View source for Urien

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Urien Rheged
| image        = Arms of Rhys ap Thomas.svg
| alt          = Arms of Rhys ap Thomas of Abermarlais, which were attributed to Urien
| caption      = Arms of [[Rhys ap Thomas]] ({{died in|1525}}), [[Attributed arms|attributed]] to Urien, with whom Rhys claimed kinship<ref>{{harvnb|Flood|2016|pp=138-141}}</ref>
| native_lang1 = [[Common Brittonic]]
| succession   = King of [[Rheged]]?
| birth_date   = {{circa|520}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|p=91|loc=note 57}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1963|pp=41-42}}</ref>
| death_date   = {{circa|572 x 592}}/after 597?
| reign        = {{circa|550? – 572 x 592}}/after 597?<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|p=}}</ref>
| predecessor  = Cynfarch Oer?
| successor    = [[Owain ab Urien]]?
| spouse       = [[Modron|Modron ferch Afallach]] (legendary)
| issue        = {{ubl|''Children in early sources:''|[[Owain ab Urien]]|Rhun ab Urien|Pasgen ab Urien|Elffin ab Urien|''Children in late sources:''|Rhiwallon ab Urien|[[Morfydd ferch Urien|Morfudd ferch Urien]] |''Various other legendary children''}}
| dynasty      = [[House of Rheged|Cynferchyn]] ([[Coel Hen|Coeling]]?){{efn|The name of Urien's kindred is variously spelt as Cynferchyn, Cynferching, or Cynfeirching depending on the source. Cynfeirching reflects 'double i-affection', with the vowel -e- changed to -ei- because of the -i- following it, while Cynferchyn/Cynferching does not, and is more common. However, none of these are wrong. For examples of these names, see {{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=93, 94, 98, 587 for 'Cynferchyn', but 119, 238 for 'Cynfeirching'}}; {{harvnb|Guy|2020|p=483}}. Ben Guy uses 'Cynferchyn', but the editors of ''Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion'' (following [[Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr]]) use 'Cynferching'. See {{harvnb|Jones|Parry Owen|1991|p=61, poem 5, line 66}}. On 'double affection', see {{harvnb|Jackson|1953|pp=591-592}} On the Welsh dynastic suffix -''in''/-''yn''/-''yng'', either derived from a native [[Proto-Celtic]] *-''icn''- or from [[Old English]] -''ingas'', see {{harvnb|Sims-Williams|2003|pp=157-158}}.}}
| father       = Cynfarch Oer ap Meirchion Gul
| mother       = Nefyn ferch [[Brychan Brycheiniog]] (legendary)
| death_place  = Aber Lleu ([[Budle_Bay|Ross Low]], [[Northumberland]]){{efn|One 'Aber Lleu' (mouth of the river Lleu) is mentioned as the spot where Urien is murdered in some of the later material concerning the man. Jenny Rowland rejects Ifor William's  identification of Aber Lleu with Ross Low opposite Lindisfarne, citing the dialectical English word ''low'' meaning 'a shallow pool left in the sand by the receding tide'. This place-name element occurs repeatedly in other Northumbrian place-names. See {{harvnb|Rowland|1990}}, p. 91, n. 62 for discussion on the name, p. 423, 'Efrddyl' §30–31 for mention of the place in the text. However, [[Patrick Sims-Williams]] finds this argument unconvincing, as it is 'too much to be coincidence, especially considering that the poet's Early Old Welsh form of {{lang|cy|Lleu}} would presumably have been {{lang|owl|Lou}}.' Instead, Sims-Williams derives the 'Low' in Ross Low from the Brittonic word behind Welsh {{lang|cy|llwch}}, Old Welsh {{lang|owl|luch}} 'lake, pool, stagnant water, marsh,' which is loaned into the very English of that area in the Lindisfarne Gospels as {{lang|ang|luh}} glossing Latin {{lang|la|fretum}} 'strait, sound, channel' and {{lang|la|stagnum}} 'pond, swamp, fen, pool.' The loss of final -''ch'' from Welsh to English is due to the fact that Old English would have weakened the sound to -''h'' and then lost it entirely. See {{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=39–41}}.}}
{{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
}}
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles_label = Conflicts<br><br><br>Battles
| battles       = [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|Migration-period Britain]]<hr>[[Battle of Alclud Ford]]<br>[[Battle of Argoed Llwyfain]]<br>[[Battle of Catraeth]]? {{resize|{{circa|(570?)}}}}<br>[[Gweith_Gwen_Ystrat|Battle of Gwen Ystrad]]
}}
}}
'''Urien ap Cynfarch Oer''' ({{IPA|cy|ˈɨ̞riɛn ap ˈkənvarχ oːɨ̯r}}) or '''Urien Rheged''' ({{IPA|cy|ˈɨ̞riɛn ˈr̥ɛɡɛd}}, [[Old Welsh]]:  {{lang|owl|Urbgen}} or {{lang|owl|Urbagen}}, {{IPA|owl|ɨ̞rβ(ə)ˈɣɛn}}) was a powerful sixth-century [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]]-speaking figure who was possibly the ruler of the territory or kingdom known as [[Rheged]]. He is one of the best-known and best documented of the [[Ancient Britons|British]] figures of the '[[Yr Hen Ogledd|Old North]]'.<ref name=Koch1721>{{harvnb|Koch|2006|pp=1721-1722|loc=vol. 5}}, "Urien of Rheged"</ref>{{efn|{{lang|cy|Yr Hen Ogledd}} or 'the Old North' is a term coined by modern scholarship to refer to the formerly British Celtic-speaking regions in what is today the north of England and south of Scotland, which loomed large in the literature of later medieval Wales and stories about which helped to form Welsh self-conceptions of identity in the Middle Ages. Marged Haycock says: "[t]he term gained currency from the late 1960s: ‘the old North’ is used by [[J. E. Caerwyn Williams]] [in 1968]... but neither this nor the Welsh phrase was used by [[Ifor Williams]] in the original Welsh edition in 1960. Elsewhere, Ifor Williams used {{lang|cy|Gogledd Coll}} (the Lost North) [in 1938]... [t]he term ‘British North’ used in the first edition of the triads in 1961 is replaced by {{lang|cy|yr Hen Ogledd}} and ‘Old North’ in subsequent editions." See {{harvnb|Haycock|2020|p=54, note 9}}.}} His kingdom was most likely centred around the [[Solway Firth]].{{efn|This is based upon an off-hand remark in a poem by the twelfth-century poet [[Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd]] to an imaginary journey to [[Carlisle|{{lang|wlm|'[C]aer Lliwelyt'|italic=unset|nocat=yes}}]] in '{{lang|wlm|Reged|italic=unset}}' and an obscure reference to the '{{lang|wlm|Merin Reget|italic=unset}}' in a thirteenth-century prophecy attributed to [[Taliesin]]. See {{harvnb|Charles-Edwards|2013|p=10}}. The reference in the latter poem is {{lang|wlm|Dydyccawt eniwet / tra Merin Reget; / perif perchen ket / gwledychawt yn Eluet; / hael hydyr y dylif, / goruawr y gynnif. / Wrth awyr volif / Katwaladyr gweith heinif.}} 'He will carry suffering beyond the Firth of Rheged; a lord (who is the) owner of gift(s) shall rule in Elfed; a generous one, strong his strategy, mighty his struggle. To the skies shall I praise Cadwaladr, energetic in battle.' See {{harvnb|Haycock|2013a|pp=158-159, poem 8, lines 79-86}}. In a different paper, Haycock suggests that 'merin Rheged' is paralleled in the mention of [[Llywelyn ab Iorwerth]] going 'tra merin' in a poem by [[Elidir Sais]], which may perhaps be an oblique reference to his joining a campaign of [[John, King of England|King John of England]] (Llywelyn's overlord and eventual father-in-law) against the Scots in 1209. See {{harvnb|Haycock|2013b|loc=note 32}}. The former reference to Rheged by Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd is as follows: {{lang|wlm|Arglwyt nef a llaỽr, Gwaỽr Gwyndodyt, / Mor bell o Geri Gaer Lliwelyt! / Esgynneis ar uelyn o Uaelyenyt / Hyd y nhir Reged rỽg nos a dyt.}} 'Lord of heaven and earth, Prince of the men of Gwynedd, how far from Ceri [is] Carlisle! I rode on a yellow [horse] from [[Maelienydd]] until the land of Rheged, between night and day.' See {{harvnb|Bramley|Owen|1994|p=119, poem 6, lines 34-37}}.}} According to the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' ({{circa|829-30 AD}}), Urien gained the decisive advantage in a conflict against the [[Anglo-Saxons]] in northern Britain led an alliance with three other kings: [[Rhydderch Hen]], [[Gwallog ap Llênog]], and [[Morcant Bulc|Morgan]]. The alliance led by Urien penned the Anglo-Saxons in at [[Lindisfarne]], though this siege came to an abrupt end when Urien was murdered on the orders of his erstwhile ally Morgan.<ref name=Morris79>{{harvnb|Morris|1980|p=79, §63}}</ref> 

