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Dynastic order

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A dynastic order, monarchical order, or house order is an honorific distinction under royal patronage. This type of order is bestowed by a reigning sovereign or by the head of a formerly ruling family,[1] recognized as a legitimate source of honors (fons honorum). These orders are often considered an integral part of the cultural and historical heritage of the ruling family. Traditionally, dynastic orders were created or maintained to reward services rendered to a monarch or their dynasty, thereby strengthening bonds of loyalty and allegiance to the crown.

In parallel, there are national or state orders, which are similar distinctions (such as orders of merit) conferred by sovereign states but not under the authority of a ruling dynasty. These national orders are typically awarded by governments or republican institutions to honor exceptional contributions to the nation, whether in the fields of politics, culture, science, or society.

While dynastic orders are deeply rooted in monarchical history and traditions, national orders reflect the values and priorities of a modern state. These two types of distinctions often coexist, illustrating the diversity of honorific systems around the world.

In personal gift of sovereign

Dynastic orders are under the exclusive control of a monarch and are bestowed without the advice of the political leadership (prime minister or cabinet).[2] A recent report by the British Government mentioned that there is "one remaining exercise that has been identified of the Monarch's truly personal, executive prerogative: that is, the conferment of certain honours that remain within [the Sovereign’s] gift (the Orders of Merit, of the Garter, of the Thistle and the Royal Victorian Order)."[3]

Generally, dynastic or house Orders are granted by the monarch for whatever reason the monarch may deem appropriate[4] whereas other orders, often called Merit Orders, are granted on the recommendation of government officials to recognize individual accomplishments or services to the nation.[5]

Portugal

The term dynastic order is also used for those orders that continue to be bestowed by former monarchs and their descendants after they have been removed from power.[6] For instance, the website of Duarte Pio de Bragança,[7] a pretender to the throne of Portugal using the title Duke of Braganza, asserts that the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa,[8] "being a Dynastic Order of the House of Bragança and not an Order of State, continued to be conferred by the last King Dom Manuel II, in the exile." On the basis of his succession to King Manuel II, Duarte Pio continues to award those orders of the Kingdom of Portugal[9] not taken over by the Portuguese Republic.[10]

The Portuguese Republic views things somewhat differently, regarding all the royal orders as extinct following the 5 October 1910 revolution with some of them revived in republican form in 1918.[11] For official purposes, Portugal simply ignores the orders awarded by the royal pretender, Duarte Pio.[10] Although no one is prosecuted for accepting orders from Dom Duarte, including himself, Portuguese law requires government permission to accept any official award, either from Portugal or foreign powers; the awards of Dom Duarte simply do not appear anywhere on either list.[12]

Italy

A similar situation exists in Italy, where the Republican Government regards the orders of the former kings to have been abolished[13] but the last king's heir continues to award them.[14] However, the Italian situation is unique, since the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus is one of the few orders of knighthood that has been explicitly recognized by a papal bull, in which Pope Gregory XII gave the House of Savoy the right to confer that knighthood in perpetuity.[15] Thus, under principles of international law, the Italian heir to the throne in exile asserts that control of the Savoy dynastic orders exists separate from the Kingdom of Italy so that he retains the right to award the orders, and accompanying privileges."[16] The royal family of Savoy additionally have the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation which is their highest ranked order of Knighthood. In addition to this the Order of Merit of Savoy is a Dynastic order knighthood given out by the head of the Royal House of Savoy, Order of chivalry. Following the demise of the last reigning monarch Umberto II of Italy in 1983, the Order of the Crown of Italy was replaced in 1988 by the Order of Merit of Savoy which was instituted by his heir, the current head of the former Royal House, Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples.[17] While the Ordine al merito d'Savoia it has never been a national order, it is subsidiary to the Civil Order of Savoy which was the Order of Merit and it has around 2,000 members and, as with the Order of the Crown of Italy previously, it is entrusted to the Chancellor of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.

In addition to this Italy contains orders of the royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies which still confer their Dynastic Knightly orders. The most interesting of which is the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George because the Italian Republic recognises the order as an Order of Chivalry under Law n° 178 of 1951 authorises the Italian citizens awarded with the Constantinian decoration to show them as authoritatively recognised also by the Italian State Council in its decision number 1869/81. Therefore those citizens lawfully awarded with Constantinian decorations can ask to use them on the territory of the Italian Republic by Presidential Decree or Decree of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By Decree of the President of the Republic, in 1973 the National Italian Association of the Knights of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George.[18] Additionally there is the Royal Order of Francis I of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. One branch of the family (led by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro) claims that the Order of Francis I was attached to the crown not the state, and thus awards it as a dynastic order.[19] The other branch (led by Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria) regards the Order of Francis I as a state order that became extinct when the Borbon-Two Sicilies royal family accepted the abolition of their monarchy and the state's inclusion in the Kingdom of Italy.[20]

