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Themis

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Template:Short description Template:Hatnote Template:Infobox deity Template:Ancient Greek religion

In Greek mythology and religion, Themis (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx)[1] is the goddess and personification of justice, divine order, law, and custom. She is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia and Uranus, and the second wife of Zeus. She is associated with oracles and prophecies, including the Oracle of Delphi.

Name

Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the Greek verb títhēmi (τίθημι), meaning "to put."[2]

To the ancient Greeks she was originally the organizer of the "communal affairs of humans, particularly assemblies."[3] Moses Finley remarked of themis, as the word was used by Homer in the 8th century BCE, to evoke the social order of the 10th- and 9th-century Greek Dark Ages:

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Finley adds, "There was themis—custom, tradition, folk-ways, mores, whatever we may call it, the enormous power of 'it is (or is not) done'."[4]

In the Hymn to Apollo, Themis is referred to as "Ichnaea", meaning "Tracker".[5]

Description

Painting of Themis with scales and sword by Marcello Bacciarelli

Some classical descriptions of Themis describe a sober-looking woman holding scales.[6] Themis is an earth goddess much like her mother, Gaia, and in some stories it is hard to tell the two apart.[7] Some classical depictions of Themis show her holding a sword.[8]

When Themis is disregarded, Nemesis brings just and wrathful retribution; thus Themis shared the small temple at Rhamnous with Nemesis.[9] Themis is not wrathful; when a distraught Hera returned to Olympus after quarrelling with Zeus, Themis, "of the lovely cheeks," was the first to offer her a cup.[10]

Themis presided over the proper relation between man and woman, the basis of the rightly ordered family (the family was seen as the pillar of the deme). Judges were often referred to as Template:-"themistopóloiTemplate:-" (the servants of Themis). Such was also the basis for order upon Olympus. Even Hera addressed her as "Lady Themis".[11]

Hesiod

Themis occurred in Hesiod's Theogony as the first recorded appearance of Justice as a divine personage. Drawing not only on the socio-religious consciousness of his time but also on many of the earlier cult-religions, Hesiod described the forces of the universe as cosmic divinities. Hesiod portrayed temporal justice, Dike, as the daughter of Zeus and Themis. Dike executed the law of judgments and sentencing and, together with her mother Themis, she carried out the final decisions of Moirai.[12]

Aeschylus

In the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, it is said by Prometheus that Themis is called many names, including Gaia.[13]

Family

In Hesiod's Theogony, Themis is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky).[14] She is the second wife of her nephew Zeus, by whom she is the mother of the Horae (Seasons), listed as Eunomia (Law), Dike (Justice), Eirene (Peace), and the Moirai (Fates), listed as Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos.[15] Similarly to Hesiod's account, the Orphic Hymn to Themis calls her the daughter of Gaia and Uranus,[16] and the Orphic Hymn to the Seasons calls her the mother, by Zeus, of the Horae.[17]

Hyginus, in his Fabulae, makes Themis the daughter of Aether and Terra (Earth),[18] and by Zeus the mother of the Horae.[19] In the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, Themis is the mother of Prometheus,[20] while according to a scholion on Euripides's play Hippolytus, Themis is mother of the Hesperides by Zeus.[21]

Mythology

Themis built the Oracle at Delphi and was herself oracular.[22] According to another legend, Themis received the Oracle at Delphi from Gaia and later gave it to Phoebe, who gave it to her grandson Apollo as a birthday gift.[23] According to Ephorus, Themis helped Apollo find the oracle, with the intent of helping mankind.[24] Some examples of Themis's visions; In the story of Dryope in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Themis warns the gods of an oncoming civil war in Thebes.[25] In another tale she warns Zeus and Poseidon to not marry Thetis because her son will be more powerful than his father.[26] According to Ovid, it was Themis rather than Zeus who told Deucalion to throw the bones of "his Mother" over his shoulder to create a new race of humankind after the deluge.[27] Also according to Ovid, Themis prophesied that a son of Zeus will steal golden apples from the orchard of Atlas.[28]