The most secure evidence for his existence comes the ''Historia Brittonum'' and eight [[Panegyric|praise-poems]] in [[Middle Welsh]] dedicated to him surviving in a [[Book of Taliesin|fourteenth-century manuscript]]. Despite their being found in Middle Welsh orthography, the poems may possibly reflect earlier material, even material contemporaneous to Urien.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodway|2013|p=14}}</ref> One of these poems is explicitly attributed to the famed [[bard|poet]] [[Taliesin]] in the manuscript.{{efn|This poem is 'Yspeil Taliessin', see {{harvnb|Gwenogvryn Evans|1910|pp=62·16, 63·16}}. Note that Gwenogvryn's notes and 'translation' are hopelessly speculative, and were very negatively received by subsequent scholars, with [[John Morris-Jones]] even describing his interpretation as 'one huge mistake'. See {{harvnb|Morris-Jones|1918|p=149}}. Nevertheless, despite the deficiencies in Gwenogvryn Evans' translation and notes, his is the only published facsimile of the ''Book of Taliesin'' (and it is a good edition, too), but his notes and interpretation should not at all be regarded as reliable. See {{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=xv}}.}} Taliesin is understood to have been a contemporary of Urien due to the testimony of the ''Historia Brittonum'', which roughly synchronises the poet's career to the reign of Ida of Bernicia (547 x 549), as well as the strong association some of the {{lang|cy|[[Beirdd y Tywysogion]]}} ({{circa|1100-1283}}) give between Taliesin and Urien.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|1980|p=78, §62}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jones|Parry Owen|1991|p=298, poem 24, line 153-4n}}</ref> The early material paints Urien as a ferocious warrior and a major political figure in his time, conquering [[Picts]], [[Anglo-Saxons]], and [[Ancient Britons|Britons]] of the 'Old North' alike.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=xlv-xlviii}}</ref> He may also have been the leader of the force opposing the men commemorated in the ''[[Y Gododdin|Gododdin]]'' who were killed in the [[Battle of Catraeth]].<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxix-xlii}}</ref> In addition to this earlier material, Urien and his family feature heavily elsewhere in later [[medieval Welsh literature|medieval literature from Wales]]. 

Outside of the Welsh context, he was later transformed in [[Arthurian legend]] into the figure of king Urien of Garlot or Gorre.<ref name=Bruce481>{{harvnb|Bruce|1999|p=481|loc="Urien"}}</ref> His most celebrated son, [[Owain mab Urien|Owain]], likewise gave his name to the Arthurian character of [[Ywain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bruce|1999|pp=502-503|loc="Yvain<sup>1</sup>"}}</ref>

==Problems of interpretation==
As with almost all figures of the [[History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England|early Middle Ages in Britain]], the greatest difficulty when attempting to reconstruct Urien's life and career is how to interpret and reconcile our varied, late, and sometimes obscure, corrupt, or confused sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Haycock|2020|pp=53-70}}</ref> The only place associated with him which can be located securely is the place of his besieging of [[Theodric of Bernicia|Theodric]], which was [[Lindisfarne]].{{efn|This is because the name the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' gives the place where Theodric was besieged is the same as where it records [[Cuthbert]] as dying, who was bishop of Lindisfarne, though in reality Cuthbert did not die there but rather on [[Farne_Islands|Inner Farne]]. See {{harvnb|Morris|1980|pp=79-80, §63, 65}}.}}{{efn|For an overview of place-names in the Urien material, see {{harvnb|Haycock|2020|pp=54–59}}.}}{{efn|For problems with the place-name 'Yrechwydd' (apparently a core region of Urien's) specifically, see {{harvnb|Russell|2020|p=}}.}} Nevertheless, the other places which appear in conjunction with him are generally identified with places in the north of England and south of Scotland.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=xxxvii-xlvii}}; {{harvnb|Haycock|2020|pp=54–59}}</ref>

Another difficulty with outlining Urien's career is that the poetry to him contained in the [[Book of Taliesin]], possibly from his own time, does not contain much in the way of narrative or readily usable information about Urien and his deeds; instead, it ambiguously recalls events and extols Urien's virtues, leaving scholars to piece together any kind of reconstruction of events.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=ix-xiv}}</ref> Likewise, beyond a general dating of the late sixth century, Urien's date of death (which is not memorialised in surviving panegyric) is very difficult to establish due to confused chronology of the ''Historia Brittonum''. Due to the difficulties of this text, modern scholarship suggests Urien's death could have happened as early as 572 AD to as late as after [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine's]] mission to the [[Kingdom of Kent]] in 597.<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=25-56}}</ref> Setting problems of the interpretation of the material concerning Urien aside, it is clear that he was (or at least was taken to be in later times) a very important figure of the late sixth century, but because of these difficulties, it is best to judge each surviving source concerning him individually rather than smooth over problems or contradictions with each to create a cohesive narrative combining them all.<ref>{{harvnb|Haycock|2020|pp=66-67}}</ref>

==Early Welsh material==

===Material found in Harley MS 3859===
The earliest material giving evidence of Urien is to be found in [[Harley MS]] 3859, a manuscript copied {{circa|1100}} in [[St Augustine's Abbey|Saint Augustine's]], [[Canterbury]], or in an associated centre, possibly even across the Channel.<ref>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|pp=52-53}}</ref> Together with various Classical texts, it contains the 'Harleian Genealogies' as well as a copy of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' (written in 829-30 in [[Gwynedd]]) and the ''[[Annales Cambriae]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Dumville|2002|p=vii}}</ref> This manuscript is celebrated among Welsh manuscripts because of its early date and the material concerning the early Middle Ages found within it.<ref>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|p=51}}</ref> The Welsh material in Harley 3859 probably was compiled together in the exemplar of this manuscript, which was most likely written around 954 at [[St Davids]] in the reign of [[Owain ap Hywel Dda]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dumville|2002|p=59}}</ref> However, the genealogies were probably first composed before 872 in Gwynedd at the court of Owain's ancestor [[Rhodri Mawr]] to support the legitimacy of this dynasty to rule over Gwynedd and the [[Isle of Man]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|pp=60-79}}</ref>

====The 'Harleian Genealogies'====
Urien's genealogy in Harley MS 3859 gives his patrilineal descent as 'Urien son of Cynfarch son of Meirchion son of Gwrwst son of [[Coel Hen]].'{{efn|HG[§8] {{lang|owl|[U]rbgen map Cinmarc map Meirchia[un] map Gurgust map Coil Hen.|italic=unset}} On this, see {{harvnb|Guy|2020}}, p. 335 for Urien's patriline just cited, and chapter 2 for the dating of the genealogies.}} His earliest recorded ancestor, Coel Hen,  functioned as an origin point for many of the northern [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic-speaking]] dynasties of the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|early Middle Ages in Britain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|2006|pp=458-459|loc=vol. 2}}, "Coel Hen"</ref> In modern scholarship, it is not generally held that Coel was an important historic figure or truly the ancestor of all these families, especially those extraneous dynasties given descent from him in the much later fifteenth century genealogical tracts titled {{lang|cy|[[Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd]]}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|p=427}}</ref><ref name=Koch1721/> Since the 'Coeling' first appear in genealogies together in Harley MS 3859 with the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'', which narrates the end of Urien's career, it is thought the compiler of the genealogies joined together the lineages of all the British (''i.e.'' [[Cumbric|'Welsh']]-speaking) leaders mentioned in the ''Historia Brittonum'' to add context to the narrative.<ref name=Guy6667>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|pp=66-67}}</ref> Nothing is known of Urien's father Cynfarch, though he may have ruled over Rheged since later material makes reference to the family of the Cynferchyn (''i.e.'', descendants of Cynfarch), which suggests he was important enough to be treated as an ancestor-figure.{{efn|See {{harvnb|Jones|Parry Owen|1991|pp=61, poem 5, line 66, and 298, poem 24, line 153}} It has been asserted that Urien was a (possibly Pictish!) interloper, therefore, Cynferch may never have ruled. See {{harvnb|Parker|2022|pp=17–21}}.}}

====Narrative in the ''Historia Brittonum''====
[[File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=A map of northern Britain from c. 550-650 AD|Places mentioned in early Welsh sources concerning Urien's period]]

