View source for Zion

{{Short description|Synonym for Jerusalem or Land of Israel}}

[[File:Lieder des Ghetto 11.jpg|thumb|''Zion'' (1903), [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]]]]

'''Zion''' ({{langx|he|צִיּוֹן|Ṣiyyôn}};{{efn|Also variously transliterated {{Transliteration|he|Sion}},<ref>''Sion'' is the spelling in the [[Vulgate]], also adopted in modern French.</ref> {{Transliteration|he|Tzion}}, {{Transliteration|he|Tsion}}, {{Transliteration|he|Tsiyyon}}.<ref>Hebrew Academy 2006 convention for the romanization of Hebrew, [http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060444/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf |date=2013-10-15 }}</ref>}} {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Σιών}}) is a placename in the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]], often used as a synonym for [[Jerusalem]]<ref name=Longmanp936/><ref name=Brileyp49/> as well as for the [[Land of Israel]] as a whole.

The name is found in [[2 Samuel]] ({{bibleverse|2 Sam||5:7}}), one of the books of the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]] dated to approximately the mid-6th century BCE. It originally referred to a specific hill in Jerusalem, [[Mount Zion]], located to the south of [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]] (the Temple Mount). According to the narrative of 2 Samuel 5, Mount Zion held the [[Jebusite]] fortress of the same name that was conquered by [[David]] and was renamed the [[City of David (historic)|City of David]]. That specific hill ("mount") is one of the many squat hills that form Jerusalem.

The term ''Tzion'' came to designate the area of Davidic Jerusalem where the Jebusite fortress stood, and was used as well as [[synecdoche]] for the entire city of Jerusalem; and later, when [[Solomon's Temple]] was built on the adjacent Mount Moriah (which, as a result, came to be known as the [[Temple Mount]]), the meanings of the term ''Tzion'' were further extended by synecdoche to the additional meanings of the Temple itself, the hill upon which the Temple stood, the entire city of Jerusalem, the entire biblical Land of Israel, and "[[Jewish eschatology#World to come|the World to Come]]", the Jewish understanding of the [[afterlife]].

Over many centuries, until as recently as the 16th century ([[Timeline of the Palestine region#Ottoman period|Ottoman period]]), the city [[walls of Jerusalem]] were rebuilt many times in new locations, so that the particular hill known in biblical times as Mount Zion is no longer within the city walls, but its location is now just outside the Old City and southeast of it. Most of the original City of David itself is thus also outside the current "Old City" wall. Adding to the confusion, another ridge, the Western Hill rather than the original Southeastern Hill (City of David) or the Southern Hill (Temple Mount), has been called 'Mount Zion' for the last two millennia.

==Etymology==
The etymology of the word ''Zion'' (''ṣiyyôn'') is uncertain.<ref name=Longmanp936>{{cite book|last1=Longman|first1=Tremper|author-link1=Tremper Longman|last2=Enns|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Enns|title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA936|year=2008|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-1783-2|page=936}}</ref><ref name=Brileyp49>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Arnold Albert|title=The book of Psalms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5gFlzMxQgC|year=1981|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-551-00846-5}}</ref><ref name=Bromileyp1006>{{cite book|last=Bromiley|first=Geoffrey W.|author-link=Geoffrey W. Bromiley|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1006|year=1995|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0|page=1006}}</ref>

Mentioned in the Old Testament in the [[Books of Samuel]] (2 Samuel 5:7) as the name of a [[Jebusite]] fortress conquered by [[David]], its origin seems to predate the [[Israelites]].<ref name=Longmanp936/><ref name=Brileyp49/> If [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], it may be derived from the Hebrew root ''ṣiyyôn'' ("castle") or the Hebrew צִיָּה ''ṣiyya'' ("dry land" or "desert", Jeremiah 51:43). A non-Semitic relationship to the [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] word ''šeya'' ("river" or "brook") has also been suggested<ref name=Bromileyp1006/> as also one of [[Hittite language|Hittite]]<ref name=Mendenhall1973>{{cite book|last=Mendenhall|first=George|title=The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tenthgenerationo0000mend|url-access=registration|publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=1973|isbn=0-8018-1654-8}}</ref> origin.