In Homer's Iliad she is tasked with calling the gods to council on Olympus by Zeus.[29]

Themis was present at Delos to witness the birth of Apollo, and nursed him with nectar and ambrosia.[30] In his De astronomia, Hyginus lists Themis, in addition to the nymph Amalthea, as the foster-mother and nurse of the young Zeus.[31] In a fragment of Pindar, Themis was brought from the springs of Oceanus by the Moirai (in this version not her daughters) to Olympus, where she became the first wife of Zeus (rather than the second), and by him the mother of the Horae.[32]

According to the lost Cypria by Stasinus of Cyprus, Themis and Zeus together plotted the start of the Trojan War.[33] According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, when the gods defied the orders of Zeus and started fighting each other after the creation of the Trojan Horse, Themis stopped them by warning them of Zeus's wrath.[34]

In the Orphic "Rhapsodic Theogony", or Rhapsodies, (first century BC/AD)[35] Nyx (Night) prophesied that Themis would remain a virgin until Rhea gave birth to a child of Cronus.[36]

Themis also played a role in Eros, the young god of love, growing up; according to Porphyry, his mother Aphrodite was worried about her son, Eros, staying a child forever and brought him to Themis. Themis told her to give Eros a brother, as he wasn't growing because of his solitude. Aphrodite then gave birth to another love god, Anteros (meaning "counter-love"), and Eros grew whenever he was near him. But every time Anteros was away, Eros shrank back to his previous, small form.[37]

When four Cretan men (Aegolius, Celeus, Cerberus and Laius) broke into the sacred cavern in Crete where Rhea had given birth to Zeus in order to steal some of the honey produced there by the sacred bees, Themis and her daughters the Fates convinced Zeus against killing them inside the holy cave, as they considered it impious for anyone to die in the cave, so instead he turned all four into different birds.[38]

Cult

Themis had several temples in Greece, though they are not described in any great detail by ancient authors. She had temples at the oracular shrine of Zeus at Dodona, at Tanagra,[39] in Athens nearby to the Acropolis,[40] a temple in Rhamnous beside one of Nemesis,[41] and a Temple of Themis Ikhnaia in Phthiotis, Thessalia.[42] Pausanias describes her sanctuary in Thebes in somewhat more detail than what was normally the case and it may therefore have been of more importance:

Along the road from the Neistan gate [at Thebes, Boiotia] are three sanctuaries. There is a sanctuary of Themis, with an image of white marble; adjoining it is a sanctuary of the Moirai (Moirae, Fates) [her daughters], while the third is of Zeus Agoraios (of the Market.)[43]

Themis also had an altar in Olympia: "On what is called the Stomion (Mouth) the altar to Themis has been built."[44] Themis was sometimes depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods and may have shared temples with them occasionally, and she is mentioned to have shared a temple with Aphrodite in Epidauros: "Within the grove [of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros] are a temple of Artemis, an image of Epione, a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Themis, a race-course."[45]

The temple of Themis in Athens is found west of the theater of Dionysus.[46] Themis's temple in Dodona is tetrastyle pronaos in antis with a cella, an entrance on the northside and outside was a large altar. The temple columns in Dodona were Ionic made out of local sandstone.[47]

Modern depictions and dedications

A modern statue in Hong Kong showing Themis with her eyes covered.

Themis in modern-day depictions is often called "Lady Justice"[48] and statues can be found outside many courthouses.