{{blockquote|text=
{{lang|la|Contra ill[os] quattuor reges, Urbgen, et Riderchhen, et Guallauc, et Morcant, dimicaverunt. Deodric contra illum Urbgen cum filiis dimicabat fortiter. In illo autem tempore aliquando hostes, nunc cives vincebantur, et ipse conclusit eos tribus diebus et tribus noctibus in insula Metcaud et, dum erat in expeditione, jugulatus est, Morcanto destinante pro invidia, quia in ipso prae omnibus regibus virtus maxima erat instauratione belli.}}<ref name=Morris79/>{{efn|While [[John_Morris_(historian)|John Morris]]' edition, following that of [[Theodor Mommsen]], does read ''illum'' 'against him', [[Patrick Sims-Williams]] notes that this is an emendation of the original text, which reads ''illos'' 'against them'. See {{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=31-32}}.}} 
Against them [''i.e.'' [[Hussa of Bernicia|Hussa]] and his predecessors] four kings fought: Urien, and [[Rhydderch Hen]], and [[Gwallog ap Llênog|Gwallog]], and [[Morcant Bulc|Morgan]]. [[Theodric of Bernicia|Theodric]] used to fight bravely against that Urien with his sons, yet at that time sometimes the enemies, sometimes the citizens used to be vanquished. And he [Urien] shut them [the enemies] up for three days and three nights in the island of [[Lindisfarne]] and, while he was on [this?] campaign, he was slain at the instigation of Morgan out of jealousy, because beyond all other kings he [Urien] had the greatest skill in renewing war.<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|p=33}}</ref>
|multiline=yes
|author='[[Nennius]]'
|title=''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' §63, translation by [[Patrick Sims-Williams]].
}}

The ''Historia Brittonum'' is our only 'historical' record of Urien, though its usefulness for reconstructing history is often doubted, as it was compiled and adapted hundreds of years after Urien's death from various sources.{{efn|
See the essays (especially I and II) in {{harvnb|Dumville|1990|p=}}. For a recent speculative critical assessment of the ''Historia Brittonum'', see {{harvnb|Parker|2022}}.}} Interestingly, in a later prologue attached to the text, the author of the ''Historia Brittonum'' claims to have assembled his text based on the work of [[Rhun ab Urien|Rhun]], Urien's son, who is also credited with baptising [[Edwin of Northumbria]], together with (or identical to) [[Paulinus of York]], though this attribution is spurious.<ref name=Morris79/><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1963|p=33}}</ref>{{efn|On the invalidity of attributing the text to 'Nennius', see {{harvnb|Dumville|1990|p=}}. For an objection to this rejection of Nennian authorship, see {{harvnb|Guy|2015|p=}}.}} Based on [[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Bede]] and a Northumbrian source [[David Dumville]] called ‘the Anglian collection of royal genealogies and regnal lists’, the text synchronises Urien's life to the reign of [[Theodric of Bernicia|Theodric]] (r. 572-579) and [[Hussa of Bernicia]] (r. 585-92).<ref name=Morris79/>

In this narrative, Urien took hostile action against Theodric, together with [[Rhydderch Hen]], [[Gwallog ap Llênog]], and [[Morcant Bulc|Morgan]], who are (excluding Rhydderch) all recorded as descendants of Coel in the genealogies contained in the same manuscript.<ref name=Guy6667/> Echoing [[Gildas]], it is said that the conflict between the Britons and the Saxons went back and forth, but Urien and his allies eventually gained the upper hand and besieged Theodric on [[Lindisfarne]] (Old Welsh: {{lang|owl|Medcaut}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=34-35}}</ref> Urien, however, was killed at the instigation of Morgan, who, according to the author of the ''Historia Brittonum'', was jealous of Urien's martial ability.<ref name=Morris79/> As Morgan is supposed to have come from [[Bernicia]], a nearby territory to Lindisfarne, it has been suggested that Morgan at that moment felt more as threatened by Urien's powerful presence near his home than by the weakened Theodric.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|2022|pp=19-20}}</ref>

However, Hussa (not just Theodric) is directly described as Urien's foe in the first sentence, which leads to difficulties of interpretation.<ref>{{harvnb|Lovecy|1976|p=33}}</ref> [[Kenneth_H._Jackson|Kenneth Jackson]] suggested this meant either that Urien fought against Theodric and Hussa before the latter's reign or that the chronology here is wrong and that the narrative refers to the reigns of Ida's sons in general.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1953|pp=707-708}}</ref> Ian Lovecy understood the reference to Theodric as a long parenthesis indicating that formerly the struggle went both ways, but not in Urien's last campaign against Hussa.<ref>{{harvnb|Lovecy|1976|pp=31-45}}</ref> [[David Dumville]] understood the text to refer to the warfare of all four British kings against the five English kings previously named in the ''Historia Brittonum'' besides Hussa, that is, from the reigns of [[Adda of Bernicia|Adda]] to Hussa.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Dumville |first=David |author-link=David Dumville |title=Untitled |date=May 20, 1978 |conference=Cylch yr Hengerdd |location=Oxford}}</ref> The next king is [[Æthelfrith]], who took the throne {{circa|593}}, and so Urien could even have died as late as this.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=90-91}}</ref> However, the section of the ''Historia Brittonum'' preceding this narrative records the [[Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#Kent,_c._597–624|Christianisation of Kent]] (occurring in 596-7) as occurring in the reign of [[Frithuwald of Bernicia|Frithuwald]] (reigned 579-85), implying Urien's campaigns could even have been after 597.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|1980|pp=79–80, §63}}</ref> This is one of many places in the ''Historia Brittonum'' with a confused chronology. For this reason, [[Patrick Sims-Williams]] cast doubt on the reliability of the chronology concerning Urien and his campaigns against the Anglo-Saxons, leaving the date of Urien's death an open question.<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=27–31}}</ref>

===Poetry to Urien in the Book of Taliesin===
Much like many cultures in north-western Europe during [[Late Antiquity]], medieval Welsh culture valued [[Panegyric|praise-poetry]], or poems praising the virtues of a leading political figure.{{efn|While associated with the Romantic idea of the 'bard' for many hundreds of years now, one finds this occupation among Romans as well, ''e.g.'' [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]' panegyric to [[Avitus]], or [[Venantius Fortunatus]]' praise-poems to various [[Merovingian]] dynasts, all in [[Latin]]. See {{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1984|p=}}.}} Urien has the almost unique distinction of having a sizeable body of possibly contemporaneous poems dedicated to him in the ''[[Book of Taliesin]]'' (Peniarth MS 2), a [[Middle Welsh]] manuscript of the early fourteenth century. Twelve poems in this manuscript are taken to be 'historical', that is, possibly reflecting genuine sixth-century material and devoid of supernatural or [[Gnomic poetry|gnomic]] content.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=xiv-xvi}}</ref> The eight poems in this manuscript which address Urien are:

* '{{lang|wlm|[[Gweith_Gwen_Ystrat|Arwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd]]}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|[[Urien Yrechwydd|Uryen yr echwyd]]}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|Eg gorffowys can rychedwys}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|Ar vn blyned}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|[[Battle_of_Argoed_Llwyfain|Gweith argoet llwyfein]]}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|[[Battle_of_Alclud_Ford|Ardwyre reget ryssed rieu]]}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|Yspeil Taliessin}}'
* '{{lang|wlm|Dadolwch Vryen}}'

The other 'historic' poems are a poem to [[Cynan Garwyn]], one to [[Owain ab Urien]], and two to [[Gwallog ap Llênog]].<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=xiv-xxiii}}</ref> The dating of these poems is still hotly debated between those who see the poems as reflecting early material, and those who favour a later date.{{efn|For an overview of the different positions on these poems, see {{harvnb|Rodway|2013|p=14}}. Only the poems edited by Ifor Williams as numbers II and VI have been rejected as authentic to an early period on linguistic grounds, though not without objections.}} Only one poem of these twelve, 'Yspeil Taliessin', is explicitly attributed to Urien's [[bard|court poet]] [[Taliesin]] in the manuscript, but since Taliesin was strongly associated with Urien in later medieval Welsh literature, and the bulk of the content of the manuscript is to do with Taliesin, the name of the book has stuck.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=xxv}}</ref>{{efn|For the enduring association of Taliesin with Urien, see, ''e.g.'' the reference to them made by [[Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr]] in the twelfth century: {{lang|wlm|Ny bu warthlef kert Kynuerching werin / O benn Talyessin, bartrin beirtrig}} 'The verse of the host of the Cynferching was not derisive from the mouth of Taleisin, [who had] the poetic learning of the company of bards'. The 'Cynferching' were the descendants of Cynfarch Oer, Urien's father, so this is an allusion to Urien. See {{harvnb|Jones|Parry Owen|1991|p=298, poem 24, line 153-4n}}.}} Seven of the 'historical' poems to Urien (including 'Yspeil Taliessin') end with the same 'refrain', so it would appear that they were seen as works of Taliesin in the Middle Ages as well. Taliesin is mentioned in the ''Historia Brittonum'', though his life is synchronised to the reign of [[Ida of Bernicia]] (547 x 559), slightly before Urien's reign.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|1980|p=79, §62}}</ref> It is not likely that Taliesin would have been only active for twelve years, but this may be when he began to be famed for poetry, though this is another example of the difficult chronology throughout the text.<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|p=28}}</ref> Taliesin was very well known for his poetic skill in later medieval Wales, and all sorts of legends sprang up about him attributing to him magic powers, including many poems 'in character' attributed to him, and these poems form the bulk of the manuscript.{{efn|For an edition and translation of the legendary poetry, see {{harvnb|Haycock|2007|p=}}. For the prophecies in the voice of Taliesin, see {{harvnb|Haycock|2013a|p=}}. Urien is not the focus of any of the legendary poetry.}}