{{anchor|Orthography}}
The form  {{lang|he|ציון}} (''Tzion'', [[Tiberian vocalization]]: ''Ṣiyyôn'') appears 108 times in the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]], and once with article, as ''HaTzion''.<ref>''The Responsa Project: Version 13'', Bar Ilan University, 2005</ref><ref>Kline, D.E., ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for readers of English'', Carta Jerusalem, [[University of Haifa]], 1987, pp. xii–xiii</ref>

[[Tsade]] is usually rendered as ''z'' in [[Bible translations into English|English translations]], hence the spelling ''Zion'' (rather than ''Tzion'').
This convention originates in [[German orthography]],<ref>Joseph Dixon, ''A general introduction to the Sacred Scriptures: in a series of dissertations, critical hermeneutical and historical'', J. Murphy, 1853, p. 132</ref> where '''z''' stands for the consonant [t͡s]. 
<!--
A '''tz''' would only be used if the preceding vowel is short, hence the use of ''Zion'' in 19th-century German [[Biblical criticism]]. 
 -- 19th-century German has nothing to do with it, as ''Zion'' was well established in the KJV during the 1600s.
If this is from German, it is from 16th-century German
This orthography was adopted because in German, the correct transliteration can only be rendered from the one instance of ''HaTzion'' in Kings II 23:17, where the ''a'' vowel is followed by a double consonant '''tz'''.{{huh}}-->

==Judaism: religion and Zionism==
===Hebrew Bible: Zion, daughter(s) of Zion===
{{anchor|Daughter of Zion}}<!-- This section is linked from [[Uncle Sam]], etc. -->
[[File:Lilien 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Ephraim Moses Lilien]], Stamp for the [[Jewish National Fund]], [[Vienna]], 1901–2. The symbolic design presents a [[Star of David]] containing the word Zion in the [[Hebrew alphabet]].]]
''Zion'' is mentioned 152 times in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), most often in the [[Prophetic books]], the [[Book of Psalms]], and the [[Book of Lamentations]], besides  six mentions in the [[Historical books]] (Kings, Samuel, Chronicles)
and a single mention of the "daughters of Zion" in the [[Song of Songs]] (3:11)

Out of the 152 mentions, 26 instances are within the phrase of "Daughter of Zion" (Hebrew "bat Tzion").
This is a personification of the city of Jerusalem, or of its population.<ref>Joseph Addison Alexander, ''Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah'' (1878), [https://books.google.com/books?id=q_hFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65  p. 65].</ref>

In [[Psalm 137]], Zion (Jerusalem) is remembered from the perspective of the [[Babylonian Captivity]]. "By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion. On the willows[a] there we hung up our lyres. For there our captors required of us songs, and our tormentors, mirth, saying, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion!”

[[Psalm 147]] uses "Jerusalem"  and "Zion" interchangeably to address the faithful: "The Lord builds up Jerusalem; He gathers the outcasts of Israel. He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds. His delight is not in the strength of the horse, nor his pleasure in the legs of a man, but the Lord takes pleasure in those who fear him, in those who hope in his steadfast love. Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem! Praise your God, O Zion!"

===Religious practice; exegesis===
The location of the Temple, and in particular its [[Holy of Holies]] (innermost sanctum), is the most holy place in the world for the Jewish people, seen as the connection between [[God in Judaism|God]] and humanity. Observant Jews recite the [[Amidah]] three times a day facing the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, praying for the rebuilding of the Holy Temple, the restoration of the Temple service, the redemption of the world, and for the coming of the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In [[Kabbalah]],{{dubious|reason=Are any of the works cited in the source from the Kabbalah, or are they all just from the Talmud? |date=December 2023}} the more esoteric reference is made to Tzion being the spiritual point from which reality emerges, located in the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Solomon's Temple|First]], [[Second Temple|Second]] and future [[Third Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Rabbi Heshy Grossman |title= The Weekly Parsha: A New Dimension. Parshas Devarim: Tisha b'Av |website= Shema Yisrael |date= |url= http://www.shemayisrael.co.il/parsha/dimension/archives/devarim.htm |access-date= 1 December 2023}} Links: [[Weekly parsha]]; [[Devarim (parashah)]]; [[Tisha b'Av]].</ref>{{dubious|reason=Source doesn't seem to reference the physical Temple, definitely not the Second one (at most alluded to in the passage about the return from Babylon, where the rebuilt Zion is but a shell empty of holiness), nor a literal Third. The cited sermon is trictly esoterical. Here we have a very personal interpretation that wildly diverts from the source, I'd say.|date=December 2023}} According to Rabbi [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]], "Zion is not a symbol, but a home, and the land is not an allegory but a possession."<ref>Heschel, Abraham Joshua.  ''Israel: An Echo of Eternity''.  New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967. p. 15.</ref>

