the earliest developments of Saint Dominic's ''Ordo de Poenitentia''. It was not indeed the primal organism from which the [[Friars Preachers]] evolved, but rather represents that portion of the Order of Penance which came under Dominican influence. At first vaguely constituted and living without system or form, its members gradually grew more and more dependent on their spiritual guides. Their two greatest saints are [[Catherine of Siena]] and [[Rose of Lima]], who both lived ascetic lives in their family homes, and whose spiritual influence was great in their societies.

=== Third Order of Servites===
The [[Servite Order]] has had both a secular and regular Third Order. The secular Third Order was established in the United States in 1893.

The Sisters of the Third Order of Servites was founded by St. [[Juliana Falconieri]] of Florence, who received the habit c. 1385 from [[Philip Benizi]], then [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior]] General of the Servite friars. The Servite Sisters' traditional [[religious habit|habit]] consisted of a black [[tunic]], secured by a leather belt, and a white veil. The sisters devoted themselves especially to the care of the sick and other works of mercy; because the gown had short sleeves to facilitate work, people called the Sisters of the new order "[[Mantellate Sisters|Mantellate]]." There were, in the early 20th century, two congregations, with a membership of 400.

===Third Order of Saint Augustine===
These are the men and women who follow the spirit of the [[Rule of St. Augustine]] in their daily lives under the spiritual guidance of the Augustinian friars.

===Secular Augustinian Recollects===
The Secular Augustinian Recollects ({{langx|es|Agustinos Recoletos Seglares|}}) is the official Third Order of the [[Order of Augustinian Recollects]]. Today, the SAR is present in 19 countries in 111 Local Chapters with at least 3,500 members.

===Lay Discalced Augustinians===
The Lay Discalced Augustinians (formerly known as Hermandad de la Correa y de Santa Rita de Cascia) is one of the official Third Orders of the [[Order of Discalced Augustinians]]. It was founded on May 12, 2011, canonically constituted on November 18, 2018. As of March, 2023, the OAD Lay, has spanned across six countries and has 26 Local Chapters and continues to grow in the Philippines and abroad.

==Lutheran Churches==
There are in the Lutheran Church, [[Franciscan orders in Lutheranism|Lutheran Franciscan Third Orders]] in Germany, Sweden and North America, as well as other third orders, such as the [[Humiliatenorden]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

===Lutheran Franciscan Tertiaries===
In Germany, the Lutheran Franciscan Tertiaries, officially known as the Evangelische Franziskanerbruderschaft der Nachfolge Christi, were founded in 1927; they emphasize the [[Rule of Saint Francis]] and pray daily from their [[breviary]].<ref name="Brunn2015">{{cite book |last1=Brunn |first1=Stanley D. |title=The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics |date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-9376-6 |page=602 |language=en}}</ref>

===Franciskus Tredje Orden===
The Franciskus Tredje Orden is a Lutheran third order of the [[Church of Sweden]].
<ref name="Mike">{{cite web |last1=Mike |first1=Chaplain |title=Franciscan Friday: Franciscan and Lutheran {{!}} internetmonk.com |url=https://internetmonk.com/archive/89196 |publisher=Internet Monk |access-date=1 September 2020 |language=en |date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

==Anglican Communion==
Third orders in the Anglican Communion have in common that they are composed of both men and women, single and married, who are living and working in the world in their various life callings.

===Franciscan tradition===
{{Main|Third Order of Saint Francis#Anglicanism}}

====Third Order, Society of St. Francis====
The Third Order (TSSF) of the [[Society of St. Francis]] was founded in 1950.<ref name="ssf">[[Society of St. Francis]]</ref> The TSSF consists of lay and ordained people. It is divided into five provinces: Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the Americas.<ref name="tssf">{{cite web|url=http://www.tssf.org|title=Third Order of Franciscans|website=Third Order of Franciscans}}</ref>

====Third Order, Franciscan Order of the Divine Compassion====
The Franciscan Order of the Divine Compassion (FODC) was founded in the United States in 1981. Its third order is also known as the Brothers and Sisters of Penance.

===Dominican tradition===
====Anglican Order of Preachers====
{{main|Anglican Order of Preachers}}
The Anglican Order of Preachers is the primary manifestation of Dominican spirituality within the Anglican Communion, which has no primary [[Anglican religious orders|religious orders]] in the Dominican tradition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicandominicans.com/vocations.html|title=Brothers & Sisters|publisher=Anglican Order of Preachers|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> It holds to a third order-style structure for all of its members, who follow the Dominican Rule, and are a designated 'Christian Community' (secular religious order).

===Other traditions===
====Third Order of St. Andrew====
The Order of Saint Andrew is an Anglican ecumenical order. Any member in good standing of any Christian Church in apostolic succession may make application to join.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osa-anglican.org/|title=The Order of Saint Andrew: An Anglican ecumenical religious order of both men and women, single and married|website=www.osa-anglican.org|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Oblate]]
* [[Secular institute]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Tertiaries|volume=26|pages=660–661|first=Edward Cresswell|last=Baber}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14637b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Third Orders] & [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520b.htm Tertiaries]

==External links==
=== Roman Catholic ===
* [http://www.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_30121988_christifideles-laici_en.html Pope John Paul II, ''Christifedelis Laici'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 30 December 1988] 
* [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ National Fraternity of the Secular Franciscan Order in the U.S.A.]
* [http://www.trinitarians.org/about/laity.html Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034105/http://www.trinitarians.org/about/laity.html |date=27 July 2011 }}
* [http://www.trinitari.org/Inglese/L%27ordine/Documenti%20-%20Progetto%20di%20vita%20del%20Laicato%20Trinitario.html Secular Trinitarian Way -Third Order of the Holy Trinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605011510/http://www.trinitari.org/Inglese/L%27ordine/Documenti%20-%20Progetto%20di%20vita%20del%20Laicato%20Trinitario.html |date=5 June 2010 }}
* [http://www.vocationnetwork.org VocationNetwork.org] Information about various Catholic religious vocations, including Third Order.
* [http://www.saintbruno.org International Fellowship of St. Bruno] A De Facto Association whose members are Carthusian Oblates in spirit, the Order has yet to approve an official Third Order

===Third Order, Society of St. Francis, Anglican Communion===
* [http://www.tssf.org.au Province of Australia, Papua New Guinea and East Asia]
* [http://www.tssf.org.uk/ European Province]
* [http://www.tssf.org/ Province of the Americas]

{{Lay Cath Spirituality}}

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[[Category:Third orders| ]]