These poems are in sometimes obscure language and do not offer very much in the way of clear biographical information about Urien. Much of the place-name evidence of these poems is understood to refer to places in modern-day [[Cumbria]], though Urien is also said to have led battle in the area of the [[River Ayr]], in the Brittonic-speaking [[kingdom of Strathclyde]], and perhaps against the [[Picts]].<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=2, poem II, line 6n, p. 7, poem VII, line 12, p. 8, poem VIII, line 22}}</ref> He is also recorded as fighting against the [[Anglo-Saxons|English]], much like he is said to have done in the ''Historia Brittonum''.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=3, poem III, line 9}}</ref> One poem mentions Urien and Owain as having fought one 'Fflamddwyn' (meaning 'flame-bearing'), which has been traditionally identified as a [[kenning]] referring to one of Ida's sons, perhaps even Theodric. Owain ab Urien is praised for killing Fflanddwyn alongside a 'broad host of English' in another poem, and the practice of giving Welsh nicknames to early Northern Anglo-Saxon kings is common in the ''Historia Brittonum''.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|pp=6-7, poem VI, lines 3-19, p. 11 poem IX, lines 11-14}}. For the identification of Fflamddwyn with a son of Ida, see p. lxi.</ref> One ''dadolwch'', or reconciliation-poem, also survives, implying that Taliesin ran afoul of Urien at some point and was obliged to get back into his good graces.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=11, poem IX}}. The ''dadolwch'' was practiced by Welsh poets who offended their patrons well into the late Middle Ages, where one may find plenty of examples.</ref>

==Urien and the Battle of Catraeth==
[[File:Gododdin1.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Book of Aneirin]], page 23: the so-called 'Reciter's Prologue' to the ''[[Y Gododdin|Gododdin]]'']]
In addition to Taliesin, the sole other early Welsh poet to whom surviving poetry is attributed is [[Aneirin]]. Aneirin is credited as the author of the ''[[Y Gododdin|Gododdin]]'', a collection of elegies surviving in [[Book of Aneirin|a thirteenth-century manuscript]] for warriors who were slain in the [[Battle of Catraeth]] in the latter half of the sixth century AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1938|pp=xiv-xvi}}</ref> The warriors commemorated in the poem are uniformly [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic-speaking]], and their enemies are described as {{lang|wlm|eingyl}} ([[Angles (tribe)|Angles]]), {{lang|wlm|saesson}} ([[Saxons#Saxon_raiders_(3rd_and_4th_centuries_AD)|Saxons]]), and {{lang|wlm|deor/dewr}} or {{lang|wlm|deivyr}} ([[Deira|Deirans]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1938|pp=xxv, xxxi, and ll}}. pp. 50, 116, 198, 633, 717, 733, 741, 751, 1351 for the references to the words themselves</ref> For this reason, the poem is traditionally understood, both in the Middle Ages and in most modern scholarship, to have commemorated a battle between Brittonic-speaking warriors led by a king of the [[Gododdin]] and the [[Anglo-Saxons]] who had begun to settle the north-eastern coast of Britain.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1938|pp=xxiii-xxv}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1969|pp=11-22}}</ref> According to this interpretation of the text, the confrontation was on by the recent conquest by the Anglo-Saxons of the old Roman fort of [[Cataractonium]] (giving Catraeth in Welsh), which was situated on an important crossroads.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1938|pp=xxii-xxiii}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1969|pp=83-84}}</ref> However, [[John T. Koch|John Koch]]'s commentary on the ''Gododdin'' radically challenges this interpretation, and places Urien as the leader of the forces opposing the figures commemorated in the ''Gododdin'' at Catraeth in {{circa|570}} AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxix-xlii}}</ref> 

===References to Catraeth outside the ''Gododdin''===
There are two references to Catraeth in the poetry concerning Urien attributed to Taliesin. The opening line of the second poem in Ifor William's edition is {{lang|wlm|[''a'']''rwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd''|italic=unset}}, 'the men of Catraeth arise with the day'.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=2, poem 2, line 1}}</ref> In this poem, the 'men of Catraeth' are described as following Urien on his various campaigns, and the poem makes reference to a certain '[[Gweith_Gwen_Ystrat|Battle of Gwen Ystrad]]'.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|Lewis|2019|pp=6–7 }}</ref> The narrator in 'Yspeil Taliesin' also says {{lang|wlm|gweleis i lyw katraeth tra maeu}} 'I saw the lord of Catraeth [''i.e.'' Urien] across the plains'.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=9, poem 7, line 9}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Williams|Lewis|2019|pp=20–22}}</ref>

[[John T. Koch]] reconstructed '{{lang|wlm|Arwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd}}' in what it should have looked like in sixth-century [[Common Brittonic]] and judged the poem to be authentic to this period based on his understanding that it contains fossilised forms of words which reflect the Brittonic language before it lost case endings in the mid-sixth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxvi-xxix}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1953|pp=618–633}}</ref> He also referenced another poem, 'Moliant Cadwallon', probably a genuine seventh-century panegyric to [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]], which says 'Fierce Gwallog caused the greatly renowned death toll at Catraeth'.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|p=xxii}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gruffydd|1978|p=29, lines 30-1}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Koch|2013|p=190, lines 30-1}}</ref> This Gwallog is presumably [[Gwallog ap Llênog]], the ruler of [[Elmet]] who fought alongside Urien against the Anglo-Saxons in the narrative of the ''Historia Brittonum'' discussed above.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxiii-xxiii}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gruffydd|1978|p=28}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|p=103, note 117}}</ref>

===John Koch's reconstruction of the Battle of Catraeth===
However, just as there are references to Catraeth outside of the ''[[Y Gododdin|Gododdin]]'', so there appears to be a reference to Urien and Gwallog in it. One stanza (A.15 in Ifor Williams' edition) begins: 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
:{{lang|wlm|O vreithyell gatraeth pan adrodir.}}
:{{lang|wlm|maon dychiorant eu hoet bu hir.}}
:{{lang|wlm|edyrn diedyrn amygyn dir.}}
:{{lang|wlm|a meibyon godebawc gwerin enwir.}}
:{{lang|wlm|dyforthynt lynwyssawr gelorawr hir.}}<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1938|p=6, lines 131-35}}</ref> 
{{col-2}}
:It is concerning Catraeth’s variegated and ruddy [land] that it is told —
:the followers fell; long were the lamentations for them,
:the immortalised men; [but] it was not as immortals that they fought for territory
:against the descendants of Godebog, the rightful faction:
:long biers bore off blood-stained bodies.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|p=67}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

The 'descendants of Godebog' here could refer to Urien and Gwallog, as another epithet of [[Coel Hen]], their shared ancestor, is {{lang|cy|Godebog}}, meaning 'protector'.<ref>{{harvnb|Guy|2020|p=335}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|p=xxiii}}</ref> [[Rachel Bromwich]] supported an emendation of this line, deleting the preposition {{lang|wlm|a}} 'with'. This would make the line mean 'not as undying men did the descendants of Godebog fight for the land' and suggests the descendants of Godebog were allies of the heroes of the ''Gododdin''.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|1978|pp=157-158}}</ref> However, John Koch rejected this emendation on the grounds that it would leave the line a syllable short of the ten syllable metre of in the stanza.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|p=xxv}}</ref> Therefore, according to John Koch, '{{lang|wlm|Arwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd}}', the ''Gododdin'', and 'Moliant Cadwallon' all refer to the same [[Battle of Catraeth]], with Urien and Gwallog opposing a force made up of the [[Gododdin]] forces and a contingent from [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] under [[Cynon ap Clydno]].<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxx-xxxi}}</ref> 

The impetus for the battle in Koch's understanding of events is linked to the presence of one [[Madog Elfed]] among the commemorated heroes of the Gododdin. His epithet implies he was a royal of [[Elmet|Elfed]] (like Urien ''Rheged''), and so he may have been a claimant to rule the region supported by the Gododdin and in opposition to Gwallog and Urien.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxxi-xxxii}}</ref> As the quickest route from Gododdin to Elfed would pass through [[Cataractonium|Catraeth]], the battle therefore was a result of the forces of Urien cutting off the Gododdin force at the important crossroads there. The presence of the Anglo-Saxons, Koch argues, can be understood as representing Urien's overlordship over the Anglo-Saxons of [[Deira]], with the [[Bernicia|Bernicians]] having been allied with the Gododdin force.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxxiii-xxxiv, xlvii-l}}</ref> Since the Bernicians are conspicuously absent from the enemies of the Gododdin in the poem, and likewise are the Deirans from the poetry surrounding Urien and in the narrative in the ''Historia Brittonum'', Koch argued that the element of racial warfare in the poem is secondary to the composition of the text, after the loss of Britain to the English was cemented in the Welsh mind.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1997|pp=xxxiii-xxxv-xlii}}</ref>

