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{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = 양반
| hanja  = 兩班
| image = Yangban98.jpg
| caption = A Korean official during his stay in China, taken in 1863.
|title=''Yangban''}}
{{Korean caste system}}
The '''''yangban''''' ({{Korean|hangul=양반|hanja=兩班}}) were part of the traditional ruling class or [[gentry]] of dynastic Korea during the [[Joseon]] period. The ''yangban'' were mainly composed of highly educated civil officials and military officers—landed or unlanded [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]] who individually exemplified the [[Korean Confucianism|Korean Confucian]] form of a "[[scholar-official|scholarly official]]". They were largely government administrators and bureaucrats who oversaw medieval and early modern Korea's traditional agrarian bureaucracy until the end of the dynasty in 1897. In a broader sense, an office holder's family and descendants, as well as country families who claimed such descent, were socially accepted as ''yangban''.

In contemporary Korean language, the term ''yangban'' can be used either as a compliment or insult.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:양반 |url=https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/entry/koko/d2e452a371cb4ae4aab1a00e9780ba60 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=[[Naver Dictionary]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Yangban'' literally means "two branches" of administration: ''munban'' ({{Korean|hangul=문반|hanja=文班|labels=no}}) which comprises civil administrators and ''muban'' ({{Korean|hangul=무반|hanja=武班|labels=no}}) which comprises martial office holders. The term yangban first appeared sometime during late [[Goryeo]] but gained wider usage during the [[Joseon]] period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651812/yangban|title=yangban|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> However, from the sixteenth century onward ''yangban'' increasingly came to denote local wealthy families who were mostly believed to be the descendants of once high-ranking officials. As more of the population aspired to become ''yangban'' and gradually succeeded in doing so in the late Joseon period by purchasing the ''yangban'' status, the privileges and splendor the term had inspired slowly vanished. It even gained a diminutive connotation.
[[Image:Yangban.jpg|180px|thumb|A group of ''yangban'' women attending a family ritual. Late 18th century.]]

==Overview==
Unlike noble titles in the European and Japanese aristocracies, which were conferred on a hereditary basis, the bureaucratic position of ''yangban'' was granted by law to ''yangban'' who meritoriously passed state-sponsored civil service exams called ''[[gwageo]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=과거|hanja=科擧|labels=no}}). This exam was modeled on the imperial examinations first started during the [[Goryeo]] dynasty of Korea. Upon passing these exams—which tested knowledge of the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] [[Four Books and Five Classics|classics]] and history with poetry—several times, ''yangban'' was usually assigned to a government post. It was superficially decided that a ''yangban'' family that did not produce a government official for more than three generations could lose its status and become commoners. This superficial rule was never actually applied, but was a motivation rule for ''yangban'' to study harder. In theory, a member of any social class except [[nobi]], [[baekjeong]] (Korean untouchables), and children of [[Concubinage|concubines]] could take the government exams and become a ''yangban''. In reality, only the upper classes—i.e., the children of ''yangban''—possessed the financial resources and the wherewithal to pass the exams, for which years of studying were required. These barriers and financial constraints effectively excluded most non-''yangban'' families and the lower classes from competing for ''yangban'' status, just like [[scholar-official]]s in [[China]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50289152|title=Samurai invasion : Japan's Korean War, 1592-98|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen R.|date=2002|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=0-304-35948-3|location=London|pages=11–14|oclc=50289152}}</ref>

