Theophany
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Redirect
Theophany (Template:Langx[1]) is an encounter with a deity that manifests in an observable and tangible form.[2][3][4] It is often confused with other types of encounters with a deity, but these interactions are not considered theophanies unless the deity reveals itself in a visible form. Traditionally, the term "theophany" was used to refer to appearances of the gods in ancient Greek and Near Eastern religions. While the Iliad is the earliest source for descriptions of theophanies in classical antiquity, the first description appears in the Epic of Gilgamesh.[5]
Ancient Greek religion
Template:See also In Greek religion, there are a few instances of theophany. In historic times, theophanies were rare, but divine or heroic epiphanies were experienced either through dreams or waking visions. Theophanies were reenacted at a number of Greek sites and festivals. At Delphi, the Theophania (Θεοφάνια) was an annual festival in spring celebrating the return of Apollo from his winter quarters in Hyperborea. The culmination of the festival was a display of an image of the gods, usually hidden in the sanctuary, to worshippers.
Hinduism
The most well-known theophany is in the Bhagavad Gita, one chapter of the larger epic of Mahabharata. On the battlefield of Kurukshetra, the god Krishna gives the famed warrior Arjuna a series of teachings. Arjuna begs for Krishna to reveal his "universal form." Krishna complies and gives Arjuna the spiritual vision, enabling him to see Krishna in the universal form.
A number of other theophanies are described in the Mahabharata.[6] First, the god Indra's appearance to Kunti, with the subsequent birth of the hero Arjuna.[7][8] Near the end of the epic, the god Yama takes the form of a dog to test the compassion of Yudhishthira. Even though Yudhishthira is told he may not enter paradise with such an animal, he refuses to abandon his companion, earning him praise from Dharma.[9]
Christianity
Christians generally recognize the same Old Testament theophanies as the Jews.[10][11] In addition, there are at least two events seen as theophanies mentioned in the New Testament, the baptism and transfiguration of Jesus (epiphanies).[12][3][13] While some Eastern Orthodox Churches refer to the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist as "theophany",[14] some theologians discourage such usage, arguing that the entire life of Jesus must be seen as a prolonged theophany.[3]
Traditional analysis of the Biblical passages led Christian scholars to understand theophany as an unambiguous manifestation of God to man.[15] Otherwise, the more general term hierophany is used.[16]
Evangelical Christianity
Some modern evangelical Christian Bible commentators, such as Ron Rhodes, interpret "the angel of the Lord", who appears in several places throughout the Old Testament, to be the pre-incarnate Christ, which is Jesus before his manifestation into human form, as described in the New Testament. Adaptions to his hypothesis in current evangelical research and intercollegiate debate describe these manifestations as the post-incarnate Christ (yet to be published), as though in being a divine human capable of time travel He could foretell his later incarnation as having already lived it.[17] The term Christophany has also been coined to identify post-incarnate appearances of Christ in both the Old and New Testaments. 1 Peter 4 (v.6) allows for the interpretation that on the Son's Father-Spirit (as the third member of the trinity fulfilling the unity of various persons as Christ is crowned King of Kings) and being conferred from the cross with the words, "Eloi, Eloi! Lama Sabachtani", was thereby born or separated as the timeless Word (or angel) of God (John 1 and 5) with the character and memory of Christ, even giving permission for creation "Let there be.." (Genesis 1) . This also has been the traditional interpretation of the earliest Church Fathers as well as the apostle Paul himself, who identifies the rock that was with Moses in the desert, and the speaking burning bush, as being Christ. For a more thorough list of "God Sightings", or Theophanies, see the examples above under "Judaism, Hebrew Bible."