===Receptions of Koch's hypothesis===
While Koch's textual reconstruction of the ''Gododdin'' in sixth-century Welsh was lauded as being accomplished and accurate, the date he proposed for the ''Gododdin'', his historical background for the battle, and his account of the transmission of the text remain controversial.<ref>{{harvnb|Padel|1998|pp=45–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Isaac|1999|p=}}</ref> In particular, Graham R. Isaac strongly rejected Koch's date for '{{lang|wlm|Arwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd}}', and dated the poem to between 1050 and 1150 based on the metrically important prosthetic vowel in the words {{lang|wlm|ystrat}} and {{lang|wlm|ystadyl}} in one line of the poem.<ref>{{harvnb|Isaac|1998|pp=61-70}}</ref> Were this the case, Koch's understanding of the background, transmission, and historical importance of the ''Gododdin'' would be severely damaged, and while his is not the mainstream opinion on the text, debate on this matter still continues.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodway|2013|p=14}}</ref>

==Later Welsh material==
===Saga poetry and ''Canu Urien''===
Due to his appearance in early poetry and central place in the narrative of the ''Historia Brittonum'', Urien became a figure in the body of later Welsh literature concerning the '[[Hen Ogledd|Old North]]', which functioned as the setting for much [[medieval Welsh literature]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=7–8}}</ref> One such piece of literature concerning Urien, or more accurately Urien's sons, is fittingly called the 'Urien Rheged' cycle ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]:  {{lang|cy|Canu Urien}}) by modern scholars, as the poems are concerned with the events in [[Rheged]] after the killing of Urien.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|p=75}}</ref> The poems survive mainly from two [[Middle Welsh]] manuscripts, the ''[[Black Book of Carmarthen]]'' (c. 1250) and the ''[[Red Book of Hergest]]'' (after 1382). Nevertheless, ''Canu Urien'' is generally understood to be a copy [[Old Welsh]]-period material, dated to around the same period of the ''Historia Brittonum''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|p=388-389}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|p=38}}</ref> This material is called 'saga poetry' by comparison with [[Icelandic sagas]], because like the Icelandic material, the Welsh poems are thought to have been taken from longer, partly prose (or oral) works, and because they both might reflect earlier history through a literary lens.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=1-3}}</ref>

Though one of Urien's allies in the narrative of the ''Historia Brittonum'' was [[Gwallog ap Llênog]], he is recorded as having fought against Urien's son Elffin in another one of the poems in this cycle, "Dwy Blaid". Likewise, one Dunod fought with Owain, while Brân ab Ymellyrn and Morgan – the orderer of Urien's killing – fought the narrator.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|p=425}}, 'Dwy Blaid'</ref> The identification of the narrator of these poems has been the subject of some debate. [[Ifor Williams]] understood him to be [[Llywarch Hen]], Urien's cousin and the subject of his own cycle of poems lamenting his old age.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1935|pp=12-13, 'Pen Urien', pp. xi-xii, 'Celain Urien'}}</ref> However, Jenny Rowland thought he must be some other figure, perhaps one of Urien's nephews by his sister Efrddyl, since their grief may be emphasised due to their conflicting ties of kindred, and that Llywarch was not in her eyes a heroic figure.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=82-84, 111-4}}</ref> In response to this, [[Patrick Sims-Williams]] put forth powerful arguments based on the text and its history to identify the narrator with Llywarch Hen after all. Chief among these are the fact that the narrator addresses Urien as {{lang|wlm|keuynderw}} 'first cousin', and that the weight of evidence about Llywarch in the eyes of later medieval Welshmen suggests they viewed him as a great warrior, even if he suffered in old age.<ref>{{harvnb|Sims-Williams|1996|pp=49–56}}</ref>

The most impactful and moving poems from this cycle are given the titles '{{lang|cy|Pen Urien}}' (Urien's Head) and '{{lang|cy|Celain Urien}}' (Urien's corpse) by modern scholarship.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1935|pp=12-13, 'Pen Urien', pp. 14-15, 'Celain Urien'}}</ref> They relate the immediate aftermath of Urien's killing, with the name of the assassin given in another poem as Llofan Llaw Ddifro.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=422-3, 'Canu Urien' §45}}</ref> In '{{lang|cy|Pen Urien}}' and '{{lang|cy|Celain Urien}}', the narrator was forced to finish Urien off and strike off his head, with the implication that it was unsafe to carry Urien's entire body home for burial. The narrator laments his fortune that he must leave the body of his caring lord behind and curses his hand for carrying out this grim task.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Canu Urien'' §§7–27, 'Pen Urien' and 'Celain Urien' ([[Red Book of Hergest]]){{efn|Text and translation taken from {{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=420-22, 477-478}}.}}
|-
! '{{lang|cy|Pen Urien}}' ([[Middle Welsh|Welsh]]) !! English translation !! '{{lang|cy|Celain Urien}}' ([[Middle Welsh|Welsh]]) !! English translation
|-
|  {{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf ''ar'' ''[''uyn'']'' tu.<br>bu kyrchynat rwng deulu.<br>mab kynuarch balch bieiuu.''|italic=unset}}||I carry a head on my side:<br>he was an attacker between two hosts,<br>the proud son of Cynfarch is he whose it was.||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein veinwen a oloir hediw.<br>a dan brid a mein.<br>gwae vy llaw llad tat owein.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>under soil and stones.<br>Alas, my hand, for the killing of Owain's father.
|-
| {{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf ar vyn tu.<br>penn uryen llary llywei llu.<br>ac ar y vronn wenn vran du.}}||I carry a head on my side,<br>the head of generous Urien – he used to lead a host.<br>And on his white breast is a black raven.||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein ueinwen a oloir hediw.<br>ymplith prid a derw.<br>gwae vy llaw llad vyg keuynderw.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>in soil and an oak coffin.<br>Alas, my hand, for the killing of my cousin.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf mywn vyg crys.<br>penn vryen llary llywyei llys.<br>ac ar y vronn wen vrein ae hys.}}||I carry a head on my belt,<br>the head of generous Urien – he used to rule a court.<br>And ravens on his white breast consume him.||{{lang|wlm|''Y gelein ueinwenn a oloir ''[''hediw'']''<br>a dan vein a edewit.<br>gwae vy llaw llam rym tynghit.''|italic=unset}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today –<br>under stones it has been left.<br>Alas, my hand, for the fate which was fated for me.
|-
| {{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf ym'' nedeir. ''<br>yr yrechwyd oed uugeil.<br>teyrnvron treulyat gennweir.''|italic=unset}}||I carry a head in my hand.<br>He was shepherd over Erechwydd,<br>lord and soldier, a spender of spears.||{{lang|wlm|''Y gelein veinwen a oloir ''[''hediw'']''<br>ymplith prid a'' thywarch<br>''gwae vy llaw llad mab kynuarch.''|italic=unset}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>amidst soil and sods.<br>Alas, my hand, for the killing of the son of Cynfarch.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf tu mordwyt.<br>oed ysgwyt'' ar wlat. ''oed olwyn yg kat.<br>oed ''cledyr'' cat kywlat rwyt.''|italic=unset}}||I carry a head on the side of my thigh.<br>He was a shield over the country, a wheel in battle,<br>he was a prop in war, a snare of the enemy.||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein ueinwenn a oloir hediw.<br>dan weryt ac arwyd.<br>gwae vy llaw llad vy arglwyd.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>under earth and a standard.<br>Alas, my hand, for the killing of my lord.
|-
| {{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf ar vyg kled.<br>gwell y vyw nogyt y ued.<br>oed dinas y henwred.}}||I carry a head on my right side –<br>better he alive than in his grave.<br>He was a fortress for the aged.||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein ueinwen aoloir hediw<br>a dan brid athywawt<br>gwae vy llaw llam rym daerawt.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>under soil and sand.<br>Alas, my hand, for the fate which has befallen me.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf o godir.''<br>''penawc pellynnyawc y luyd<br>''[''penn'']'' vryen geiryawe glotryd.''|italic=unset}}||I carry a head from the region of Pennawg –<br>his hosts were far-travelling –<br>the head of eloquent and celebrated Urien. ||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein veinwenn a oloir hediw.<br>a dan brid a dynat.<br>gwae vy llaw llam rym gallat.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>under soil and nettles.<br>Alas, my hand, for the fate which has been brought about for me.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf ar vy ysgwyd.<br>nym aruollei waratwyd.<br>gwae vy llaw llad vy arglwyd.}}||I carry a head on my shoulder –<br>shame did not use to receive me –<br>alas, my hand, (for) the striking of my lord.||{{lang|wlm|Y gelein veinwen aoloir hediw<br>a dan brid a mein glas.<br>gwae vy llaw llam rym gallas.}}||The slender white corpse is being buried today<br>under soil and grey stones.<br>Alas, my hand – it caused my fate.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf ar vym breich.<br>neus goruc o dir bryneich.<br>gwedy ''gawr'' gelorawr ''veich.|italic=unset}}||I carry a head on my arm.<br>He made of the Bernicians<br>after battle a burden for biers.
|-
| ''Pen a borthaf o dv Paul <br>pen vrien udd dragonawl<br>a chyd del dydd brawd ni'm tawr'' || I carry a head from the side of a post,<br>the head of Urien, a warlike lord,<br>and though Judgment Day were to come I do not care. 
|-
|{{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf yn aghat vy llaw.<br>llary ud llywyei wlat.<br>penn post prydein ry allat.}}||I carry a head in the grasp of my hand<br>of a generous lord - he used to lead a country.<br>The chief support of Britain has been carried off.
|-
|{{lang|wlm|Penn a borthaf am porthes.<br>neut atwen nat yr vylles.<br>gwae vy law llym digones.}}||I carry a head which cared for me.<br>I know it is not for my good.<br>Alas, my hand, it performed harshly. 
|-
|{{lang|wlm|''Penn a borthaf o du riw.<br>''[''ar'']'' y eneu ''ewynvriw''.<br>gwaet gwae reget o ''hediw.|italic=unset}}||I carry a head from the side of the hill<br>and on his lips is a fine foam<br>of blood. Woe to Rheged because of this day. 
|-
|{{lang|wlm|[''Ry''] ''thyrvis vym breich ry gardwys vy eis.<br>vyg callon neur dorres<br>penn a borthaf am porthes.''|italic=unset}}||It has wrenched my arm, it has crushed my ribs,<br>it has broken my heart.<br>I carry a head which cared for me.
|}