''Yangban'' status on a [[Provinces of Korea|provincial]] level was ''de facto'' hereditary. In the early Joseon Dynasty, if no one from a noble family had held a government position for four generations, they were deprived of that position. However, the government, which was short of budget due to the wars of the 16th century and the disasters caused by the Little Ice Age, issued a tool called Gongmyeongcheop, a means of purchasing and selling government positions, and the existing caste system collapsed. As a result, genealogy, rather than official position, became a means of proving one's status as a nobleman, and the status of Yangban changed to a hereditary form. It was customary to include all descendants of the office holders in the [[hyangan]] ({{Korean|hangul=향안|hanja=鄕案|labels=no}}), a document that listed the names and lineages of local ''yangban'' families. The ''hyangan'' was maintained on blood basis, and one could be cut off from it if members of the family married social inferiors, such as tradesmen. Although the ''hyangan'' was not legally supported by government acts or statutes, the families listed in it were socially respected as ''yangban''. Their householders had the customary right to participate in the [[hyangso]] ({{Korean|hangul=향소|hanja=鄕所|labels=no}}), a local council from which they could exercise influence on local politics and administration.<ref>규장각한국학연구원. 《조선 양반의 일생》. 파주 : 글항아리, 2009.</ref> By reserving and demanding socio-political power through local instruments such as ''hyangan'' and ''hyangso'', ''yangban'' automatically passed down their status to posterity in local magnate families, with or without holding central offices. These provincial families of gentility were often termed ''jaejisajok'' ({{Korean|hangul=재지사족|hanja=在地士族|labels=no}}), which means "the country families". while legally, ''yangban'' meant high-ranking officials, in reality it included almost all descendants of the former and increasingly lost its legal exactitude.

[[Image:Man with a bow, painting by Shin Yoonbok.jpg|170px|thumb|A leisure class: a ''yangban'' takes a break while hunting. <br>[[Sin Yun-bok|Hyewon]], early 19th century.]] 
Throughout Joseon history, the monarchy and the ''yangban'' existed on the slave labor of the lower classes, particularly the [[sangmin]], whose bondage to the land as indentured servants enabled the upper classes to enjoy a perpetual life of leisure—i.e., the life of "scholarly" gentlemen.<ref name=":0" /> These practices effectively ended in 1894 during the [[Korean Empire]] of [[Gwangmu Reform]].

In today's Korea, the ''yangban'' legacy of patronage based on common educational experiences, teachers, family backgrounds, and hometowns continues in some forms, officially and unofficially. In South Korea, the practice exists among the upper class and power elite, where patronage among the conglomerates tends to predictably follow blood, school, and hometown ties. In North Korea, a ''de facto'' ''yangban'' class exists that is based mostly on military and party alliances.

== History ==
''Yangban'' were the Joseon period equivalent of the former [[Goryeo]] nobles who had been educated in Buddhist and Confucian studies. With the succession of the [[House of Yi|Yi generals]] in the Joseon dynasty, prior feuds and factions were quelled through a decisive attempt to instill administrative organization throughout Korea and create a new class of agrarian bureaucrats. The individual ''yangban'' included members of this new class of bureaucrats and former [[Goryeo]] nobility. While ostensibly open to all, the [[gwageo|civil service exams]] catered to the lifestyle and habits of the ''yangban'', which created a semi-hereditary [[meritocracy]], as ''yangban'' families overwhelmingly possessed the minimum education, uninterrupted study time and immense financial resources to pass such exams. The yangban, like the [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarins]] before them, dominated the Royal Court and military of pre-Modern Korea and often were exempt from laws including those relating to taxes.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Koreans oldest pic 3.jpg|200px|left|thumb|One of the earliest photographs depicting ''yangban'', taken in 1863.]]

There were at most 100 positions open with thousands of candidates taking the exams. Competition that was originally supposed to bring out the best in each candidate gave way to the importance of familial relationships. Because the Joseon Court was constantly divided among the [[Northerners (Korean political faction)|Northern]], [[Southerners (Korean political faction)|Southern]], [[Easterners (Korean political faction)|Eastern]], and [[Westerners (Korean political faction)|Western]] faction members (the eccentric geographical naming derived from the location of each leader's house in Seoul which was divided into subsections), a divided system resulted where corruption was very difficult. With each faction constantly probing for an excuse to kill off the other, if one faction was proven to be corrupt then the other factions would immediately jump on the chance to purge them. The attempt to receive or give bribes on a massive scale was suicide. It wasn't until the reign of [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]] that the [[Andong Kim clan|Kim clan of Andong]] in cooperation with few other blood-related grandee clans obtained full control over the court &mdash; after purging their rival factions and other rival clans in their own political faction the Joseon bureaucracy degenerated into corruption.<ref name=":0" /> At this level the exceptionally powerful families could be more properly referred to as ''sedoga'' ({{Korean|hangul=세도가|hanja=勢道家|labels=no}}) instead of mere ''yangban'', which by then came to include shades of classes other than the grandees.