In 2022, the building hosting the main courtroom of the Court of Justice of the European Union's General Court was renamed The Themis Building.[49]

Genealogy

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See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Beekes, s.v. Θέμις, p. 539.
  2. ↑ LSJ, s.v. θέμις.
  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ Finley, The World of Odysseus. p. 82.
  5. ↑ Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo, 96; Gantz, p. 52.
  6. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopaedia
  7. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
  9. ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
  10. ↑ Homer, Iliad 15.88.
  11. ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
  12. ↑ Donna Marie Giancola, "Justice and the Face of the Great Mother (East and West)"
  13. ↑ Aeschylus, Prometheus bound 211 (Sommerstein, pp. 446, 447; Harrison 1912, p. 480; Harrison 1908, p. 261.
  14. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 133–138; Gantz, p. 52; Caldwell, p. 5, table 3; Grimal, s.v. Themis, p. 443; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558–559; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Themis; Morford, p. 60; March, s.v. Themis, p. 376. Themis is similarly called the daughter of Gaia and Uranus by Apollodorus, who includes her in his list of Titans (Apollodorus, 1.3.1).
  15. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 901–906; Gantz, p. 53; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Themis. Despite the Moirai being called the offspring of Zeus and Themis, they are earlier, at Hesiod, Theogony 217, listed as the daughters of Nyx (Night) (Hard, p. 27).
  16. ↑ Orphic Hymn to Themis (79), 1–3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 62).
  17. ↑ Orphic Hymn to the Seasons (43), 1 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 37).
  18. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae Theogony 3 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95).
  19. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 183 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 158), Theogony 25 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 96).
  20. ↑ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444, 445 n. 2, 446, 447 n. 24, 538, 539 n. 113); Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Themis.
  21. ↑ Scholia on Euripides, Hippolytus 742 (Cavarzeran, p. 288) [= Pherecydes fr. 16d Fowler, p. 286 = FGrHist 3 F16d = FHG fr. 33b (Müller, p. 80)]; Gantz, p. 6; Fowler 2013, p. 294; Smith, s.vv. Themis, Hesperides. According to Gantz, "Jacoby argues confusion with the Eridanos Nymphai here".
  22. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 5.67.4; Orphic hymn 79
  23. ↑ Aeschylus, Eumenides 1–8; West 1985, p. 174.
  24. ↑ Strabo, Geographica 9.3.11 [= FGrHist 70 F31b]; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Themis.
  25. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.324–417.
  26. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.13.5.
  27. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.313–381; Hard, p. 404; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558–559; Fontenrose, p. 417.
  28. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.639
  29. ↑ Homer, Iliad 20.5.
  30. ↑ Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3), 96, 123–125; Gantz, p. 52; Hard, p. 144; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Themis.
  31. ↑ Hyginus, De astronomia 2.13.6. Hyginus attributes this statement to "Musaeus", presumably Musaeus of Athens; see also West, p. 43.
  32. ↑ Pindar, fr. 30 Race, p. 236, 237 [= Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 5.14.137.1]; Gantz, p. 52.
  33. ↑ Cypria fragment 1
  34. ↑ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 12.202–215 (pp. 590–3).
  35. ↑ Meisner, pp. 1, 5; cf. West 1983, pp. 261–262.
  36. ↑ West, pp. 73, 266; Proclus, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus 30 a (I 396, 29 Diehl) [= Orphic fr. 144 Kern]. The children Themis later gave birth to were here too the Horae and the Moirai (Orphic frr. 126 [= Proclus, Commentary on Plato's Republic II 207, 14 Kr.], 162 [= Proclus, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus 41 e (III 274, 17 Diehl)], 181 [= Proclus, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus 40 a (III 118, 30 Diehl)] Kern; West, pp. 73, 266, 267).
  37. ↑ Dwight, p. 266.
  38. ↑ Antoninus Liberalis, Collection of Transformations 19
  39. ↑ Pausanias, 9.22.1.
  40. ↑ Pausanias, 1.22.1; Harrison 1912, p. 481.
  41. ↑ Burkert, p. 184.
  42. ↑ Strabo, 3.2.11; Harrison 1912, p. 481.
  43. ↑ Pausanias, 9.25.4.
  44. ↑ Pausanias, 5.14.10.
  45. ↑ Pausanias, 2.27.6.
  46. ↑ Acropolis, Temple of Themis. Built between 480 and 320 BC. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313398073
  47. ↑ Temple of Themis. 4th-3rd centuries BC, 14-Jun-09. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313399354
  48. ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
  49. ↑ Template:Cite web


References

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External links

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