Catalan Atlas
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The Catalan Atlas (Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is a medieval world map, or mappa mundi, probably created in the late 1370s or the early 1380s (often conventionally dated 1375),[1][2] that has been described as the most important map of the Middle Ages in the Catalan language,[3][4] and as "the zenith of medieval map-work".[4]
It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school, possibly by Cresques Abraham, a Jewish book illuminator who was described by a contemporary as a master of mappae mundi as well as of compasses.[5] It was in the royal library of France by 1380, during the reign of King Charles V, and is still preserved in the Template:Lang. The Catalan Atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves (each circa Template:Cvt) folded vertically, painted in various colours including gold and silver.[6] They were later mounted on the front and back of five wooden panels, with the ends enclosed in a leather binding by Simon Vostre Template:Circa, restored most recently in 1991. Wear has split each leaf into two.[6]
Description
Template:Location map+Template:Original research The first two leaves contain texts in Catalan covering cosmography, astronomy, and astrology. These texts are accompanied by illustrations. The texts and illustration emphasise the Earth's spherical shape and the state of the then known world. They also provide information to sailors on tides and how to tell time at night.[7]
The four remaining leaves make up the actual map, with Jerusalem located close to the centre; two depict the Orient; the remaining two show Europe, along with North and West Africa. The map is around Template:Cvt in size. It shows illustrations of many cities—Christian cities with a cross, other cities with a dome—and with each city's political allegiance indicated by a flag. Wavy blue vertical lines are used to symbolise oceans. Place names of important ports are transcribed in red, while others are indicated in black. The illustrations and most of the text are oriented towards the edges of the map, suggesting it was intended to be used by laying it flat and walking around it.[8]
The oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas illustrates numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval mappae mundi and the travel literature of the time, especially Marco Polo's Book of Marvels and Mandeville's Travels and Voyage of Sir John Mandeville. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.[9] The explanatory texts report customs described by Polo and catalogue local economic resources, real or supposed.Template:Citation needed
The Western portion is similar to contemporary portolan charts, but contains the first compass rose known to have been used on such a chart.[4]
Mali Empire
The Mali Empire and its riches are shown under the rule of Mansa Musa. The caption reads: Template:Blockquote
Organa
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There are different interpretations of the depiction of Organa, placed in the central Sahara in the Catalan Atlas,[10] on which the caption reads: Template:BlockquoteThere was no medieval kingdom in Africa that bore the name Organa.[11] The use of this name for a country, and its association with a European-style heraldic standard (depicting a palm tree) reflects poor medieval European understanding of the African interior.[11]
Kanem–Bornu Empire
The traditional interpretation of Organa is that it refers to the Kanem–Bornu Empire, a large and powerful state that occupied the region in which Organa is placed on the map.[11][12][13][14][15] The name Organa has been suggested to be a heavily corrupted form of Kanem[10] or to derive from the Saharan city Ouargla, misunderstood as part of the empire by European mapmakers.[14]
Ife Empire
In 1980, the Nigerian historian Ade. M. Obayemi suggested that Organa could alternatively be identified with the Ife Empire,[10] although it would be geographically misplaced.[16] The name Organa could then allude to the early Ife rulers using the title "Ogane" (Oghene, Ogene).[10][16] Suzanne Preston Blier has also supported this view, and argued that the title is also referenced in a Portuguese account from the 1480s by the seafarer Joao Afonso de Aveiro, whose work describes an inland ruler that played a central role in Benin royal enthronements by providing a brass crown, staff, and cross to acknowledge a new king.[17]
Ghana Empire
In 2006, the Italian cartographer Piero Falchetta suggested that Organa could be a reference to either the Kanem–Bornu Empire or the more western Ghana Empire (which had long fallen by the time the Catalan Atlas was made).[18]
India
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The western part of the Indian subcontinent is clearly depicted, and several of the location names are accurate.[19][20] To the north appears the Sultan of Delhi (Rey de delli), the ruler of the contemporary Delhi Sultanate, with his flag on numerous cities (Template:Flagicon image). The caption reads: Template:Blockquote
In the center of India appears the traditional Yadava capital of Diogil ("Deogiri", or Devagiri Template:Flagicon image). On top of the city of Diogil floats a peculiar flag (Template:Flagicon image), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the Delhi Sultanate (Template:Flagicon image).[21][22] Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate in 1307.[23] The trading ship raises the flag of the Ilkhanate (Template:Flagicon image). Its caption reads:
To the south, at the tip of India, appears the "King of Colombo" with a Christian flag (Template:Flagicon image). He was identified as Christian due to the early Saint Thomas Christianity there (since at least the 8th century), and the Catholic mission there under Jordan Catala since 1329.[24] His caption reads:
Template:Blockquote Jordan, Christian missionary to Colombo from 1329, who wrote "Book of Marvels" (Mirabilia descripta, 1340), was probably the source of the information about Colombo in the Catalan Atlas.[25] He mentions the earlier presence of the Saint Thomas Christians in India.[26]
Il-Khanate
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The Mongol Il-Khanate ruler and his dominions are depicted in the area of Persia under the title "Rey del tauris", after his capital city of Tabriz. The Ilkhanate flag also appears: Template:Flagicon image.[28][20]
The caption is only related to the city of Babylon: Template:Blockquote