From the sixteenth century and increasingly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, high-ranking offices were monopolized by a few grandee families based in Seoul or the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] Valley, therefore blocking any chance of gaining high-ranking posts by many provincial families of pedigree. However, provincial magnates began to refer to themselves as ''yangban'' whether they held government offices or not. As more families claimed to be ''yangban'' and exercised provincial influences through local institutions the term lost its original meaning and became a sort of social status with a confusing legal standing. Its economic and cultural domain was clear, though. A landlord who studied classics at a ''[[seowon]]'' could be easily looked upon as ''yangban'' by the local populace. People could now purchase ''yangban'' status by paying for a procuration for a lower government post or a ''[[genealogy book|jokbo]]'', the noble pedigree.

Nearly all ''yangban'' of upper-high ranking grandee to lower-ranking provincial landlord status suddenly lost their ancient political, social, and economic power during the twentieth century. The legality of ''yangban'' was abolished in 1894. Subsequently, their political and administrative role was replaced by the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial government]] and its administrators, although some ''yangban'' maintained their wealth and power by [[Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan|cooperating with the Japanese]]. However, the erosion of the idea of complete and exclusive power was irreversible. During the period of Japanese colonial rule, the privileged yangban class, comprising largely those who did not actively resist Japan because of the pro-Japanese policies, gained advantages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-16 |script-title=ko:'문화정치' 내세우며 조선민족 말살 시도 |url=https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002802409 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[OhmyNews]] |language=ko}}</ref> They ventured into various industries such as printing, textiles, rubber, clothing, and brewing. Accumulating wealth, they expanded their ventures into sectors requiring technological expertise, including machinery, chemicals, automobiles, and shipbuilding. These individuals were less affected by Japanese policies and sometimes even benefited from them, allowing them to accumulate more wealth than other social strata. However, they did not receive the same treatment as the Japanese aristocracy under Japanese rule. There were limitations as both social classes and businesses remained dependent on Japan, and the profits flowed back to the Japanese upper class. Unlike popular narratives in Korean [[minjung]] scholarship, after the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], the influence of the Yangban class and discrimination against the common people persisted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=임 |first=종금 |date=2018-06-01 |script-title=ko:[되돌아본 경남 50장면] (8) 진주 형평사 운동 |url=https://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=567748 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=경남도민일보 |language=ko}}</ref>

In modern-day Korea, the ''yangban'' as a social class with legal status and landed wealth no longer exists either in the north or the south. Nevertheless, those who are well-connected in Korean society are sometimes said to have ''yangban'' connections. Though these claims may have some merit, such references are not usually intended to suggest any real ''yangban'' lineage or ancestry. Today, the ''yangban'' have been replaced by the Korean ruling class, i.e., an elite class of business and government elites, who dominate the country through their wealth, power and influence channeled through their familial and social networks. (This applies to North and South Korea, though the North's elite class is largely military-based.) The word is also used, at least in South Korea, as a common reference (sometimes with distinctly negative connotations, reflecting the negative impression the class system and its abuses left on Koreans as a whole) to an older, sometimes cantankerous or stubborn man. Some descendants of Yangban families still maintain a formidable presence thanks to the remnants of their superiority and vestiges of privilege, standing significantly above the common populace.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:스카이데일리, 세종대왕 형제·자식 후손 부동산 3000억 달한다 |url=https://www.skyedaily.com/news/news_view.html?ID=44683 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.skyedaily.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:스카이데일리, 세속 등진 효령대군…후손은 1천억대 부동산 巨富 |url=https://www.skyedaily.com/news/news_view.html?ID=44257 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.skyedaily.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-21 |script-title=ko:관직에 못나간 양반들 자본가의 길을 택하다 |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/culture/5994593 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]] |language=ko}}</ref>