Latter Day Saint movement
Template:Main Joseph Smith, the prophet and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, said that when he was 14 years old he was visited by God the Father and Jesus Christ in a grove of trees near his house, a Theophany in answer to his spoken prayer. [18] This "First Vision" is considered to be the founding event of the Latter Day Saint movement.[19] The Book of Mormon describes other hierophanies and Theophanies that occurred in the new world.[20]
For example, Blake Ostler analysed the Throne-Theophany of Lehi in the First Book of Nephi and concluded that the Theophanies in the Bible and the Book of Mormon have much in common.[21]
Islam
The most important theophany in Islam is the Mi'raj, the Prophet's ascent into Heaven. He speaks to the Holy Spirit (Gabriel), sometimes called "a night journey from Mecca through Jerusalem."[22][23]
Druze Faith
Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts,[24] he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[25][26][27][28][29] al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah is an important figure in the Druze faith whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[25][26]
Baháʼí Faith
Template:Main The Baháʼí Faith believes that God is manifest in the prophets. The "Manifestation of God" is a concept that refers to prophets like Zoroaster, Gautama Buddha, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and Baháʼu'lláh.[30] The Manifestations of God are a series of personages who reflect the attributes of the divine in the human world, for the progress and advancement of human morals and civilization.[31]
In the 1914 publication titled The Reconciliation of Races and Religions, Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Template:Post-nominals (1841–1915), an ordained minister in the Church of England and Oxford University scholar, described Theophany within the context of the Baháʼí Faith.[32][33] Cheyne wrote, "...one feels that a Theology without a Theophany is both dry and difficult to defend. We want an avatar, i.e. a 'descent' of God in human form".[33]
A 1991 article in the Journal of Bahá’í Studies (JBS), described "Bahá’í theophanology" as "acceptance of the Prophet, or 'Manifestation of God,' who speaks on behalf of God."[34] The author explained that Bahá’u’lláh wrote a series of epistles in the 1860s to kings and rulers, including Pope Pius IX, Napoleon III, Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Queen Victoria, and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, in a "forceful, theophanic voice" calling them to undertake reforms.[34] These letters were published in a compilation entitled Summons of the Lord of Hosts in 2002.[35] The JBS article described Bahá’u’lláh's "Theophanology" as "progressivist". He claimed "spiritual Authority" in these letters in which he warned western leaders of the dangers facing humanity should they choose to not act on His Guidance.[34]
Divine appearances to animals
Human religious lore includes ancient literary recordings of deities appearing to animals. Usually, the animals relay the experience to humans using human speech:
- In numerous creation stories, a deity or deities speak with many kinds of animals, often prior to the formation of dry land on earth.[36]
- In the Hindu Ramayana, the monkey leader Hanuman is informed by deities, and usually consciously addressed by them.[37]
- In Chinese mythology, the Monkey King speaks with bodhisattvas, buddhas, and a host of Heavenly characters.[38]
Modern
More recently, science fiction author Philip K. Dick reportedly had a Theophany on 3 February 1974,[39] which would become the basis for his semi-biographic works VALIS (1981) and Radio Free Albemuth (1985).[40][41]
In 1977, Michel Potay testified he witnessed five Theophanies. He published the text he says he received from God in "The Book", the second part of The Revelation of Ares.Template:Citation needed
There are a large number of modern cases which have been rendered into print, film, and otherwise conveyed to broad publics. Some cases have become popular books and media, including:
- A Course in Miracles which is attested as divinely channeled[42]
- The Attentive Heart: Conversations with Trees, in which the spirits contacted are resident in species that do not usually speak in the ordinary sense of human speech[43]
These instances are distinguished from cases in which divine encounters are explicitly considered fictional by the author, a frequent motif in speculative fiction such as in Julian May's Galactic Milieu Series.[44]
See also
- Angel of the Lord
- Beatific vision
- Darśana
- Divine revelation
- Divine inspiration
- Incarnation
- Vision (spirituality)
References
External links
- "Eusebius of Caesarea" at the Tertullian Project
- Photo: Theophany in Siberia
- Gemara: Megillah 10b
- The Shechina returns to Earth
Template:Spirituality-related topics Template:Authority control
- ↑ Not to be confused with the festivity at Delphi – Template:Langx.
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Mark 1:9–11 and Luke 9:28–36
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Ron Rhodes Angels Among Us: Separating Fact from Fiction – Page 117, (2008): "As we examine Scripture together, I think you too will come to see that this was no ordinary angel but was in fact the pre-incarnate Christ. Theologians call the appearances of Christ in the Old Testament Theophanies."
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Template:Cite book (Which page?)
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status - Page 41 by Nissim Dana
- ↑ Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture - Page 94 by Mohamed Taher
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Template:Cite book
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Leeming, David Adams, Creation myths of the world: an encyclopedia (2010)
- ↑ Valmiki, Ramayana
- ↑ Hsuan-tsang, Journey to the West
- ↑ Mckee, Gabriel (2004) Pink beams of Light from the God in the gutter: the science-fictional religion of Philip K. Dick University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, pages 1–2, and following, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Mckee, Gabriel (2004) Pink beams of Light from the God in the gutter: the science-fictional religion of Philip K. Dick University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, page 10, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Umland, Samuel J. (1995) Philip K. Dick: contemporary critical interpretations Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, page 82, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Shucman, Helen, A Course in Miracles
- ↑ Kaza, Stephanie, The Attentive Heart: Conversations with Trees.
- ↑ May, Julian, Intervention: A Root Tale to the Galactic Milieu and a Vinculum between it and The Saga of Pliocene Exile (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987).