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Over him appears a city within a sphere, with the following caption, mentioning the Persian city of Shiraz and Ptolemy:
Two ships with flags of the Ilkhanate appears on the India Ocean, sailing to and from the Indian coast, where appear flags of the Delhi Sultanate. The label attached to one of the ships reads: Template:Blockquote
Golden Horde
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The Mongol polity of the Golden Horde is accurately depicted north of the Caspian Sea. The ruler named Jani Beg has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as "Jambech senyor de Sarra", and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears (Template:Flagicon image).[30] The caption to the right reads:
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The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas (Template:Flagicon image) is fairly similar to the type of tamgha symbols (such as File:Tamga Mengu-Timur.svg) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde.[31][32] Such symbols were used until the time of Jani Beg, but essentially disappear thereafter.[33]
The text to the left reads: Template:Blockquote
Anatolia
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The Anatolian Beyliks, a group of Turkic principalities in Anatolia are also depicted, in the region labelled Turqhia (Turkey). The caption next to the seated ruler in Anatolia reads: Asia Minor also called Turkey, where there are many cities and castles.[34][35] Numerous Turkic principalities appear, with a variety of flags, but very little prominence is given to the Orthodox princes of the Byzantine Empire, although several Byzantine cities appear with the Byzantine imperial flag (Template:Flagicon image), or Trebizond (Template:Flagicon image).[35] The Christian kingdom of Cilician Armenia appears heavily fortified within green walls, with its ports and flags (File:Drapeau héthoumide.png, File:Armenian Cilicia with crosses (Catalan Atlas, 1375).png) clearly visible.[36][37]
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Gog and Magog
The land of "Gog i Magog" (Gog and Magog) appear in the top right corner. Its king is mounted on a horse, followed by a procession. Next to it appears the gate of Moses, against alexander, and mechanical trumpeters.
Chagatai Khanate
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The Khan Kebek, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate is depicted with the following caption:
His cities appear with the Chagatai flag (Template:Flagicon image).[38]
Cathay (China)
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The cities of Cathay, at that time the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan China), are shown raising a flag with three red crescent moons (Template:Flagicon image). The flag is seen all over eastern Asian cities in the Catalan Atlas.[39]
Kubilai Khan appears enthroned and wearing a green coat, with the following caption:
Antichrist
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The Antichrist appears beyond the Great Wall of China, next to the territory of Gog and Magog. The label reads:
Gallery
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Modern copy of western half
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A modern reproduction of the Catalan Atlas depicting the eastern Mediterranean region.
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Reproduction of the first leaf
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Reproduction of the second leaf
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Depiction of a Sanhaja Berber, known as 'the veiled ones' due to their custom of wearing a face veil.[40][41] The caption reads: "All this land is populated by people who cover themselves such that only their eyes can be seen; they live in tents and ride in camels. There are animals named lemp [orice] whose skin can be used to make good leather shields."
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![Depiction of a Sanhaja Berber, known as 'the veiled ones' due to their custom of wearing a face veil.[40][41] The caption reads: "All this land is populated by people who cover themselves such that only their eyes can be seen; they live in tents and ride in camels. There are animals named lemp [orice] whose skin can be used to make good leather shields."](/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Original_representation_of_Abu_Bakr_ibn_Umar_al-Lamtuni_from_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375_AD.jpg){kind=link}
See also
References
- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedThe Jewish Contribution To Civilization - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedThe late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedTo the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Change the World - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
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- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Template:Cite journal
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
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- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
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- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Template:Cite journal
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- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
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- ↑ Template:Cite journal
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- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
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- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ File:Golden Horde. Möngke (Mengu) Timur. AH 665-679 AD 1267-1280 Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275).jpgCoinage of Mengu-Timur. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275)
- ↑ Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
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Further reading
- Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
External links
- Template:Cite web
- Bibliothèque nationale de France – L'Atlas Catalan Template:In lang
- Complete transcription of the Catalan language text, and translation to French (1839): Template loop detected: Template:Cite book
- The Catalan Atlas Template:In lang [via Internet Archive]
- cresquesproject.net – translation of the works of Riera i Sans and Gabriel Llompart on the Jewish Majorcan Map-makers of the Late Middle Ages Template:In lang
- Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan], gallica.bnf.fr