== Fashion ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2024}}

During the Joseon Dynasty, men's clothing varied in form depending on their social status, occupation, and circumstances. Generally, men wore ''jeogori'' (jackets), ''baji'' (pants), and ''po'' (outer garments) as basic attire. Commoners and lower-class individuals typically wore simple garments made of plain-colored cotton or hemp, while the upper class, such as the Yangban, utilized luxurious materials and colors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Men's Fashion in the Joseon Dynasty |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/men-s-fashion-in-the-joseon-dynasty/owUhPSTXfq0qIg |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |script-title=ko:조선시대 양반 옷차림, 조선시대 남자 옷, 신분에 따른 옷차림 총 정리 |url=https://sasg.tistory.com/entry/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80-%EC%98%B7 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=역사와 철학}}</ref> The attire of the Yangban class featured intricate details, materials, and accompanying accessories which reflected the wearer's societal status. Each attire differed based on their jobs and titles, their attire was also a reflection of the respect to be given to them and their family lineage. The Hanbok of Yangban is beyond the general hanbok style and is known as ''po'' ({{Korean|hangul=포|labels=no}}). ''Po'' has multiple variations but the most popular is known as ''dopo'' ({{Korean|hangul=도포|labels=no}}), a long gown with an additional section that covers the lower back and features a slit that gives wavy design. Layering was also a feature of Yangban Hanbok based on the weather or season and was often colorful.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Youngjae |date=2010 |title=The Research of Costume on Shin, Yun-Bok's Painting in Late Chosun Dynasty. |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8f9b5bb6d435f7da86624f0aa30d17820de18ffc |journal=Journal of Fashion Business |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=52–63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.edunet.net/nedu/contsvc/viewWkstContPost.do?contents_id=fs_a0000-2015-0702-0000-000000000039&head_div=s2015w |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.edunet.net|title=신분에 따라 다른 의복|trans-title=Difference of Clothes(by Social standing)|publisher=[[Korea Education and Research Information Service]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Their hair was tied into an up-top bun and the temple was daunted with a band known as 망건 (''mang-geon''), which had a stone known as 풍잠 (''pung-jam'') in the middle that covered the bun to symbolize uniformity. The top bun was in egg shape and used a hairpin known as 빈녀 (''binyeo'') to maintain its structure. The tightness with which 망건 (''mang-geon'') is tied was associated with the level of fashion a Yangban was knowledgeable in. 망건 Mang-geon is tied to a button-like stone on the either sides near the ears known as 관자 (''kwan–ja''). These ''kwan–ja'' played the role of assessing a Yangban's rank based on the material and size of it. For example, a big golden ''kwan–ja'' meant the person belonged to higher class.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Another feature are the accessories. Earrings were worn by Yangban from the early Joseon dynasty and by people of all ages up until the 14th Joseon King, San-Jo, banned wearing earrings due to the discrimination by other countries during war. Similar to the modern day watch, an accessory of Yangban that was always seen in their hands was a hand fan known as 부채 (''bu-chae''), of which many different types and designs symbolized rank and various other elements of social hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=한국민속대백과사전 |url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/main |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241116193141/https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/main |archive-date=2024-11-16 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=folkency.nfm.go.kr |language=ko}}</ref>

Hats were also a huge part of Yangban fashion. Hats known as 갓 (''gat''), shaped in a round and big cylindrical top that covered their hair, featured a brooch on the top known as 정자 (''jung-ja''). The hat also featured some fashionable elements such as string with beads and elements depended on the wearer's personal preference and hierarchical rank. In the royal family, the number of strings on a hat adorned by the king or prince determined their ranks.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Reporters |url=https://honoraryreporters.korea.net/board/detail.do?articlecate=1&board_no=12163&tpln=1 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=honoraryreporters.korea.net}}</ref>

Shoes worn by Yangban were of two kinds low-ankle shoes known as ''hye'' ({{Korean|hangul=혜|hanja=鞋|labels=no}}) and high-cut shoes known as ''hwa'' ({{Korean|hangul=화|hanja=靴|labels=no}}). These two were strictly worn by the elite class. Footwear was also divided based on the material. For example, Commoners wore wooden clogs or straw shoes daily whereas Yangban and royal families wore leather shoes known as 갓신 (''gatsin'') with beautiful patterns and colors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Traditional shoes |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2024/04/317_179918.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

While exploring the fashion of the Yangban class during the Joseon Dynasty, it reveals that their attire was more than just a question of personal preference, but a reflection of complex society systems and beliefs profoundly rooted in Confucian ideas.

