View source for Udege people

{{Short description|Indigenous group in Russian Far East}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Udege
| native_name = {{lang|ude|Удиэ}}; {{lang|ude|Удиһе}} 
| native_name_lang = ude
| image = [[Image:Udege Family.jpg|200px]]
| image_alt = Four people behind them a forest. Two to the left are seated on a log. One on the right is standing.  The person in the center is holding a baby.  The person to the right is holding a rifle.
| population = 1,538 (2002–2010)
| popplace = Russia: [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Primorsky Krai]]
| region1 = Russia
| pop1 = 1,496
| ref1 =<ref>[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| region2 = Ukraine
| pop2 = 42
| ref2 =<ref name="2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua">[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census] (Ukrainian)</ref>
| langs = {{Flatlist|
* Russian
* [[Udege language|Udege]]
}}
| rels = [[Shamanism]]
| related = [[Nanai people]], [[Oroch people]], and other [[Tungusic peoples]]
}}
The '''Udege''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|Удэгейцы}}; {{langx|ude|удиэ}} or {{lang|ude|удиһе}}, or Udihe, Udekhe, and Udeghe correspondingly) are a native people of the [[Primorsky Krai]] and [[Khabarovsk Krai]] regions in Russia. They live along the tributaries of the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri]], [[Amur River|Amur]], [[Gur (river)|Khungari]], and [[Anyuy River (Khabarovsk Krai)|Anyuy]] Rivers.  The Udege speak the [[Udege language]], which belongs to the [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic language family]]. Their religious beliefs include [[animism]], [[animal worship]], and [[shamanism]].  The Udege are mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and [[ginseng]] harvesting. According to the 2002 census, there were 1,657 Udege in Russia, a slight increase from 1,500 in 1970. This was down to 1,496 Udege in Russia in the 2010 census. They are one of the closest ethnic groups to the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] and [[Nanai people|Nanai]], and are possibly of [[Wild Jurchens|Xi Yeren Jurchen]] origin.

The largest settlements of Udege are in:
* Khabarovsk krai: Gvasiugi ([[Imeni Lazo District]]) and Arsenievo ([[Nanaysky District]])
* Primorsky krai: [[Agzu]] ([[Terneysky District]]), Krasny Yar and Olon ([[Pozharsky District]])

Since the advent of [[Perestroika]], the Udege, led by [[Pavel Sulyandziga]], have been actively involved in the struggle for control over their traditional territories along the [[Bikin (river)|Bikin River]]. A central objective has been the establishment of a [[Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use]] of federal status, which was proposed in cooperation with the national umbrella organisation [[Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North|RAIPON]] and the Russian [[Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography]] but failed to be approved by the authorities.<ref name=cerd>[http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/RU/RAIPON_IWGIA_RUS_UPR_S4_2009anx_Indigenous_Peoples_Russia_RAIPON_INFOE_2008.pdf Discrimination against indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation]. (Parallel report submitted to the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination#Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], [[RAIPON]], June 13, 2008)</ref>

According to the [[2001 Ukrainian census]], out of 40 Udeges living in [[Ukraine]], only 8 declared [[Udege language|Udege]] as their native language. Most of the Udeges in Ukraine indicated Russian (19) or Ukrainian (6) as their native language. 7 of them named another language.<ref name="2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua"/>

== Ethnonyms ==
Until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Russian and Western researchers did not separate Udege and [[Oroch people|Oroch]], considering them one people (often called ''Orochoni''). The first who alleged their ethnic separation was S. N. Brailovsky ({{langx|ru|Сергей Николаевич Браиловский}}). He was also the first to introduce the [[ethnonym]] Udihe, Udiheitsi ({{langx|ru|link=no| удээ, удэхэ, удихэ}}),<ref>[[s:ru:НЭС/Браиловский, Сергей Николаевич]]</ref><ref>Браиловский, Сергей Николаевич , [https://pgpb.ru/digitization/detail/5832/ Тазы или yguhэ: опыт этнографического исследования], 1902</ref> which became an official, in particular autoethnonym already in the 1930s. Until that time, the Udege did not have a common self-name. Each territorial group had its own self-name: Hungarian – Hungake, Bikinska – Bikinka, Anyuyska – Uninka, and so on.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-13|title=Supporting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia|url=http://www.nsu.ru/ip/udeg.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313105611/http://www.nsu.ru/ip/udeg.php|archive-date=2012-03-13|language=ru}}</ref>

Also known is the [[Endonym and exonym|eхonym]] Udege Kekari ({{langx|ru|link=no|кекари}}) — so called udege neighboring peoples, mainly Orochi and Manchzhur, and this term is sometimes found in Western and [[Russian literature]].

They were called Qiakala (恰喀拉, {{langx|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠᡵᠠ}}}} {{tlit|mnc|kiyakara}}) by the [[Qing dynasty]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Расселение удэгейцев в ДФО по городским и сельским поселениям, в %.png|Settlement of Udege in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Qiakala people (恰喀拉).jpg|left|"Qiakala" people (恰喀拉), [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] designation of the Udege. [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]], 1769
File:Удэгейская женщина с реки Максимовка (Кусун). Костюм туземный, обувь китайская. Начало XX века.jpg|Udege woman
File:Один из первых фотоснимков удэгейского стойбища, сделанный В. К. Арсеньевым, с его автографом. 1906 г.jpg|Udege village, 1906
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{History of Russian Manchuria}}
{{Commons category|Udeghe}}

* Maksim Russo. [https://polit.ru/article/2019/03/10/ps_udihe/ Map of languages of Russia: Udege] ([[Polit.ru]], 10 March 2019)
* http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Udege.html


{{Tungusic peoples}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tungusic peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Siberia]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
[[Category:People from Khabarovsk Krai]]
[[Category:People from Primorsky Krai]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Siberia]]