===Urien in other medieval Welsh literature===
Urien is mentioned in passing in the [[Llywarch Hen]] cycle, poems about the sufferings of his cousin Llywarch and written with the poet speaking from Llywarch's point of view. They are, like ''Canu Urien'', certainly later than Llywarch and Urien's time. Urien is recorded as supplying Llywarch's last surviving son Gwên with a horn which Llywarch advises Gwên to blow if he needs aid while on guard at night.<ref>{{harvnb|Rowland|1990|pp=404-6, 'Gwên and Llywarch', §10}}</ref>

In the mnemonic devices known as the [[Welsh Triads]], intended for [[bard|poets]] to recall traditional stories, Urien is mentioned repeatedly. These mostly agree with the testimony of the ''Historia Brittonum'' and the other early sources, though there are some references to the later traditions.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=12, §6, p. 48, §25, p. 195 §70}}</ref> Urien is one of the 'Three Armoured Warriors', 'Three battle-rulers', and 'Three Holy Womb-burdens'. The latter gives his mother as Nefyn ferch [[Brychan Brycheiniog]], and his wife as [[Modron|Modron ferch Afallach]]. Likewise, his killing at the hands of Llofan Llaw Ddifo is one of the 'Three Unfortunate Slaughters'.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=75, §33}}</ref> There are chronological impossibilities with associating his wife with a daughter of Brychan, however, and Modron is a purely legendary figure, whose first association with Urien is in this triad.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|pp=197–198}}</ref> Nevertheless, these show the enduring interest in Urien in the later Middle Ages, and the invention of tradition to satisfy continued regard for his life and deeds.{{efn|Despite what one might find in earlier scholarship, and reams of sources online, there is no good reason to claim that these stories about character such as Modron reflect some kind of older, pagan connection, as the names which appear to be survivals from pre-Christian religion do not necessarily bear any relation to their pagan forebears. Take, for example, the name Llywelyn, which is *''[[Lugus|Lugu]]-[[Belenus|belinos]]'', two pagan gods smashed together, but a name given to perfectly ordinary and historic men, and [[List of Welsh saints#Llywelyn|devoted Christians, too]]. See {{harvnb|Rodway|2018|p=}}. For the derivation of Llywelyn, see {{harvnb|Jackson|1953|p=414}}. In the Middle Ages, it appears that people just associated these names with great antiquity, and so recycled them for use in stories about their legendary past, of which Urien plays a part.}}

As well as Taliesin, Urien was supposed to have employed a poet named Tristfardd (literally 'sad poet'), as recorded in another triad, which calls Tristfardd one of the 'Three Red-Speared Bards'.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=20, §11}}</ref> Three ''englynion'' preserved in a very late manuscript record a story recounting how this Tristfardd secretly courted Urien's wife, and, not recognising the king, sent a disguised Urien to send a message to her. Urien slew Tristfardd for this offence at 'Rhyd Tristfardd', supposed to be in [[Radnorshire]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=507}}</ref> This is a late tradition, and runs contrary to the association of Urien with Taliesin and the very strong association of Urien with the North, though it seems probable that this story was affixed to the name of Trisfardd even later than his appearance in the Triads.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=508}}</ref> 

Literature about Urien, whether reflecting early material or not, seems to have circulated in more channels than survive to the present. This can be evidenced by the twelfth-century poet [[Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr]]'s attribution of the 'wrath of Urien' to his patron [[Owain Cyfeiliog]], using the form Urfoën (Middle Welsh: {{lang|wlm|Uruoen}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|Parry Owen|1991|p=192, poem 16, line 97}}</ref> This reflects an older form of the name (reconstructed as a Common Brittonic form {{lang|cel-x-combrit|*Urbogen}}) which retained the composition vowel. This vowel is reflected in a weakened form /[[ə]]/ in one rendition of Urien's name in the ''Historia Brittonum'', {{lang|owl|Urbagen}} ({{IPA|owl|ɨ̞rβəˈɣɛn}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|1980|p=50}}, †Praefatio†</ref> Kenneth Jackson dated the loss of this vowel to the sixth century in Welsh, and Ifor Williams went so far as to say the trisyllabic form must be reinserted in one of the Taliesin poems to rectify a defect in the metre in a line in one poem.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1953|pp=647-648}}; {{harvnb|Williams|1968|p=2, poem II, l. 32n, p. xxxvii}}</ref> Assuming Cynddelw did not independently create this form so that he might fill the metre of this line in his own poem, this gives the tantalising suggestion that he was reading sources about Urien which do not survive to us, or that this name survived in a fossilised spoken form as a part of bardic lore.<ref>{{harvnb|Andrews|2019|pp=43–44}}</ref>

===The rebellion of Rhys 'FitzUryen' ap Gruffydd===
Like many other figures of the Early Middle Ages in Welsh tradition, Urien captured interest in Wales even a millennium after his death. In the sixteenth century, [[Rhys_ap_Gruffydd_(rebel)|Rhys ap Gruffydd]], a grandson of the [[Rhys ap Thomas]] who greatly aided [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]], was disinherited from his grandfather's estates by order of [[Henry VIII]]. The king instead gave these lands to his follower [[Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford|Walter Devereux]]. This greatly incensed Rhys, who then began a long feud with Devereux, which ultimately led to the execution of Rhys on charges of treason. Just like Henry Tudor, Rhys tried to weaponise political prophecy to gather support for his cause in Wales. He was accused of going by the name 'FitzUryen' (son of Urien) and attempting to gain support from [[James V of Scotland]] to make himself an independent [[Prince of Wales]].<ref>{{harvnb|Flood|2016|p=138-141}}</ref> Rhys claimed to be a member of the [[house of Dinefwr]], which originated with [[Rhodri Mawr]]'s son [[Cadell ap Rhodri|Cadell]]. Rhodri's ancestry claims an origin from [[Llywarch Hen]], which would make Rhys ap Gruffydd a distant relative of Urien.{{efn|However, it appears that Rhys claimed direct descent from Urien, perhaps a confusion on the part of later tradition. Note that other, similarly late medieval families claimed descent from Urien's sons, see {{harvnb|Bartrum|1974|pp=11, 51, etc}}.}} As Urien was remembered for his battles against the English, the authorities feared he would be able to capitalise on anti-English sentiment in Wales. Urien's son Owain was associated with ravens in later Welsh literature, and Rhys ap Gruffydd, together with his grandfather Rhys ap Thomas, bore three ravens on their coat of arms, which were called the 'ravens of Urien' by contemporaneous poets such as [[Guto'r Glyn]] and [[Lewys Glyn Cothi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|pp=468–70, 512}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Johnston|2013}}, line 34</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Johnston|1995|p=261, poem 115, line 50}}</ref>