=== Jewish–Roman wars ===
{{Further information|First Jewish Revolt coinage}}
The name "Zion" appears in the coins minted by the revolutionary government in Jerusalem during the [[Great Jewish Revolt]] against [[Roman Empire|Rome]] (66–73 CE). Bronze coins from the revolt bear inscriptions such as 'freedom of Zion' (from years two and three) and 'for the redemption of Zion' (from year four).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Goodblatt |first=David |title=Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-49906-7 |location=Cambridge |pages=124, 202–203}}</ref> David Goodblatt argues that these slogans were used to communicate the rebels' goals to the masses, serving as a unifying rallying cry for the fight for Zion.<ref name=":0" /> James S. McLaren suggests that its appearance on the coins may specifically refer to the Temple Mount, as part of a set of terms conveying varying layers of identity: 'Jerusalem,' representing its location and the city's as the national capital, and 'Israel,' reflecting the new independent state.<ref>{{Citation |last=McLaren |first=James S. |title=Going to War against Rome: The Motivation of the Jewish Rebels |date=2011-01-01 |work=The Jewish Revolt against Rome |pages=146, 149 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004216693/B9789004216693_007.xml |access-date=2025-01-09 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004216693_007 |isbn=978-90-04-21669-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to [[Ya'akov Meshorer]], the name "Zion" was used on the coins as a 'poetic term' with nationalistic connotations, symbolizing not only Jerusalem but also "its history, religion, culture and desire for freedom".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meshorer |first=Ya'akov |title=Ancient Jewish Coinage |publisher=Amphora Press |year=1982 |volume=2 |pages=110}}</ref>

===Zionism===
{{Main|Zionism|Types of Zionism|Labor Zionism|Religious Zionism|Post-Zionism|Neo-Zionism}}
[[File:Bat Zion I want your Old New Land join Jewish regiment.jpg|thumb|upright| A [[World War I]] recruitment poster. The Daughter of Zion (representing the Hebrew people): "Your [[The Old New Land|Old New Land]] must have you! Join the [[Jewish Legion|Jewish regiment]]."]]

The term "[[Zionism]]", coined by Austrian [[Nathan Birnbaum]], was derived from the German rendering of Tzion in his journal ''[[Auto-Emancipation|Selbstemanzipation]]'' ("self emancipation") in 1890.<ref>De Lange, Nicholas, ''An Introduction to Judaism'', [[Cambridge University Press]] (2000), p. 30.  {{ISBN|0-521-46624-5}}.</ref> Zionism as a [[Jewish political movements|modern political movement]] [[First Zionist Congress|started in 1897]] and supported a "[[Jewish homeland|national home]]", and [[Jewish state|later a state]], for the [[Jew]]ish people in the [[Land of Israel]]. The Zionist movement declared the establishment of the [[State of Israel]] in 1948, following the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]]. Since then, and with varying [[ideologies]], Zionists have focused on developing and protecting this state.

