Prostration (Buddhism)
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A prostration (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Lang-zh, Template:Lang, Template:Langx) is a gesture used in Buddhist practice to show reverence to the Triple Gem (comprising the Buddha, his teachings, and the spiritual community) and other objects of veneration.
Among Buddhists prostration is believed to be beneficial for practitioners for several reasons, including:
- an experience of giving or veneration
- an act to purify defilements, especially conceit
- a preparatory act for meditation
- an act that accumulates merit (see karma)
In contemporary Western Buddhism, some teachers use prostrations as a practice unto itself,[1] while other teachers relegate prostrations to customary liturgical ritual, ancillary to meditation.[2]
Theravada Buddhism
In the Pali canon, laypersons prostrating before the then-living Buddha is mentioned in several suttas.[3] In Theravada Buddhism, as part of daily practice, one typically prostrates before and after chanting and meditation. On these occasions, one typically prostrates three times: once to the Buddha, once to the Dhamma, and once to the Sangha. More generally, one can also prostrate before "any sacred object of veneration."[4]
Theravada Buddhists execute a type of prostration that is known as "five-point veneration" (Pali: patitthitapanca) or the "five-limbed prostration" (Pali: pañc'anga-vandana) where the two palms and elbows, two sets of toes and knees, and the forehead are placed on the floor.[5] More specifically:
In Myanmar (Burma), prostrations are accompanied by the common Buddhist prayer, known as okāsa.
In Thailand, traditionally, each of the three aforementioned prostrations are accompanied by the following Pali verses:[6]
| First Prostration | Araham samma-sambuddho bhagava Buddham bhagavantam abhivademi. |
The Noble One, the fully Enlightened One, the Exalted One, I bow low before the Exalted Buddha. |
| Second Prostration | Svakkhato bhagavata dhammo Dhammam namassami. |
The Exalted One's well-expounded Dhamma I bow low before the Dhamma. |
| Third Prostration | Supatipanno bhagavato savakasangho sangham namami. |
The Exalted One's Sangha of well-practiced disciples I bow low before the Sangha. |
In Theravadin countries such as Sri Lanka, when one goes before one's teacher, in order to "open one's mind up to receive instructions," one bows and recites the phrase, "Okāsa ahaṃ bhante vandāmi" ("I pay homage to you venerable sir").[7]
Mahayana Buddhism
Template:Quotebox In Zen Buddhism, both half- and full-prostrations are used. Zen master Robert Aitken writes: Template:Blockquote
Roshi Philip Kapleau writes: Template:Blockquote
Zen master Huang Po, of the 9th century, is said to have done prostrations so intensely that he wore a permanent red mark on his forehead.[8]
Vajrayana Buddhism
In Vajrayana Buddhism, prostrations are often performed before meditation or teachings, but can form a separate practice by itself. Prostrations are seen as a means of purifying one's body, speech and mind of karmic defilements, especially pride.[9] Prostrations are used in tandem with visualization and can be used to express reverence to Guru Rinpoche[10] and others.
For example, in the context of offering homage to Guru Rinpoche, prostrations are to be performed as follows:
This type of prostration is often done 3, 7, 21, or 108 times. A prostration mala can be used to facilitate counting.[11]
This form of prostration is used with enlightened beings other than Guru Rinpoche as well.
Prostrations done in large numbers (like 100,000) can be part of the preliminary practices to the practice of tantra. Other practices like this can be reciting the Refuge prayer, mandala offerings, Vajrasattva mantras and other practices called ngöndro.
See also
- Three Refuges
- Five Precepts
- Eight Precepts
- Uposatha
- Puja (Buddhism)
- Okāsa
- Gadaw, a Burmese form of paying obeisance
- Householder (Buddhism)
- Dhammika Sutta (Sn 2.14)
- Dighajanu Sutta (AN 8.54)
- Sigalovada Sutta (DN 31)
Notes
- ↑ See, for instance, Tromge (1995), pp. 87-96.
- ↑ See, for example, Aitken (1982), pp. 29-31, where he discusses such rituals as having a twofold purpose: "First, ritual helps to deepen our religious spirit and to extend its vigor to our lives. Second, ritual is an opening for the experience of forgetting the self as the words or the actions become one with you, and there is nothing else." (p. 29).
- ↑ Khantipalo (1982). In addition to making this general statement, Khantipalo quotes an example of lay people prostrating before the Buddha from the Kalama Sutta (AN 3.65).
- ↑ Indaratana (2002), p. v.
- ↑ Indaratana (2002), p. v. Khantipalo (1982).
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKhantipalo 1982 - ↑ Bhikkhu Bodhi (2006), Sn 2.9 Kiṃsīla Sutta — Right Conduct (lecture) at time 25:20, available as "Sn032" (mp3) from "Bodhi Monastery" at http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio/903-audio/84-sutta-nipata.html Template:Webarchive. Before a nun (as opposed to a monk), one would presumably use ayye instead of bhante.
- ↑ Kapleau (1989b), p. 192.
- ↑ Tromge (1995), p. 87.
- ↑ Tromge (1995), pp. 88-9.
- ↑ Tromge (1995), p. 95.
Bibliography
- Aitken, Robert (1982). Taking the Path of Zen. NY:North Point Press. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=isbn}}.
- Aitken, Robert (2002). "Formal Practice: Buddhist or Christian" in Buddhist-Christian Studies (2002), Vol. 22, pp. 63–76. Available on-line at: http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Miscellaneous/FormalPractice.htm
- Indaratana Maha Thera, Elgiriye (2002). Vandana: The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns. Penang, Malaysia:Mahindarama Dhamma Publication. Available on-line at: http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana02.pdf.
- Kapleau, Phillip (1989a). The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment. NY: Anchor Books. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=isbn}}.
- Kapleau, Philip (1989b). Zen: Merging of East and West. NY:Anchor Book. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=isbn}}.
- Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982). Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
- Tromge, Jane (1995). Ngondro Commentary: Instructions for the Concise Preliminary Practices of the New Treasure of Dudjom / compiled from the teachings of His Eminence Chagdud Tulku. Junction City, CA:Padma Publishing. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=isbn}}.