==Arthurian legend==
[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], drawing on Welsh sources and his own imagination, adapted Urien into [[Arthurian legend]], and made him known across Europe with the explosive popularity of his {{lang|la|[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]}}. In Geoffrey's telling, taken on by many following him, Urien is one of three brothers who ruled Scotland before the [[Saxon invasion]] – the others being [[King Lot|Lot]] of [[Lothian]], and Augusel. After freeing Scotland, Arthur restored the throne of [[Alba]] to Augusel, and made Urien king of Mureif (perhaps [[Monreith]], or [[County of Moray|Moray]]). Urien's son Eventus later succeeds Augusel as king of Alba.<ref>{{harvnb|Bromwich|2014|p=511}}</ref>

===Romances===
[[File:In her ecstasy a lovely devil.png|thumb|upright|alt=Urience dying in bed after being struck with Excalibur by Mogane|Urience slain by his own wife [[Morgan le Fay|Morgane]] (succeeding here unlike in medieval tellings) in [[Eric Pape]]'s illustration for [[Madison Cawein]]'s 1889 poem "Accolon of Gaul"]]

In the 13th-century Arthurian chivalric romances, the location of his kingdom is transferred to either Garloth (''Garlot'') or the [[otherworld]]ly and magical Kingdom of Gorre (''Gore''). During the reign of [[Uther Pendragon]], Arthur's father, Urien (or ''Uriens'') marries a sister or half-sister of the young Arthur. She is either [[Morgan le Fay|Morgan]] or one of the others, such as Hermesan in the ''Livre d'Artus'' and Blasine in ''[[Of Arthour and of Merlin]]''.<ref name=Bruce481/> Urien, like the kings of several other lands, initially opposes Arthur's accession to the throne after Uther's death. He and the others rebel against the young monarch (with Urien even briefly kidnapping Arthur's wife [[Guinevere]] in the ''Livre d'Artus'').<ref name=Bruce481/> Upon their defeat, he is among the rebel leaders who become Arthur's allies and vassals. His marriage to Morgan is not portrayed as a happy one, however, as in a popular version from the ''[[Post-Vulgate Cycle]]'' (later included in [[Thomas Malory]]'s influential ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]'') Morgan plots to use [[Excalibur]] to kill both Urien and Arthur and place herself and her lover [[Accolon]] on the throne. Morgan fails in both parts of that plan, foiled by their own son and by the [[Lady of the Lake]], respectively.<ref name=Bruce481/>

Urien is usually said to be the father of [[Ywain]] (Owain) by Morgan, but many texts also give him a second son, [[Ywain the Bastard]], fathered on his [[seneschal]]'s wife. Welsh tradition further attributes to him a daughter named [[Morfydd ferch Urien|Morfudd]] by [[Modron]].<ref name=Bruce481/>

According to [[Roger Sherman Loomis]], the name and character of another Arthurian king, [[Nentres of Garlot]] (in Malory, the husband of Arthur's sister [[Elaine (legend)|Elaine]]), could have been derived from that of Urien.<ref>{{harvnb|Loomis|1930|p=}}: "A king whose name appears in the Vulgate Cycle frequently as Uentres or Nentres was derived from the name Urien, borne originally by a king of the Britons of Strathclyde in the seventh century. Besides the test of an established transmission that derivation can be supported by two other tests: a community of relationships between Urien and Uentres, and an explanation of the latter corrupt form. According to the Huth ''Merlin'', Morgain is given in marriage to Urien of Garlot; according to the English ''Merlin'', Morgan, a bastard daughter of Ygerne, is given to Neutre of Sorhaut. (...) Urien is king of Garlot in the Huth ''Merlin'', and of Gorre in Malory, but Sorhaut is a city within his borders. So marked an equation of Urien and Uentres as husbands of Morgain and as lords of Garlot and Sorhaut should suggest a confusion between the names."</ref> Malory spells Urien's name as ''Urience'' of Gorre, which has led some later authors (''e.g.'' [[Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]]) to identify him with Arthur's relentless rival [[King Rience]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tennyson|1983|p=22, line 36, p. 24, line 111}}, see note 36 on p. 306</ref>