The movement is controversial, with [[Anti-Zionism|critics]] often characterizing it as a [[supremacist]],{{sfn|Sabbagh-Khoury|2023|loc=Conclusion}}{{sfn|Beinart|2025}}{{sfn|Jamal|2019|pp=193–220}} [[colonialist]],<ref name="CHARCOL">{{bulleted list|
| {{harvnb|Shafir|Peled|2002|pp=37–38}}
| {{harvnb|Bareli|2003|pp=99–116}}
| {{harvnb|Pappé|2004|pp=72–121}}
| {{harvnb|Prior|1997|pp=106–215}}
| {{harvnb|Shafir|1999|pp=}}{{pn|date=March 2025}}
| Lustick, Ian, ''For the Land and the Lord'' ...{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| {{harvnb|Zuriek|1979|p=}}{{page needed|date=January 2025}}
| {{harvnb|Penslar|2003|pp=85–98}}
| {{harvnb|Pappé|2006|pp=}}{{page needed|date=January 2025}}
| {{harvnb|Masalha|2007|p=16}}
| {{harvnb|Prior|1999|p=240}}
}}</ref> or [[Zionist racism|racist]] ideology,<ref name=CHARRAS>
* {{harvnb|Kayyali|1979|p=}}{{pn|date=July 2025}}
* {{harvnb|Gerson|1987|p=68}}
* {{harvnb|Hadawi|1991|p=183}}
* {{cite book |last=Beker |first=Avi |date=2008|title=Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession |publisher=Macmillan |pages=131, 139, 151}}
* Quoting Mr. Abouchaer of Syria, on p. 31: {{Cite periodical |last1=Carey |first1=John |last2=Carey |first2=Henry F. |title=Hostility in United Nations Bodies to Judaism, as the Jewish People and Jews as Such |journal=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights |date=1987 |volume=17 |editor1-first=Yoram |editor1-last=Dinstein |editor2-first=Mala |editor2-last=Tabory |publisher=The Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University / Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=29–40 |lccn=72-955544 |issn=0333-5925 |isbn=90-247-3646-3 |id=[[HeinOnline]] [https://heinonline-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/HOL/Page?collection=intyb&handle=hein.intyb/isryhr0017&id=31&men_tab=srchresults isryhr0017].}}
* Citing Soviet ideology, on p. 136: {{Cite periodical |last=Korey |first=William |title=The Kremlin and the UN Zionism Equals Racism Resolution |journal=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights |date=1987 |volume=17 |editor1-first=Yoram |editor1-last=Dinstein |editor2-first=Mala |editor2-last=Tabory |publisher=The Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University / Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=133–148 |lccn=72-955544 |issn=0333-5925 |isbn=90-247-3646-3 |id=[[HeinOnline]] [https://heinonline-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/HOL/Page?collection=intyb&handle=hein.intyb/isryhr0017&id=136&men_tab=srchresults isryhr0017].}}
* Harkabi, Yehoshafat, ''Arab attitudes to Israel'', pp. 247–248{{full citation needed|date=July 2025}}</ref> and/or as a [[Zionism as settler colonialism|settler colonialist]] movement.<ref>See for example: {{harvnb|Alam|2009}}, or {{harvnb|Gould-Wartofsky|2010}}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list|
| {{harvnb|Masalha|2007|p=314}}
| {{harvnb|Curthoys|Ganguly|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315 315]}}
| {{harvnb|Kīfūrkiyān|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9 9]}}
| {{harvnb|Scham|Salem|Pogrund|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87 87–]}}
}}</ref>

==Islamic tradition==
''Ṣahyūn'' ({{langx|ar|صهيون}}, ''Ṣihyawn'') is the word for Zion in Arabic and [[Syriac language|Syriac]].<ref name=PEFp21>{{cite journal|author=Palestine Exploration Fund|author-link=Palestine Exploration Fund|journal=[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]]|title=Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Volumes 109–110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nodAAQAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Published at the Fund's Office|page=21}}</ref><ref name=Gilp114>{{cite book|last=Gil|first=Moshe|author-link=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA114|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59984-9|page=114}}</ref> Drawing on biblical tradition, it is one of the names accorded to Jerusalem in Arabic and Islamic tradition.<ref name=Gilp114/><ref name=Freundp141>{{cite book|last=Freund|first=Richard A.|title=Digging Through the Bible: Modern Archaeology and the Ancient Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EWWup0o-o4C&pg=PA141|year=2009|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-4645-5|page=141}}</ref> A valley called ''Wādī Sahyũn'' seemingly preserves the name and is located approximately one and three-quarter miles from the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]'s [[Jaffa Gate]].<ref name=PEFp21/>