As highlighted by Lee Youngjae, the portrayal of Hanbok in Shin Yun-Bok's paintings offers invaluable insights into the attire of the ruling-class during this period. These garments, detailed in vivid colors and luxurious fabrics, symbolized not only the wearer's social standing but also adherence to Confucian ideals.<ref name=":3" /> Yi et al. (2007) further emphasizes the significance of traditional Korean outfit, demonstrating how apparel acted as a visible depiction of one's social status, with minor distinctions designating rank and connection.

The colorful garments were exclusive to the Yangban class. From an economic standpoint, red was a highly luxurious item during the Joseon Dynasty. To dye a single set of deep red clothing required the cultivation of madder plants ({{Korean|hangul=홍람|hanja=紅藍|labels=no}}), and it took as much farmland to grow these plants as would yield enough grain to feed a family of four for a month. Furthermore, fabric dyed in a rich red hue costs more than four times the value of white cloth. Consequently, commoners dared not even contemplate using deep red colors.

== List of Yangban families ==
*{{Ill|Gyeongju Kim clan|ko|경주 김씨}} (or "Gim"): ruling clan of [[Silla]], descendants of King Alji
*{{Ill|Jinju Kang clan|ko|진주 강씨 (강이식)}} ("Gang"): old{{clarify|date=March 2022}} military clan of the [[Korean peninsula]]
*{{Ill|Jinju Ha clan|ko|진주 하씨}}: Yangban clan of Goryeo and Joseon
*[[Jeonju Yi clan]] ("Lee"): ruling clan of [[Joseon]]
*[[Wonju Won clan]]: Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Andong Kim clan]] ("Gim"): Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Munhwa Ryu clan]] ("Yu"): Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Pungyang Jo clan]] ("Cho"): Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Daegu Seo clan|ko|대구 서씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Bannam Bak clan|ko| 반남 박씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Lee (Korean surname)#Deoksu clan|Deoksu Yi clan]] ("Lee")
*{{Ill|Yeonan Yi clan|ko|연안 이씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Cheongju Han clan]]
*{{Ill|Cheongsong Shim clan|ko|청송 심씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Cheongpung Kim clan|ko|청풍 김씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Dongneh Jeong clan|ko|동래 정씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Yeonil Jeong clan|ko|연일 정씨}} ("Chung"): noble clan of Silla, [[Goryeo]], and Joseon
*{{Ill|Miryang Bak clan|ko|밀양 박씨}} ("Park"): ruling clan of Silla, descendants of [[Bak Hyeokgeose]]
*{{Ill|Wolseong Seok clan|ko|월성 석씨}} (or "Gyeongju Seok clan"; {{lang|ko|경주 석씨}}): ruling clan of early Silla
*{{Ill|Euiryeong Nam clan|ko| 의령 남씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Changnyeong Seong clan|ko|창녕 성씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Lee (Korean surname)#Gyeongju clan|Gyeongju Yi clan]] ("Lee")
*[[Yeoheung Min clan]]
*[[Wonju Byeon clan]]
*[[Namyang Hong clan]]
*[[Naju Na clan]]
*{{Ill|Andong Gwon clan|ko|안동 권씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon
*[[Eunjin Song clan]]: Yangban clan of Joseon
*{{Ill|Papyeong Yun clan|ko|파평 윤씨}}: Yangban clan of Joseon

==See also==
{{commons category|Yangban|lcfirst=yes}}
*[[Cheonmin]]
*[[Seonbi]]
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Korean Confucianism]]
*[[Syngman Rhee]]
*[[Park Chung Hee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<!-- reference section for footnotes -->
{{Joseon}}
{{Social class}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Education in Joseon]]
[[Category:History of education in Korea]]
[[Category:Korean caste system]]
[[Category:Korean Confucianism]]
[[Category:Korean Empire]]
[[Category:Korean nobility]]
[[Category:Social class in Asia]]
[[Category:Society of Joseon]]