In the ''Didot-Perceval'' manuscript of the ''Perceval en prose'' (c. 1200), [[Perceval]] fights Urbain, son of the Queen of the Black Thorn (''Reine de la Noire Espine'') and defender of a ford and an invisible castle. Following Urbain's defeat, a flock of monstrous ravens attacks Perceval, who manages to wound one of them which immediately transforms into a beautiful young girl, soon carried off by the other birds to [[Avalon]]. Urbain explains that she is the sister of his fairy mistress and her attendants. According to Loomis, the story's Urbain corresponds to Urien, father of Owain (Yvain) and husband of Morgen (Morgan), the latter being the equivalent of the Welsh Modron and the Irish [[The Morrígan|Morrígan]] ("Great Queen").<ref>{{harvnb|Loomis|1943|pp=173-174}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Loomis|1945|p=}}</ref> However, modern scholarship in the field of Celtic studies strongly disapproves of this and other mythologising and equation of Welsh and Irish material haphazardly.<ref>{{harvnb|Irslinger|2017|p=}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rodway|2018|p=}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andrews |first=Celeste L.|date=2019 |title=What Did Cynddelw Know About the Old North? |journal=Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium |volume=39 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=39–52 |jstor=45373693 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bartrum |editor-first=Peter |author-link=Peter Bartrum |date=1974 |title=Welsh genealogies AD 300–1400 |url=https://research.aber.ac.uk/en/datasets/bartrum-genealogical-project |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages= |isbn=9780708305614}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Bramley |editor-first1=Kathleen Anne |editor-last2=Owen |editor-first2=Morfydd E. |date=1994 |title=Gwaith Llewelyn Fardd I ac eraill o feirdd y ddeuddegfed ganrif |language=cy |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=9780708312148}}
* {{cite book|first=Rachel|last=Bromwich|author-link=Rachel Bromwich|chapter=Cynon fab Clydno |editor1-last=Bromwich |editor1-first=Rachel  |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=R. Brinley |title=Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd: Studies in Old Welsh Poetry |year=1978 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=9780708306963 |oclc= |lang=cy }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bromwich |editor-first=Rachel |editor-link=Rachel Bromwich |date=2014 |edition=4th |title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=9781783161454}}
* {{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Christopher W. |date=1999 |title=The Arthurian Name Dictionary |location=New York |publisher=Garland |isbn=9780815328650 |id={{Internet Archive ID|arthuriannamedic0000bruc}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Charles-Edwards |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Charles-Edwards |date=2013 |title=Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198217312 |id={{Internet Archive ID|walesbritons35010000char}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Dumville |first=David |author-link=David Dumville |date=1990 |chapter='Nennius' and the ''Historia Brittonum'' |title=Histories and pseudo-histories of the insular Middle Ages |location=Aldershot |publisher=Variorum |isbn=9780860782643 |pages=78–95}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Dumville |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Dumville |date=2002 |title=Annales Cambriae, A.D. 682-954: Texts A–C in Parallel |location=Cambridge |publisher=Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge |isbn=9780954318628}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Flood |first1=Victoria |date=2016 |title=Political Prophecy and the Trial of Rhys ap Gruffydd, 1530–31 |journal=Studia Celtica |volume=L |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages=133-150 |doi=10.16922/SC.50.8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gruffydd|first=R. Geraint |author-link=R. Geraint Gruffydd |chapter=Canu Cadwallon ap Cadfan  |editor1-last=Bromwich |editor1-first=Rachel  |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=R. Brinley |title=Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd: Studies in Old Welsh Poetry |year=1978 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=9780708306963 |oclc= |lang=cy }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=Ben |date=2015 |title=The Origins of the Compilation of Welsh Historical Texts in Harley 3859 |journal=Studia Celtica |volume=XLIX |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages=21-56}}
* {{cite book |last=Guy |first=Ben |date=2020 |title=Medieval Welsh Genealogy: an Introduction and Textual Study |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781783275137}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gwenogvryn Evans |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Gwenogvryn Evans |date=1910 |title=Facsimile and Text of the Book of Taliesin |location=Llanbedrog|publisher=John Gwenogvryn Evans |id={{Internet Archive ID|facsimiletextofb00evan}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Haycock |first=Marged |date=2007 |title=Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin |location=Aberystwyth |publisher=CMCS Publications |isbn=9780955718281}}
* {{cite book |last=Haycock |first=Marged |date=2013a |title=Prophecies from the Book of Taliesin |location=Aberystwyth |publisher=CMCS Publications |isbn=9780955718274}}
* {{cite book |last=Haycock |first=Marged |editor-last=Woolf |editor-first=Alex |editor-link=Alex Woolf |date=2013b |title=Beyond the Gododdin: Dark Age Scotland in Medieval Wales |location=St Andrews |publisher=Committee for Dark Ages Studies |page=9-40 |chapter=Early Welsh Poets Look North |isbn=9780955718274}}
* {{cite book |last=Haycock |first=Marged |editor1-last=Plumb |editor1-first=Oisín |editor2-last=Sanmark |editor2-first=Alexandra |editor2-link=Alexandra Sanmark |editor3-last=Heddle |editor3-first=Donna |date=2020 |title=What is North? Imagining and Representing the North from Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The Old North in Medieval Wales |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |pages=53–70 |isbn=9782503585024}}
* {{cite journal |last=Irslinger |first=Britta |date=2017 |title=Medb 'the intoxicating one'? (Re-)constructing the past through etymology |url=https://www.academia.edu/34897407 |journal=Ulidia |volume=4 |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=38–94}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Graham R. |date=1998 |title=''Gweith Gwen Ystrat'' and the Northern Heroic Age of the Sixth Century |journal=[[Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies]] |volume=36 |publisher=CMCS Publications |pages=61–70}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Graham R. |date=1999 |title=Readings in History and Transmission of the ''Gododdin'' |journal=[[Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies]] |volume=37 |publisher=CMCS Publications |pages=55–78}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |date=1953 |title=Language and History in Early Britain |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780852241165 |id={{Internet Archive ID|languagehistoryi0000jack}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |editor-last=Chadwick |editor-first=Nora K. |editor-link=Nora K. Chadwick |chapter=On the Northern British Section in Nennius |date=1963 |title=Celt and Saxon: studies in the early British border |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521046022 |oclc=399312}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |date=1969 |title=The Gododdin: the Oldest Scottish Poem  |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press  |isbn=9780852240496}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=Nerys Ann |editor-last2=Parry Owen |editor-first2=Ann |date=1991 |title=Gwaith Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr |volume=1 |language=cy |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=9780708310861}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Dafydd |date=1995 |title=Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi |language=cy |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=9780708312537}}
* {{cite web |editor-last1=Johnston |editor-first1=Dafydd |date=2013 |title=Moliant i Syr Rhys ap Tomas o Abermarlais |url=https://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/poem/?poem-selection=014 |website=Guto'r Glyn.net |location=Aberystwyth |publisher=Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619220912/https://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/poem/?poem-selection=014|archive-date=19 June 2015}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |date=1997 |title=The Gododdin of Aneirin: Text and Context from Dark-Age North Britain |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages= |isbn=9780708313749 |url=https://www.academia.edu/109991544 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404185655/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107948254/Koch_Gododdin_of_Aneirin_1997-libre.pdf?1701142893=&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Gododdin_of_Aneirin_Text_and_Context.pdf&Expires=1743796466&Signature=CSu-d1SDBm-MLe8LF90PJdCXpTf58-WPssNgySjd-15XUvHyoHNP-LSB0jjUwy15D6myO0y6KDB7~pstIa3bNP3Z1wIEkugvapxv6yh94iAkkVEoPf-~GQGUD2x-2QO~g-MpLBgTrnRz62Sa8XcR4Oy0VezauHngwnIpH3fdIB99dV9NgOm~CqmOh1DhaEvQMAiBbT4LYzeVkMCOXN2Tw2GKo-8wvNDmFr7tE8aYVLoevxIh6NwhCsd4SUmUwZSU2NShqt-FrATJINAs-ql8QbUTDyMmJ1wasHsOe260nprDvYkZJAyg~xSib~l5Wzi5ebkXhsnY1uGjNYPyyxGG9g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |archive-date=4 April 2025 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |date=2006 |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851094400}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |date=2013 |title=Cunedda, Cynan, Cadwallon, Cynddylan: Four Welsh Poems and Britain 383-655 |location=Aberystwyth |publisher=Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies |page= |isbn=9781907029134}}
* {{cite journal |last=Loomis |first=Roger Sherman |author-link=Roger Sherman Loomis |date=1930 |title=Some Names in Arthurian Romance |journal=Proceedings of the Modern Language Association |volume=45 |issue=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=416–443 |doi=10.2307/457801 |jstor=457801 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Loomis |first=Roger Sherman |author-link=Roger Sherman Loomis |date=1943 |title=More Celtic Elements in Gawain and the Green Knight |journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |volume=42 |issue=2 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=149-184 |jstor=27704974 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Loomis |first=Roger Sherman |author-link=Roger Sherman Loomis |date=1945 |title=The Combat at the Ford in the ''Didot Perceval'' |journal=Modern Philology |volume=43 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1086/388668 |jstor=434394}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lovecy |first=Ian |date=1976 |title=The end of Celtic Britain: a sixth-century battle near Lindisfarne |journal=Archaeologia Aeliana |volume=5 |issue=4 |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle |pages=31-45 |doi=10.5284/1060643}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Morris |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Morris (historian) |date=1980 |title=Nennius: British History and The Welsh Annals |location=London |publisher=Phillimore |isbn=9780847662647}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morris-Jones |first=John |author-link=John Morris-Jones |date=1918 |title=Taliesin |journal=Y Cymmrodor |volume=28 |publisher=The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |pages=1-290 |id={{Internet Archive ID|ycymmrodor28cymmuoft}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Padel |first1=Oliver |author-link1=Oliver Padel |date=1998 |title=A new study of the ''Gododdin'' |journal=[[Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies]] |volume=35 |publisher=CMCS Publications |pages=45-56 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Parker |first=Will |date=2022 |title=The Coeling: Narrative and Identity in North Britain and Wales AD 580–950 |journal=Northern History |volume=59 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=2-27 |doi=10.1080/0078172X.2022.2031049 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Rodway |first=Simon |date=2013 |title=Dating Medieval Welsh Literature: Evidence from the Verbal System |location=Aberystwyth |publisher=CMCS Publications |isbn=9780955718250}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rodway |first=Simon |date=2018 |title=The ''Mabinogi'' and the shadow of Celtic mythology |url=https://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/28897291/the_mabinogi_and_the_shadow_of_celtic_mythology.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208233026/https://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/28897291/the_mabinogi_and_the_shadow_of_celtic_mythology.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2024 |journal=Studia Celtica |volume=LII |publisher=University of Wales Press |pages=67–85 |doi=10.16922/SC.52.4}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Rowland |editor-first=Jenny |date=1990 |title= Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion |location=Cambridge |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=9780859912754}}
* {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Paul |date=2020 |title=Three notes on ''Canu Urien'' |url=https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/b7729f81-c51a-4a26-a6b2-b53cede9ec6d/content |journal=North American Journal of Celtic Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |pages=48–78 |doi=10.1353/cel.2020.a781249}}
* {{cite book |last=Sims-Williams |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Sims-Williams |date=1984 |editor-last1=Dumville |editor-first1=David N. |editor-link1=David Dumville |editor-last2=Lapidge |editor-first2=Michael |editor-link2=Michael Lapidge |chapter=Gildas and vernacular poetry |title=Gildas: New Approaches |location=Cambridge |publisher=Boydell Press |pages=169–192 |isbn=9780851154039}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sims-Williams |first1=Patrick |author-link1=Patrick Sims-Williams |date=1996 |title=The Death of Urien |journal=[[Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies]] |volume=32 |publisher=CMCS Publications |pages=25–56}}
* {{cite book |last=Sims-Williams |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Sims-Williams |date=2003 |title=The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400-1200 |location=Oxford |publisher=Philological Society |isbn=9781405109031}}
* {{cite book |last=Tennyson |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred, Lord Tennyson |date=1983 |title=Idylls of the King |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140422535 |id={{Internet Archive ID|idyllsofking0000tenn_j2c9}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Ifor |editor-link=Ifor Williams |date=1935 |title=Canu Llywarch Hen |language=cy |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Ifor |author-link=Ifor Williams |date=1938 |title=Canu Aneirin |language=cy |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Ifor |translator-last1=Williams |author-link=Ifor Williams |translator-first1=J. E. Caerwyn |translator-link=J. E. Caerwyn Williams |date=1968 |title=The Poems of Taliesin |location=Dublin |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=9780901282019 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Rowan |editor1-link=Rowan Williams |editor2-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gwyneth |editor2-link=Gwyneth Lewis |date=2019 |title=The Book of Taliesin: Poems of Warfare and Praise in an Enchanted Britain |location=London |publisher=Penguin Classics |pages=|isbn=9780241381137}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28016|title=Urien Rheged [Urien ''ap'' Cynfarch] |first=David E. |last=Thornton |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28016 |origyear=2004}}
{{refend}}

{{Hen Ogledd}}
{{Arthurian Legend}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urien Rheged}}

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:6th-century Scottish monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century Welsh monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Arthurian characters]]
[[Category:Knights of the Round Table]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Rheged]]
[[Category:Taliesin]]
[[Category:Welsh princes]]