For example, the reference to the "precious cornerstone" of the new Jerusalem in the [[Book of Isaiah]] 28:16 is identified in Islamic scholarship as the [[Black Stone]] of the [[Kaaba]].<ref name=Wheelerp89>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Brannon M.|title=Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=By7D11xMzlcC&pg=PA89|year=2002|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1603-6|page=89}}</ref> This interpretation is said by [[ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]] (1292–1350) to have come from the [[People of the Book]], though earlier Christian scholarship identifies the cornerstone with [[Jesus]].<ref name=Wheelerp89/>

==Latter Day Saint==
{{Main|Zion (Latter Day Saints)}}
Within the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], Zion is often used to connote a peaceful ideal society. In the Latter Day Saints belief system the term ''Zion'' is often used to denote a place of gathering for the saints. It is also often used to denote an area or city of refuge for the saints.

==Rastafari movement==
{{Rquote|right|I say fly away home to Zion, fly away home...One bright morning when my work is over, man will fly away home...
|Rastaman Chant|[[Bob Marley and the Wailers]]|}}
In [[Rastafari]], "Zion" stands for a [[utopia]]n place of unity, peace and freedom, as opposed to "[[Babylon]]", the oppressing and exploiting system of the materialistic modern world and a place of evil.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite web|title=Definition of Babylon (chiefly among Rastafari)|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Babylon--2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510000915/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Babylon--2|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2013|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref>

It proclaims Zion, as reference to [[Ethiopia]], the original birthplace of humankind, and from the beginning of the movement calls to [[repatriation]] to Zion, the [[Promised Land]] and Heaven on Earth.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Do Rastafarians Believe|url=http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/believe.shtml|work=Jamaican Culture|publisher=Jamaicans.com|access-date=22 March 2013|date=2003-05-30|archive-date=2013-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216233232/http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/believe.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some Rastafari believe themselves to represent the real [[Israelites|Children of Israel]] in modern times, and their goal is to repatriate to Ethiopia, or to Zion. The [[Ge'ez]]-language ''[[Kebra Nagast]]'' serves as inspiration for the idea that the "Glory of Zion" transferred from Jerusalem to Ethiopia in the time of Solomon and Sheba, c. 950 BCE.

Rastafari [[reggae]] contains many references to Zion; among the best-known examples are the [[Bob Marley]] songs "Zion Train", "[[Iron Lion Zion]]", the [[Bunny Wailer]] song "Rastaman" ("The Rasta come from Zion, Rastaman a Lion!"), The Melodians song "Rivers of Babylon" (based on Psalm 137, where the captivity of ''Babylon'' is contrasted with the freedom in ''Zion''), the [[Bad Brains]] song "Leaving Babylon", the [[Damian Marley]] song featuring [[Nas]] "Road to Zion", [[The Abyssinians]]' "Forward Unto Zion" and [[Kiddus I]]'s "Graduation in Zion", which is featured in the 1977 cult roots rock reggae film ''[[Rockers (1978 film)|Rockers]]'', and "Let's Go to Zion" by [[Winston Francis]]. Reggae groups such as [[Steel Pulse]] and [[Cocoa Tea]] also have many references to Zion in their various songs.

The Jewish longing for Zion, starting with the deportation and enslavement of Jews during the [[Babylonian captivity]], was adopted as a metaphor by Christian black [[slavery|slaves]] in the [[United States]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}{{year needed|date=January 2020}}
Thus, Zion symbolizes a longing by wandering peoples for a safe homeland. This could be an actual place such as [[Ethiopia]] for [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]] or [[Israel]] for the Jews.
Rastafari, while not identifying as "Jews", identify themselves and Africa as Zion. Specifically, Ethiopia is acknowledged as the mountains of Zion. Further, Rastafari ontology views all Africans as God's Chosen People. This differs from Judaic narratives.<ref>Condon, R.. (1994). ZION AT THE CROSSROADS: "African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia". Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art. 1994. 49-52. 10.1215/10757163-1-1-49.</ref>