Russia

A third situation of mutual co-existence is maintained in Russia, where, since the fall of communism, the orders of Saint Andrew, Saint George, and Saint Catherine have been reinvented as State Orders of Merit of the Russian Federation. However, the Russian Imperial Orders of Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Catherine, Saint Anna, Saint Vladimir, and Saint Stanislav have continued to be awarded since the revolution by the successive heads of the Imperial House of Romanov Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, and Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna. In addition, Dynastic Orders of Knighthood were revived and new ones created under Grand Duke Kirill (Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker), Grand Duke Vladimir (Order of St. Michael the Archangel), and Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna (Order of St. Anastasia). Awards of these honours are allowed to be worn in Russia, and enjoy semi-official recognition by the church and the state; for example, on 14 December 2001 the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation legalized the wearing of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker in Russia by military persons on active duty.[21]

Central Europe

In Central Europe, the head of the Habsburg family had the right to dispose of the Order of the Golden Fleece even after 1918. The very extensive treasure and the associated archive are in the Vienna Treasury. The Republic of Austria has expressly confirmed this. During the Nazi era, many Habsburg goods and orders were expropriated and dissolved. The USSR maintained this state of affairs during the Cold War to prevent any opposition among its oppressed peoples. After the collapse of communism, the order of St. George was reactivated by the Habsburg family as a Central European dynasty order. With both the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of St. George, deserved personalities are made knights today.[22][23][24][25][26]

Various dynastic orders

There are many dynastic orders of knighthood, primarily in Europe.[27] Today, dynastic orders include those still being bestowed by a reigning monarch, those bestowed by the head of a royal house in exile, and those that became extinct. Although it is sometimes asserted that the heads of former reigning houses retain the right to their dynastic orders but cannot create new ones,[28] that view is challenged by others who believe that the power to create orders remains with a dynasty forever.[29] In a few cases, formerly reigning families are accused of "fudging" the issue by claiming to revive long extinct orders[30] or by changing non-dynastic state orders into dynastic ones.[31] One example of this is the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing,[32] which is sometimes described as a revival of a long dormant order last awarded in the eighteenth century[33] but also described as a new order created in 2004.[34] Finally, there is the example of a Russian pretender Maria Vladimirovna who published a decree on 20 August 2010 to create the entirely new Imperial Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia.[35]

Bestowed by the Holy See

Template:Main Although some former royal families and their supporters claim that Roman Catholic Church formally recognizes their right to award various orders, the Vatican denies all such assertions.[36] On 16 October 2012, the Vatican Secretary of State renewed its formal announcement that it only recognizes the orders issued by the Pope, namely:[36]

Under Papal protection

Explicitly recognized by papal bull

The Secretary of State cautioned that "other orders, whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See...To avoid any possible doubts, even owing to illicit issuing of documents or the inappropriate use of sacred places, and to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called 'ceremonies of investiture.'"[36]

Bestowed by current sovereign monarch

Bestowed by head of formerly reigning dynasty

Grand Cross of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia

Bestowed by head of non-sovereign traditional monarchies

See also

References

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  7. ↑ Conservatória dos Registos Centrais - Registo fraudulento de nacionalidade, accessed 20 January 2011.
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  22. ↑ Peter Diem "Die Symbole Österreichs (German - The symbols of Austria)" (1995), p 214.
  23. ↑ Johannes Krejci "Aus der Geschichte des Alten Ordens vom St. Georg.", Wien 2002
  24. ↑ Frank Millard "The Palace and the Bunker: Royal Resistance to Hitler" 2011.
  25. ↑ Homepage of the St. Georgsorden
  26. ↑ Birgit Schwarz "Hitlers Sonderauftrag Ostmark: Kunstraub und Museumspolitik im Nationalsozialismus" (2018), p 129; James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018).
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  29. ↑ See, for instance, the website of Maria Vladimirovna, a pretender to the throne of Russia announcing the creation of an entirely new order of knighthood in 2010, Template:Cite web
  30. ↑ For an example of such discussions see, Template:Cite book, Template:Cite book, and Template:Cite book
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  44. ↑ État présent de la maison de Bourbon. Quatrième édition. Paris, Le Léopard d’or, 1991; p. 222: « Louis XIX, Henri V, Charles XI et Jaques I continuèrent à donner l’ordre dans la discrétion et en 1972, Jacques-Henri VI suivit leur exemple, sont fils Alphonse II faisant de même. L’État présent… donne ensuite le nom de quatre chevaliers, créés par lettres patentes de 1972 et 1973.
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