== The Bahá’í Faith ==

References to Zion occur in the writings of the [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahá’í Faith]]. [[Baháʼu'lláh|Bahá’u’lláh]], the prophet-founder of the Bahá’í Faith wrote, concerning the Bahá’í Revelation,
{{blockquote|text=The time foreordained unto the peoples and kindreds of the earth is now come. The promises of God, as recorded in the holy Scriptures, have all been fulfilled. Out of Zion hath gone forth the Law of God, and Jerusalem, and the hills and land thereof, are filled with the glory of His Revelation.| author=Bahá’u’lláh| source=''[[Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh|Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahá’u’lláh|title=Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Call out to Zion, O Carmel, and announce the joyful tidings: He that was hidden from mortal eyes is come! His all-conquering sovereignty is manifest; His all-encompassing splendor is revealed. |author=Bahá’u’lláh|title= Tablet of Carmel|source=''[[Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahá’u’lláh|title=Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas}}</ref>}}

==Mount Zion today==
[[File:Dormitio Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abbey of the Dormition]] on the modern Mount Zion.]]
{{main|Mount Zion}}
Today, [[Mount Zion]] refers to a hill south of the Old City's [[Armenian Quarter]], not to the Temple Mount. This apparent misidentification dates at least from the 1st century AD, when [[Josephus]] calls Jerusalem's Western Hill "Mount Zion".<ref name=Pixner>{{cite book|last=Pixner|first=Bargil|author-link=Bargil Pixner|title=Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem: Jesus and Jewish Christianity in Light of Archaeological Discoveries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvhA6IE4VqgC&pg=PA321|year=2010|publisher=[[Ignatius Press]]|isbn=978-0-89870-865-3|page=321}}</ref> The [[Abbey of the Dormition]] and [[King David's Tomb]] are located upon the hill currently called Mount Zion.

==See also==
* [[Beulah (land)]]
* [[Book of Micah]]
* [[Jerusalem of Gold]]
* [[Names of Jerusalem]]
* [[New Jerusalem]]
* [[New world order (Baháʼí)]]
* [[Prisoners of Zion]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite web |title=Zion |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/zion?lang=eng |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
* {{cite book |last=Beinart |first=Peter |title=Being Jewish After the Destruction of Gaza |publisher=[[Random House]] |publication-place=New York |date=January 28, 2025 |isbn=978-0-593-80389-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jamal |first=Amal |title=Israel's New Constitutional Imagination: The Nation State Law and Beyond |journal=[[Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=2019 |issn=2054-1988 |doi=10.3366/hlps.2019.0215 |pages=193–220}}
* Ludlow, D. H. (Ed.) (1992). Vol 4. ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism''. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
* McConkie, B. R. (1966). ''Mormon Doctrine''. (2nd ed). Utah: Bookcraft.
* {{Cite book |last=Sabbagh-Khoury |first=Areej |authorlink=Areej Sabbagh-Khoury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L37GEAAAQBAJ |title=Colonizing Palestine: The Zionist Left and the Making of the Palestinian Nakba |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3629-3}}
* Steven Zarlengo: ''Daughter of Zion: Jerusalem's Past, Present, and Future''. Dallas: Joseph Publishing, 2007.

==Further reading==
* Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts]''. Winona Lake, Ill.: Eisenbrauns. {{ISBN|1-57506-092-2}}.
* Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of [[Tom Segev]], ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'', Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., {{ISBN|978 1 78954 462 6}}), ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp.&nbsp;37–38, 40–42. "Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary [[nationalism]], [[war]] and [[racism]] were to [[David Ben-Gurion|Ben-Gurion]]'s vision of the [[Jewish homeland]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and how contemptuous he was not only of the [[Arabs]] but of Jewish life outside Zion. [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p.&nbsp;42 of Shatz's review.)

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[[Category:Geography of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:History of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Rastafari]]
[[Category:Zionism]]
[[Category:Mythical utopias]]
[[Category:Civic personifications]]
[[Category:National personifications]]